Gynaecological Endoscopic Surgery Basic Concepts Jude Okohue Joseph Ikechebelu Bolarinde Ola Emmanuel Kalu Okechukwu Ibeanu Editors 123 Gynaecological Endoscopic Surgery Jude Ehiabhi Okohue Joseph Ifeanyichukwu Ikechebelu Bolarinde Ola • Emmanuel Kalu Okechukwu Ibeanu Editors Gynaecological Endoscopic Surgery Basic Concepts Editors Jude Ehiabhi Okohue Joseph Ifeanyichukwu Ikechebelu Assisted Reproduction Unit Gynaecology Endoscopy and Assisted Department of Obstetrics and Reproduction Unit Gynaecology Department of Obstetrics and Gynescope Specialist Hospital and Gynaecology Nnamdi Azikiwe Madonna University University Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria Awka, Nigeria Bolarinde Ola Emmanuel Kalu Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Reproductive Medicine Foundat Kingston General Hospital Sheffield, UK Kingstone upon Thames, UK Okechukwu Ibeanu Division of Gynecologic Oncology York Hospital York, PA, USA ISBN 978-3-030-86767-6 ISBN 978-3-030-86768-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86768-3 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface This textbook embraces most aspects of gynaecological laparoscopy and hys- teroscopy, and it aims to present a comprehensive coverage of gynaecological minimal access surgeries with excellent medical illustrations. The reader is taken on a journey that includes the history of minimal access surgery, instrumentation and ergonomics required to progress in the field, capturing practical learning steps, and navigating the reader through the diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In addition, it describes the latest technological advancement in the field, backed with high current best evidence. The authors are practising specialists drawn from five continents who brought their wealth of experience and expertise to bear in this book. This textbook targets a global audience of practising and trainee doctors in general gynaecology, subspecialists, and those with relevant special interests in gynaecological endoscopy surgery. Port Harcourt, Nigeria Jude Ehiabhi Okohue Awka, Nigeria Joseph Ifeanyichukwu Ikechebelu Sheffield, UK Bolarinde Ola Kingstone upon Thames, UK Emmanuel Kalu York, PA, USA Okechukwu Ibeanu v Contents Part I General Topics History of Minimal Access Surgery (MAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Ephraim Samuels and Olanlege Olayinka Shakirat Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy Surgery Instruments/Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Joseph Ifeanyichukwu Ikechebelu, Bartholomew Okorochukwu, and Chukwuemeka Okoro Sterilization of Endoscopic Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 John O. Imaralu, Idris Haruna, and Hyacinth Onah The Electrosurgical Unit: Basic Principles for Practice . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Joseph Ifeanyichukwu Ikechebelu and Chukwuemeka O. Ezeama Anatomy of the Female Pelvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Eugene M. Ikeanyi, Lateef Akinola, and Dennis O. Allagoa Ergonomics and Patient Safety in Gynaecological Endoscopic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Bolarinde Ola and Ibrahim Wada Gynaecological Endoscopy in a Low−/Middle-Income Country: Challenges and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Vincent A. Ojo, Robinson C. Onoh, and Gbolahan O. Obajimi Part II Laparoscopy Anaesthesia for Laparoscopic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Cyril E. Nwachukwu, Sameer Deshpande, and Joseph Ifeanyichukwu Ikechebelu Laparoscopic Port Position, Placement and Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Fredrick Anolue and Lateef Akinola Laparoscopic Entry/Access Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Joseph Ifeanyichukwu Ikechebelu, Boniface C. Okpala, and Eziamaka P. Ezenkwele Techniques for Laparoscopic Tissue Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Abubakar A. Panti, Kikelomo T. Adesina, and Sanusi M. Ibrahim vii viii Contents Diagnostic Laparoscopy and Dye Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Amos A. Akinbiyi, Jude Ehiabhi Okohue, and Ikechukwu I. Mbachu Laparoscopic Suturing Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Uche A. Menakaya and Haleema Olalere Laparoscopic Management of Benign Ovarian Tumours . . . . . . . . . . 147 Adebiyi Gbadebo Adesiyun, Nkeiruka Ameh, and Hajaratu Umar-Sulayman Laparoscopic Ovarian Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Lilian Ugwumadu and Emmanuel Kalu Laparoscopic Tubal Surgery and Laparoscopic Management of Ectopic Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Adebayo Alade Adewole, Oluseyi Ayoola Asaolu, and Abdulhakeem Olajide Akintobi Laparoscopy-Guided Hysteroscopic Proximal Tubal Cannulation (Endoscopic Tubal Cannulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Joseph Ifeanyichukwu Ikechebelu and George Uchenna Eleje Laparoscopy in Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Michael E. Aziken, Michael C. Ezeanochie, and Kenneth C. Onumbu Laparoscopic Abdominal Cerclage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Christian Olajuwon Alabi, Anil Magdum, and Moses Fache Minimal Access Urogynaecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Olusegun Badejoko, Bhamare Prashant, and Olabisi Loto Laparoscopic Myomectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Jude Ehiabhi Okohue, Chibuzor Obianika, and Abiodun Oyewole Laparoscopic Management of Endometriosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Uche A. Menakaya and Vaduneme Kingsley Oriji Laparoscopic Hysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Okechukwu Ibeanu and Dama Ziworitin Laparoscopic Radical Hysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Olusegun Badejoko, Prashant Bhamare, and Okechukwu Ibeanu Complications of Laparoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Olusoji Jagun and Adekeye Olaore Part III Hysteroscopy Tips and Tricks to Facilitate the Art of Intrauterine Surgery . . . . . . 281 Osama Shawki, Yehia Shawki, and Jude Ehiabhi Okohue Anaesthesia for Operative Hysteroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Uyoata Udo Johnson and Job Gogo Otokwala Contents ix Distension Media in Hysteroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Onyecherelam Monday Ogelle, Daniel Nnaemeka Onwusulu, and Chukwuemeka O. Ezeama Hysteroscopic Management of Uterine Synechiae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Jude Ehiabhi Okohue, Angelo B. Hooker, and Preye Owen Fiebai Hysteroscopic Myomectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Sunday Omale Onuh, Philips Uche Ekpe, and Rais S. Ibraheem Complications Associated with Hysteroscopic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Emmanuel Kalu, Emily Nzeribe, and Charles Nzurumike Contributors Kikelomo T. Adesina, FWACS, FMCOG Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin/University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria Adebiyi Gbadebo Adesiyun, MSc, FWACS Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ahmadu Bello University/Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria Adebayo Alade Adewole, FWACS, FMCOG Fertility and Minimal Access Surgery Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre Lokoja, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria Amos  A.  Akinbiyi, FACOG, FRCOG Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Saskatchewan, Regina, SK, Canada Lateef Akinola, PhD, FRCOG Medison Specialist Women’s Hospital, Fertility Assyst, Lagos, Nigeria Abdulhakeem  Olajide  Akintobi, FWACS, MRCOG Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria Christian  Olajuwon  Alabi, MRCOG Minimal Access Gynaecological Unit, South Shore Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria Dennis  O.  Allagoa, FMAS, FWACS Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Niger Delta University, Amassoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Nkeiruka  Ameh, MBA, FWACS Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ahmadu Bello University/Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria Fredrick Anolue, FWACS Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria Oluseyi Ayoola Asaolu, FMAS, FWACS Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Wuse District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria xi xii Contributors Michael  E.  Aziken, FWACS, FMCOG Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria Olusegun Badejoko, MRCOG, FWACS Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Prashant Bhamare, MD, DGO Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and Hospital, Mumbai, India Sameer Deshpande Mumbai, India Philips  Uche  Ekpe, FWACS, FMCOG Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria George Uchenna Eleje, FWACS, FMCOG Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria Chukwuemeka O. Ezeama Gynaecology Endoscopy Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria Michael  C.  Ezeanochie, MSc, FWACS Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria Eziamaka  P.  Ezenkwele, FWACS Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria/University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria Moses Fache, MSc, FWACS El-Rapha Hospitals and Diagnostics, Abuja, Nigeria Preye  Owen  Fiebai, MBChB, FWACS Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria Idris  Haruna, FWACS, FMCOG Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Bida, Nigeria Angelo B. Hooker, MD Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zaans Medical Centre, Zaandam, Netherlands Okechukwu Ibeanu, MD, FACOG Division of Gynecologic Oncology, York Hospital, York, PA, USA Rais S. Ibraheem, FWACS Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, IVF Center National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria Sanusi  M.  Ibrahim, DMAS, FMCOG Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri/ University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria