TheAnarchistLibrary Anti-Copyright Gustav Landauer — the Man, the Jew and the Anarchist Avraham Yassour AvrahamYassour GustavLandauer—theMan,theJewandtheAnarchist 1989 Retrievedon2January2011fromwww.waste.org FromYa’ad,no.2,1989 theanarchistlibrary.org 1989 Gesprache von der Kunst und vom Leben; Das Bildnis des Dorian Gray (Ubers. mit Hedwig Lachman, Leipzig, 1907.) Contents C. On Landauer 1. E.Lunn,ProphetofCommunity,L.A.,1973. 1. 6 2. W.Kalz,G.L.KulturSozialistundAnarchist,1967. 2. 14 3. M.Buber,NetivotBe’Utopia(PathinUtopia),1947,1985. A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4. A. Yassour, “Landauer Ve’Tius Hakfar Hakibutzi” (G.L. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 and the industrialisation of the kibbutz”), Ha’Kibutz, 2, 2975,165–167. Bibliography 28 A.Landauer’swritings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 5. A. Yassour, Hashpa’at Landauer etc. (Landauer’s Influ- B.Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ence on the Workers Movement in Palestine), Haifa, C.OnLandauer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1985. D.LandauerinHebrew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 D. Landauer in Hebrew 1. “Collectedletters”,in:G.Landauer—inmemorium,1929, 2. KriahleSocialism(Aufruf&DieRevolution),1951 3. CollectedWorks,ed.andintrod.byA.Yassour,1982.   30 3 12. SocialDemocracyinGermany,London,1896. 13. DerTodesprediger,Leipzig,1893. 14. VonZürichbisLondon,1896. 15. Der werdende Mensch: Aufsatze uber Leben und Schrift- tum(Ed.byM.Buber),Potsdam,1921. 16. Uwant und Befreiung. Eine Auswahl aus seinem Werk (Ed.byHeinz-JoachinHeydorn),Koln,1968. 17. Gustav Landauer und die Revolutionszeit 1918–19, Ed. U. Linse,W.Berlin,1974. B. Translations 1. BriefsausderfranzosichenRevolution,2Bande,Frankfurt a.M.,1918. 2. Kropotkin,Peter.DiefranzoisischeRevolution,1789–1793, 2 Bande.Leipzig,1909. 3. GegenseitigeHilfeinderEntwicklung,Leipzig,1904. 4. Landwirtshaft,Industrie,undHandwerk,Berlin,1904. 5. MeisterEkhartsMystischeSchriften,Berlin,1903. 6. Tagore, Rabindranath, Das Postamt; Der Konig der dunkelmKammern,Leipzig,1915. 7. Whitman,Walt.GesangeundInschriften,Munchen,1921. 8. “DerWunderarzt”,Zurich,1919. 9. Wilde,Oscar,DerSozialimusunddieSeeledesMenschen; Aus dem Zuchthaus zu Reading; Aesthetisches Mani- fest (Ubers. mit Hedwig Lachman), Berlin, 1904. Zewi 29 “I am, the Jew, a German — I accept my complexity.” DerWerdendeMensch Bibliography A. Landauer’s writings 1. An den Zuricher Kongress: Bericht uber die deutsche Ar- beiterbewegung.Berlin,1983. 2. Die Abschaffung des Krieges durch die Selbstbestimmung des Volkes. Fragen and die deutschen Arbeiter, Berlin, 1911. 3. AufrufzumSozialismus,Berlin,1911;3Aufl.Berlin,:Paul CassirerVerlag,1919. 4. Beginnen: Aufsatze uber Sozialismus; Ed. by M. Buber, Koln,1924. 5. Erkenninis und Befreiung, Ausgewahlte, Reden und Augsatze,ed.byR.Link-Salinger,Frankfurt,1976. 6. Gustav Landauer, Sein Lebensgang in Briefen, (Ed. by M. Buber),2.Bande.Frankfurta.M.,1929. 7. MachtundMächte,Berlin,1903. 8. Rechenschaft,Berlin,(PaulCassirerVerlag)1919. 9. DieRevolution,Frankfurta.M.,1907. 10. Shakespeare;dargestelltinVortragen(Ed.byM.Buber),2 Bande.Frankfurta.M.,1920. 11. SkepsisundMystik:VersucheimAnschlussanMauthners Sprachkritik,Berlin,1903. 28 5 “My sympathies go out to other people in the same way as to myown”.Hecriticizedandscornedintellectualswhoinvested arguments upholding the rights of their own people (in fact of their state) to fight and to conquer. Even in his lectures on 1. Shakespeariantheater(duringthewar)heemphasizedthedis- integrationofthemoralpersonalityunderthepressureofego- ismandnationalism.Hesawhimselfasacosmopolitaninthe I will begin with the main details about Gustav Landauer’s highestsenseoftheterm,andalthoughfarfrombeingaZion- life and his epoch, because I assume that only little is known ist, he held the universalism of Judaism dear and worthy of about them, and because a combined analytical and historical beingfostered.(HencehisesteemforBuber’sactivities). approachisrequired. Itisinterestingtonotethatthethree“MinistersofCulture” GustavLandauerwasbornin1870inKarlsruhe(south-west intherevolutionarytransitionalperiodswereJews:Landauer, Germany) into a petit-bourgeois family. From his youth he Lukacs,andLunacharsky.Butthatisadifferentstory. showed great interest in philosophy and the humanities, in literature and in the Bohemian life that attracted young people to the cafes of Berlin. Those days were the days of Germany’s victory over France and its growing in Europe. In 1893 Landauer was expelled from Berlin University because of a speech he made before workers. He was arrested again in 1896 as an anarchist calling for disobedience, although throughout his life Landauer refrained from what is com- monly termed “extremism”. He was a determined pacifist but was unremitting in explaining his position and his socialist propaganda,towhichhedevotedmuchtimedespitetheneed to make a living and his passion for scientific and literary work. His life ran in this twofold direction until his foul murder in a prison-yard on 2 May 1919, the victim of German anti- revolutionaryterrorthatalreadyportendedtheNazibarbarity (includingviolentantisemitism.) Landauer was a prolific publicist and was bound up in the findusiecle currentthatbroughtaneratoanendandopened anewcentury.Thecharactersareknown:Schopenhauer,Niet- zsche,Ibsen,Wagner,andthevariousstreamsofsocialism. 6 27 thoritatian administration that are the root cause of all that A noteworthy point for analysis is that most anarchists of besets us at present. The state continues to develop and is a thatepochwereengagedinliterature—writingandcriticism. powerful as a substitute for the genuine communal unifying Landauerwrotemanyarticlesontheatre,andhistwovolumes spirit(hereheisnotfarfromMarx,whosawinitan“illusory ofessaysonShakespearestillevokeinterest.Heeditedajour- community”). nalonthetheatreandwrotearticlesonIbsen,Tolstoiandoth- ThecollectivesocietyforwhichLandauerlongedisnotthe ers. He himself was a writer, as well as a translator of Peter fruitofa“purposefulrationalism”(aprinciplesufficientforthe Kropotkin, among others. In short, he was a man of remark- establishmentofvariousadministrativebodies);thisistheprin- abletalent,whomsomecomparedtoMosesHess. cipleofbureaucracy,whichiscentralistbynature.Thecommu- In 1900 he wrote an article on Ludwig Berne in which he nityisdiffusebynature.Hewrote(againsttheMarxist):“These cited some anarchistic concepts of the later: “Freedom can socialists won’t make the state socialist… The state will make only come from anarchism”, “Anarchy is nothing other than themworshippersoftheidolstate”.Hedoesnotforeseethede- absence of rule”, etc. Landauer liked the two Jews Heine and tails of the picture of the future society, but he presents clear Berneverymuch.Intheirnameheclaimedthatthestatehad principles:theindividualincommunion,sociallyrestructured become a god demanding sacrifices from which his priests in an infinite process, with no single absolute model. And he benefited. Judaism, however, he viewed otherwise; there was intermixes many images which I consider mystical: socialism another path and the Jews had a special historical destiny, a as a mixture of earth, spirit and communalism; the revival of spiritual mission that influenced them and the people among thecommunityasakindofexperienceintherenaissanceofthe whom they lived. He admired the Prophets as well as Jesus individualandsociety;idealizationoftherusticlifeandnature; of Nazareth and Spinoza. The Jews had a clear moral goal, antiurbanism;etc. and many Jews such as his friend Kurt Eizner, Erich Musam, Similarelementsaretobefoundinheretical-religioussects, Roza Luxemburg, etc., were active all around. He described inA.D.Gordon,aswellasinthemanyhesitationsasexpressed himself more or less thus: first I am an animal, next a man; in the well known collection Our Community (Kehilyatenu.) then the following order: a Jew, a German, a south German Perhapsincontemporarytermsitlookslikesocialexistential- — and finally the unique “I”, I myself, crystallized. He did not ismthatprefersasocialcommunalexperiencetoeconomicand disavow his people’s tradition: Spinoza was no Greek but an institutionalarrangements(privateproperty,democracy,etc.). “Original Jew”, just as Nicholas Kusanus was a pure German. Eventhestateissometimesconceivedas“awayofbehaving”, The prophet Samuel was clearly anti-state — as were the first whichcanbechangedvoluntarily. Christians. Without expanding on this theme, which is of The communities have no good reasonfor enmity and war; interest in itself, I would merely quote some of Landauer’s nor have nations and people. Wars are between states — for lines: ‘There is no people, even not the Jewish people, as long power,expansion,exploitationsandoppression.Communities as a foundation is not given to every people; this is a free, andnationsaresufficientuntothemselvesinordertolive:the viable community based upon justice… The individual cannot vitalelementpreciselydoesnotcomefromtheoutside.Unique- be swallowed up just like that, he is capable of standing nessofpeoplesisnotacauseforwarbecausemankingisplural- firm. At present we carry injustice with us from country to istbynature.DuringthewarLandauerdidnotfeartoproclam: country. But in the beginning justice was embodied in the 26 7 basic structure, and this will adapt itself to specific national in the USA bears the title: Prophet of Community. In sociol- characteristics. It will itself become urgently clear that in the ogytherearemanydefinitionsof“community”,fromthewell various socialist experiments our right can be realized in to known dichotomy of F. Tonnies between gemeinschaft (“com- ourownfashiononly amongourselves”. munity”)andgesellschaft(“association”)uptothelatestofthe To return briefly to Landauer’s life: his development at the followers of behaviorism or communication, who have devel- beginningofthecenturycameundertheinfluenceProudhon, opeddefinitionsoftheirown,butthisisnotourconcernhere. Tolstoy and Kropotkin; he should not be regarded as a purely The community as formulated by Landauer (and by other anarchistic mystic (his friend and publisher, Martin Buber is anarchists and essentially by Buber also) has some principal partiallyresponsibleforthisviewofhim)asheparticipatedin characteristics: (a) A cohesion that goes beyong the “social politicalstrugglesallhislife. contract”, making for multi-faceted as well as face-to-face He belonged to a coterie of intellectuals who established a relationships: (b) the spontaneity and reciprocity of direct kind of “new community”, where he met Buber for the first relationships, which is only possible in small units (limited time.Theideaofthecommunity(Gemeinde,Gemeinshaft)was but not necessarily closed); (c) stability, which allows for to occupy a central place in his social concept. His radicalism the development of these relationships and the flowering of crystallized into anarchism during his stay in England, at the fraternity and friendship: and mutual assistance; (d) common beginning of the century, in the proximity of P. Kropotokin values, ideas or the existing belief which created a kind of and his circle. (He translated Kropotokin’s Mutual Help into “innercode”evincingasenseof“feelingathome”.Thereareof German). course other qualities also, but in essence it may be said that In the next decade of his life he published a socialist jour- the sine qua non is for the individual to feel at home within a nal,lecturedfrequentlyandwasveryactive;healsostruggled social framework that does not develop into a creature with against the expulsion of the anarchists from the Socialist In- anexistenceofitsownthatturnsagainstitscreator. ternational(hewasadelegateattheZurichcongressin1903). Intheanarchistcommunitythereisharmoniousintegration HistheoreticalbooksScepticismandMysticism(1903)andThe between agricultural, industrial and intellectual endeavour Revolution (1907) were not fortuitous: studying the problems (thevisionsofKropotkin). oflanguageandreligion,ofatheismandscepticism,helaidthe Landauerwasamostseverecriticofcapitalism,inthesphere foundation of his anarchistic socialism, which is a voluntaris- of economics but no less in the social relationships that de- ticconcept.Hewasremotefromadeterministviewofhistory: veloped in the characteristic culture of market relations. Cap- willandconsciousnessareofdecisiveimportance;hencethere italism from the fifteenth century on, words he held, had en- isroomforpluralisminthesocialistmovement. gendered social atomization involving alienation, domination Hisdealingwithsymbols,language,willandconsciousness andexploitation,politicalabsolutismandatrophyofthe“team is highly relevant for present-day problems of socialism and spirit” that had been the unifying force in the past. The tradi- evenforthesocialsciencesingeneral(the“falseconsciousness” tionsofthemedievalcommunities(Gemeinden)impressedhim inLukacs’swritings;“TheIdeology”intheGramsci’sconcept, greatlyandheresearchedthemwidely;hencetheambivalence etc.).ItcontainedthebeginningsofcriticismofMarxistsocial- ofhisattitudetotheFrenchRevolution,whichlaidthefounda- ism,thendominantinGermanSocialDemocracy.Theideathat tions of the modern centralized state and the anonymous au- 8 25 ing classes quietly deparets and the wonderful world of Lan- consciousnesswasonlyasuper-structureandafunctionofthe dauer, Buber and Kropotkin spreads across the entire globe. economic base resulted in flagging interest in consciousness There seems to be a Utopian or messianic element here. And and ideology. Landauer believed that literature and education you know as well as I concerning the first part of the ques- infosteringthedesireforjustice,wereofprimaryimportance. tion that the contradictions within the federations (and even HeadmiredthepoetryofWaltWhitman. between the kibbutz and its movement) are the real conflicts His criticism of Marxism found expression in his book and we know from experience that they do not simply disap- Call for Socialism. Marxist — as accepted in the European pear. But we do have the opinion of Landauer, who in reply social democracy of the time (Plekhanov, Kautsky, Bebel) to Nahum Goldmann’s letter on “the industrialization of the was seen by him as an “etatist”’, that is, a state-bureaucratic- kibbutzim” (in 1919!) warned that there must be no bureau- authoritarian (and this was many years before the Soviet cratizationand nocontrastsbetweenrichandpoorkibbutzim.. system under Stalin). According to Landauer, socialism grew Andnowinthesituationofaneconomiccrisisbequeathedto frombelow,fromthewillandthelifeofcommunalistsocieties: the state, there is a “chance” of seeing how the principles ac- itwasfederalanddecentralist—theoppositeofstateandrul- tually pass the test of contrary interests. Regarding the state ingauthority.Thegrowthofthecommunitieswouldcausethe I would like to stress that there is here weakening of the le- withering of the state, and not the “proletarian dictatorship” gitimacyofcompulsionandeventuallyalsooftheneedforits wouldbringthisabout(inhisopinionthiswastheessenceof institutions.Fromadifferentviewpoint,withlegitimationand Marxism). professionalizationthebureaucraticapparatusbecomes“aself- Socialism as a product of the will could arise whereverand crownedsovereign”;thisiswhathashappenedinthe“Welfare whenever it was desired and agreed upon; the “code” and the State”.Thepureliberalismoftodayalsorecommendeda“min- symbolforunifyingcommunitieswouldbefound. imum state”; but political and class suppression do not com- Buber’sinfluenceiseasilyunderstoodhere.Thevisionofthe pletely die out before exploitation and domination disappear. community, romantic and “volkist”, derived from Herder and Now too, it is important to emphasize that which was central aparticularGermanphilosophyaswellasfromsomehassidic to Landauer’s thinking: “voluntary slavery”. Without this the storiesintheBuberversion,inwhichthereisasymbolicatmo- stateanditsinstitutionsbaseduponobediencewillnotsurvive. sphere,amythanda“Bund”.Hewouldnothaveacceptedthe The state not only protects private property by force: power social-democratic definitions of class, the people and the na- becomestheprivatepropertyofaclass.Andthebrainwashing tionaccordingtoBorochov.Hecertainlysawsomething posi- that we are subject to turns all of this into a kind of “human tive in the unique nature of each national entity, and was far nature”. fromanykindofchauvinism,GermanofJewish. Peoplesand nations grewout of thecommunal and harmo- nious life mankind had known prior to the era of capitalism. C. Thesolerevolutioninthepastwasthemostdestructive—that whichbeganinthefifteenthcenturyandledultimatelytothe We now come to the anarchist-communal vision of Gustav dominanceofcapitalism,thecentraliststate,authoritarianpo- Landauer. One of the best books written on him just recently litical rule, social atomization and alienation. This grew, and 24 9 wasnotmerelyimposed.Therefore,onlythewill“tobreakout” facttheMenshevikswhowereorthodoxanddogmaticandwho could offer salvation. Any time was appropriate for change: accused Lenin of drawing too much on the Narodniks. Lenin this was the core of “self-realization” in his doctrine, which mademanyinnovationsinvariousareasbuttheimpositionof is so very close to Gordon’s and to the constructive socialism “Marxism-Leninism” destroyed the entire theory. But I do not thatformedtheideologicalbasisofthekibbutz movement. seeanyresponsibilityextendingfromMarxtoLenin,andfrom ThemostseriouscrisisinhisrelationshipwithBuber,which LenintoStalin.Suchanapproachiscompletelyanti-historical. should be noted and not glossed over, arose during the first MaoTseDounisalsoaninnovatorintheconditionsofChina, world war. On the face of it, opposition to the war seemed andwenowfaceadifferentMarxism… natural, owing to its clearly imperialist character and the fact Let us return to Landauer. He did not consider class that years before its outbreak socialists and intellectuals had analysis as the key to an understanding of history. He had already warned of its approach. But as is well known most of a romantic admiration for the guilds of the Middle Ages them did not withstand the acid test, and the betrayal by so- and rural-communities as fundamental social formations in cial democracy in its first parliamentary trial is familiar to all. contrast to the state and the political institutions. He sharply Gustav Landauer was a sworn opponent of the Social Demo- criticizes Marx for this, but he did not know Marx’s very well. craticparty,thePrussianstateandallwars.Accordingtohim, Marx’s early texts and his later writings (drafts and letters to an“armedpeace”carriedwithitcorruptionanddecadence,ex- Russianrevolutionaries)2 arewellknownnowandfromthem ploitationofthemasses,hypocrisyandfear.Ontheeveofthe itisclearthathesetmuchstorebythebasicsocialinstitutions warhewrotethatitsflameshadbeenfannedintheworldsince and saw various roads to socialism. That is why I stated that 1870.HerefutedKropotokin’sstand,whichsupportedthepol- certain facets worked out by anarchism must be taken into icy of the Entente, namely, placing the blame on Germany, as account, even if at times they overlap opinions of Marx that wellasBuber’swhichsawfittosupportGermanyagainst“east- were not developed by his school for historical reasons in ernbarbarism”. Russia. Plekhanov was most dogmatic on the development of Landauer was among those at whose incentive a group of capitalisminRussia—forthepurposesofhisstruggleagainst intellectuals gathered to proclaim the unity of all men and a thePopulists. resolute stand against the war. (Buber joined this group, but Landauer assumes that cooperative communities united in itdisbanded whenthe warbrokeout…).He wentstill further: federationswillarise,etc.Whatwillhappenifafederationof blameforthewarfelluponalltheimperialiststates,andupon communesfindsitselfinoppositiontotheinterestsofaneigh- allthosewhosawitcomingyetremainedcomplacentanddid bouring federation? In theory, the transitional stage between littletoforestallit. the state and the federation of communities was not clearly He condemned his friend Buber, who in his famous elaborated. We know that the problems of the intermediate “Hanukka oration” (December 1914) and in his articles, fos- stages and the transitional period are not sharply enough de- tered the illusion that in the war the Jewish people would fined. I myself do not see that the state and all its accessories unite and their sense of national identity would increase. which protect private property and the privileges of the rul- BubercomparedGermanyatwarwiththeGreeksatthetune 2seemy:“MarxandtheRussianObschina” 10 23