H O ! H 2 C D W LASSROOM EMONSTRATIONS FOR ATER C ONCEPTS EDITED BY Amy B. Chan Hilton Roseanna M. Neupauer SPONSORED BY Excellence in Water Resources Education Task Committee of the Groundwater Council of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data H2OH! : classroom demonstrations for water concepts / edited by Amy B. Chan Hilton, Roseanna M. Neupauer. pages cm “Sponsored by Excellence in Water Resources Education Task Committee of the Groundwater Council of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7844-1254-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-7844-7702-1 (e-book) 1. Hydrology—Experiments. 2. Hydrology—Study and teaching. 3. Water—Experiments. 4. Water—Study and teaching. I. Hilton, Amy B. Chan. II. Neupauer, Roseanna M. III. Title: H 2 O H! GB658.35H155 2013 551.48078—dc23 2012032077 Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4400 www.asce.org/pubs Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefore. This information should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application. Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents. ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers—Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Photocopies and permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications can be obtained by sending an e-mail to [email protected] or by locating a title in ASCE's online database (http://cedb.asce.org) and using the “Permission to Reuse” link. Copyright © 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-1254-1 (paper) ISBN 978-0-7844-7702-1 (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America. Contents   Preface v Acknowledgments vii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 About This Book 1 1.3 Intended Audience 2 1.4 How to Use This Book 2 2. Fluid Mechanics 4 Fluid Properties 2.1 What Is a Fluid? 5 2.2 Drag Force for Lubricated Surfaces 7 2.3 Shear Thinning and Shear Thickening Liquids 11 2.4 Continuum Concept/Fluid Density 13 2.5 Surface Tension 15 2.6 Reynolds Number 17 Buoyancy and Stability 2.7 Buoyancy and Stability: Balls and Bowls 18 2.8 Buoyancy and Stability: Toy Boat 20 2.9 Bubbles and Buoyancy 22 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces 2.10 Piezometers and Pressure Head 24 2.11 Pressure in a Static Liquid 26 2.12 Pressure Forces on Submerged Planar Surfaces 29 2.13 Pressure Force and Fluid Weight 35 Bernoulli Principle and Bernoulli Equation 2.14 Bernoulli Principle: Straws and Cups 37 2.15 Bernoulli Principle: Ping Pong Ball in an Air Jet 38 2.16 Gravitational and Pressure Potential Energy 40 2.17 Bernoulli and Orifice Jet 41 2.18 Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line with a Siphon 46 2.19 Total Head, Piezometric Head, and Friction in Pipe Flow 48 2.20 Bernoulli Principle and the Hose-End Sprayer 54 2.21 Conservation Principles for Squirt Gun Operation 56 2.22 Conservation of Momentum: Water Bottle Rocket 58 2.23 Conservation of Momentum: Three-Arm Rotating Lawn Sprinkler 60 3. Hydraulics 62 3.1 Pipe Friction Losses Using a Soaker Hose 63 3.2 Pipes in Series 64 3.3 Pipes in Parallel 66 3.4 Three-Reservoir Problem 68 4. Surface Water 71 4.1 Atmospheric Water 72 4.2 Rainfall-Runoff 75 4.3 Isohyetal Method for Precipitation Analysis 77 4.4 Linear Reservoirs, Hydraulic Networks, and Hydrographs 80 4.5 Watershed Delineation 86 4.6 Flood Frequency Analysis: Battle of the Rivers Game 90 5. Groundwater 98 5.1 Porosity 99 5.2 Specific Retention 101 5.3 Layered Hydraulic Conductivity 102 5.4 Flow Direction in an Anisotropic Porous Medium 104 5.5 Head Distribution in One-Dimensional Confined and Unconfined Aquifers 105 5.6 Well Hydraulics 107 5.7 Molecular Diffusion in Porous Media 111 5.8 Groundwater Contaminant Transport 113 5.9 NAPL Ganglia 115 6. Water Quality 117 6.1 BOD and Remaining BOD Concepts 118 6.2 Water Quality Testing for Aquariums and Ponds 119 6.3 Suspended Sediments Analysis 125 7. Resources for Teaching Water Resources 129 7.1 Overview 129 7.2 Publications 129 7.3 Websites 130 7.4 Equipment Vendors and Products 132 7.5 Simple Demonstrations for Fluid Mechanics 132 7.6 Simple Activities for Hydrology 133 7.7 Music and Videos with Water Themes 133 Index 135 Preface The idea for this publication started with the desire to make available engaging and effective demonstrations that can be used in classes on water topics. Studies have shown, and we have witnessed firsthand, that students learn more and enjoy classes more when visual and active learning are incorporated into the lecture. However, while most instructors acknowledge the benefits of these teaching methods, they typically do not have the time, resources, and/or ability to develop and test such demonstrations and activities and also develop plans to incorporate them into their lectures. In our interactions with faculty across university and college campuses, we have learned that others have developed and incorporated excellent demonstrations and activities into their classes. With a need for a set of demonstrations specific to water topics and the identification of activities that already are being used in the classroom, we set forth to develop this publication. This was done through the formation of the Excellence in Water Resources Education task committee, which functions through the Groundwater Council of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute (EWRI) within the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). This book contains a collection of forty-five demonstrations and activities that can be used in water-related classes with topics in fluid mechanics, hydraulics, surface water hydrology, groundwater hydrology, and water quality. Each demonstration or activity included has been tested and reviewed by other instructors, often in a classroom setting. For each activity, information on the preparation and activity duration, suggested audience, and availability of materials required, as well as a brief overview of the principles that are demonstrated, is provided. In addition, the book provides guidance on preparing the activity and conducting the activity with suggestions for incorporating active learning. While the target audience for the book is instructors of undergraduate level courses, many activities are appropriate for middle and high school students. We hope that instructors will find this book useful and will enjoy including the activities and demonstrations in their classes. We have been fortunate to work with a group of talented and dedicated faculty in preparing this publication. Members of this task committee have developed and written descriptions of the activities and are listed in the following section. Others have contributed to this book by testing and reviewing the activities: Laura Karoly, Matthew Lander, and Doan Tran (all students at California State University, Long Beach, California); and Michael J. Watts (Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida). In addition, we thank Gulam Emadi (Van Nuys, California) for suggesting the title for this publication and Frederick Hart (Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts) for taking the back cover photo. Amy B. Chan Hilton and Roseanna M. Neupauer, June 2012 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments   The following individuals contributed to this publication by developing and writing classroom activities and demonstrations. An asterisk (*) indicates a member of the ASCE EWRI Excellence in Water Resources Education task committee. Steven Burian*, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, e-mail: [email protected] Amy B. Chan Hilton*, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, e-mail: [email protected] John Gierke*, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, e-mail: [email protected] Adam W. Kanold, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO J. Wesley Lauer*, Seattle University, Seattle, WA, e-mail: [email protected] Paul Mathisen*, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, e-mail: [email protected] David Mays*, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, e-mail: [email protected] Roseanna M. Neupauer*, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, e-mail: [email protected] John Nicklow*, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, e-mail: [email protected] Mira Olson*, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, e-mail: [email protected] Pinar Omur-Ozbek*, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, e-mail: [email protected] Don Pellegrino, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA Edward Peltier*, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, e-mail: [email protected] Rudy Pinkham, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA Christine Pomeroy*, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, e-mail: [email protected] Benjamin Ruddell*, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, e-mail: [email protected] Antonella Sciortino*, California State University, Long Beach, CA, e-mail: [email protected] This page intentionally left blank 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background Studies have shown that students learn more and enjoy classes more when their preferred learning styles match the teaching style of the instructor (Packer and Bain 1978; Renninger and Snyder 1983). Unfortunately, the college classroom often displays a mismatch between the teaching style of the instructor and the preferred learning style of the students. Studies have shown that most college-aged students prefer visual modes of learning (Barbe and Milone 1981), while most instruction is conducted in a lecture, or verbal, format (Felder and Brent 2005). The use of classroom activities and demonstrations provides opportunities for incorporating visual learning into the typical classroom environment. Moreover, research has shown that the use of demonstrations and hands-on activities in the classroom enhances student learning. Terenzini et al. (1999) showed that active and collaborative learning methods “produce statistically significant and substantially greater skill gain” compared to traditional teaching practices. Also, active learning techniques help to break up the class period by changing the mode of learning while enhancing student learning. This is important since the attention span and amount of information retained by students drastically decreases after approximately twenty minutes of passive learning (Felder and Brent 1998). Students who participate in active learning, in which they discuss ideas and problems and learn by doing, retain significantly more information than those in passive learning in which they only hear and read the information (Dale 1969). While many instructors are enthusiastic about including classroom demonstrations and activities in their classes, they may not do so because of the lack of time or expertise to develop effective demonstrations. 1.2 About This Book This book was produced by the Excellence in Water Resources Education task committee, which is a part of the Groundwater Council in the Environmental and Water Resources Institute (EWRI) of the American Society of Civil Engineers Contributed by: Amy B. Chan Hilton, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; and Roseanna Neupauer, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado