Imaam Yahyaa Ibn Sharaf An-Nawawee Guarding the Tongue of Imaam An-Nawawee www.al-manhaj.com 1 Al-Manhaj E-Books Guarding the Tongue of Imaam An-Nawawee Guarding the Tongue from the book Al-Adhkaar of Imaam An-Nawawee With Hadeeth Verification by Shaikh Saleem Ibn ÂEid Al-Hilaalee Translated by: IsmaÊeel Alarcon www.al-manhaj.com 2 Al-Manhaj E-Books Guarding the Tongue of Imaam An-Nawawee © Copyright www.al-manhaj.com AL-MANHAJ E-BOOKS Published on-line by www.al-manhaj.com The official web site of: The Salafi Society of North America (Temporary Address as of 9/16/01): 87-63 125th Street Richmond Hill, NY 11415 USA URL: www.al-manhaj.com E-mail: [email protected] Tel/Fax: (718) 849-0378 Important Note: The following document is an on-line book publishing of www.al-manhaj.com. This book was formatted and designed specifically for being placed on the Web and for its easy and convenient distribution. At the time of this e-book publishing, we are not aware of any other book similar to it, in terms of its translation from its original Arabic source. Since this book was prepared for free on-line distribution we grant permission for it to be printed, disbursed, photocopied, reproduced and/or distributed by electronic means for the purpose of spreading its content and not for the purpose of gaining a profit, unless a specific request is sent to the publishers and permission is granted. www.al-manhaj.com 3 Al-Manhaj E-Books Guarding the Tongue of Imaam An-Nawawee TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction to the Book……………………………….……………………..….. 5 2. Guarding the Tongue………………………………………………..……………… 6 3. The Prohibition of Backbiting and Gossiping………………….…………….. 13 4. Important Points Related to the Limits of Backbiting…..……...……. 17 5. How does one Prevent Himself from Backbiting?…………..………….… 20 6. What Type of Backbiting is Permissible?……………………..……..………. 21 7. What should One do when he hears his Shaikh, Friend or Someone 25 else being Backbitten?………………….…………………………………..…………. 8. The Backbiting of the Heart…………………………………………………….… 28 9. Expiating oneself and Repenting from Backbiting………….………... 31 10. Concerning Gossiping (Nameemah)………………..…………………..…... 34 www.al-manhaj.com 4 Al-Manhaj E-Books Guarding the Tongue of Imaam An-Nawawee INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK All praise is for Allaah and may the peace and blessings be on His Final Messenger, his family and those who follow him in goodness until the Day of Recompense. To Proceed: Before you is a chapter from the great book Al-Adhkaar of the Imaam and great scholar of the seventh century, Abu Zaakariyaa, Yahyaa Ibn Sharaf An-Nawawee, which we decided to present as a book in itself due to the many benefits found in it. The chapter is entitled “Hifdh-ul-Lisaan” or “Guarding the Tongue.” The original source, Al-Adhkaar, is one of the prize works of Imaam An-Nawawee in which he compiles and discusses the texts related to what is recommended and forbidden from speech, focusing on adhkaar (words of remembrance) and ad’iyyah (supplications). In the last part of the book, as he explains, Imaam An-Nawawee devotes a chapter to what is forbidden and disliked from speech, such as backbiting, gossiping, and slander. So he brings the evidences from the Qur’aan and Sunnah on the obligation of guarding the tongue from evil speech. In recent times, this great work was checked and verified by Shaikh Saleem Ibn ‘Eid Al- Hilaalee and printed in two volumes. In his verification, Shaikh Saleem provides a grading for each hadeeth as well as a discussion into the reason for the hadeeth’s authenticity or weakness. Due to our desire to make the E-Book a source of easy reading and benefit, we have limited the verification of ahaadeeth to just the grade that Shaikh Saleem Al-Hilaalee has provided and the references of the Hadeeth sources they can be found in, while abridging his discussions of certain ahaadeeth in some places We advise every sincere Muslim to read and benefit from the words of An-Nawawee on this very important topic, which many Muslims are neglectful or unaware about. And we advise them to reflect sincerely on the evidences so that they can beware of falling into sinful speech. We hope that this treatise also helps to uplift doubts on the part of those who consider backbiting and criticizing to be forbidden unconditionally, as Imaam An-Nawawee explains the situations in which talking about someone in his absence is permissible, as well as the proper guidelines for that. Lastly, we ask Allaah to make this treatise serve as a source of knowledge for those unaware about the rulings on guarding the tongue and likewise, that He make this a reminder for those who know yet are neglectful. Written by: isma’eel alarcon for al-manhaj.com on January 22, 2002 www.al-manhaj.com 5 Al-Manhaj E-Books Guarding the Tongue of Imaam An-Nawawee CHAPTER: GUARDING THE TONGUE Allaah the Most High says: “Not a word does one utter, except that there is an (angel) Watching, Ready to record it.” [Surah Qaaf: 18] And He says: “Verily, your Lord is Ever-Watchful." [Surah Al-Fajr: 14] I have mentioned previously, what Allaah made easy for me from the recommended types of remembrances. I also wanted to include along with that, the things that are disliked and forbidden in one’s speech. This is in order that this book can be complete in regards to the ruling s concerning one’s verbal statements, and comprehensive in regards to explaining their different categories. So I will mention some aspects about them that every Muslim must be aware of. A majority of the things I will state here are already well known, and for this reason, I will not include the evidences for most of them. Thus, with Allaah lies the success. Know that every individual who falls under the category of being responsible for his actions (mukallaf) must guard his tongue from all types of speech, except for that speech which consists predominantly of some benefit. So in the situation that speaking and refraining from speech are both found to contain the same amount of benefit within them, then the Sunnah is to refrain from it, altogether. This is because the allowable speech (equal in benefit and harm) paves the way towards that which is forbidden as well as disliked. Rather, in most cases, this will be the result, and applying safety, at that point, will not be able to soothe it in the least. Abu Hurairah (radyAllaahu ‘anhu) reported that the Prophet (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) said: "Whosoever believes in Allaah and the Last Day, then let him speak good or remain silent." 1 1 Saheeh - Reported by Al-Bukhaaree (11/308 of al-Fath) and Muslim (47) www.al-manhaj.com 6 Al-Manhaj E-Books Guarding the Tongue of Imaam An-Nawawee This hadeeth, of which the scholars have agreed upon its authenticity, is a clear-cut proof that one should not talk, unless his speech is good – and that is the speech that consists predominantly of benefit. So if one has doubt as to whether or not his speech consists of benefit, then he should not speak. Imaam Ash-Shaafi'ee (rahimahullaah) said: "When one desires to talk, then it is upon him to think before he speaks. If there is beneficial good in what he will say, then he should speak. And if he has doubt about that, then he must not speak until he clears that doubt (by making his speech good)." Abu Moosaa Al-Ash'aree (radyAllaahu ‘anhu) reported: "I said: 'O Messenger of Allaah! Which of the Muslims is best?' He (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) responded: 'He whose tongue and hand the Muslims are safe from.'" 2 Sahl Ibn Sa'ad (radyAllaahu ‘anhu) reported that Allaah’s Messenger (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) said: "Whoever can guarantee for me (that he will guard) what is between his jaws (tongue) and what is between his legs (private parts), I will guarantee for him Paradise." 3 Abu Hurairah (radyAllaahu ‘anhu) reported that he heard the Prophet (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) say: "Indeed, the servant (of Allaah) will speak a word, while being unaware of (its consequences), and due to it, he will be cast into the Hellfire, farther than the distance between the east and the west." 4 In the narration of Al-Bukhaaree, there only occur the words: “farther than the distance between the west” without mentioning the east. The meaning of "while being unaware" is that he does not stop to consider whether his speech is good or not. Abu Hurairah (radyAllaahu ‘anhu) reported that the Prophet (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) said: "Indeed, the servant will speak words that are pleasing to Allaah, due to which he will be given a condition in which Allaah will raise him many levels. And indeed, the servant will speak words that are displeasing to Allaah, due to which he will not be given a good condition, but (instead) be thrown into the Hellfire." 5 It is reported in the Muwatta of Imaam Maalik and the books of At-Tirmidhee and Ibn Maajah from Bilaal Ibn Al-Haarith Al-Muznee (radyAllaahu ‘anhu) that the Messenger of 2 Saheeh - Reported by Al-Bukhaaree (1/54 of al-Fath) and Muslim (42) 3 Saheeh - Reported by Al-Bukhaaree (11/308 of al-Fath) 4 Saheeh - Reported by Al-Bukhaaree (11/308 of al-Fath) and Muslim (2988) 5 Saheeh - Reported by Al-Bukhaaree (11/308 of al-Fath) www.al-manhaj.com 7 Al-Manhaj E-Books Guarding the Tongue of Imaam An-Nawawee Allaah (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) said: "Indeed, a man will speak with words that are pleasing to Allaah and by which he is not aware of what he has attained by it. Due to it, Allaah will record for him His Contentment (for him) until the day that he encounters Him. And indeed, a man will speak with words that are displeasing to Allaah by which he is not aware of what he has attained by it. Due to it, Allaah will record for him His Discontentment (with him) until the day that he encounters Him." 6 Sufyaan Ibn 'Abdillaah (radyAllaahu ‘anhu) reported that he said: "O Messenger of Allaah, tell me of a matter that I may hold fast onto.” He (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) said: “Say: ‘I believe in Allaah’, and then remain steadfast (on that).” I said: 'O Messenger of Allaah, what is the most serious thing that I should fear for myself?” So he took a hold of his tongue and said: 'This.’” 7 At-Tirmidhee said: “This hadeeth is hasan saheeh.” Ibn 'Umar (radyAllaahu ‘anhumaa) reported that Allaah’s Messenger (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) said: "Do not talk much without remembering Allaah, for indeed, too much talk without the remembrance of Allaah hardens the heart. And indeed the people who are farthest away from Allaah are the ones who have hardened hearts." 8 Abu Hurairah (radyAllaahu ‘anhu) reported that the Messenger of Allaah (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) said: "Whosoever is granted protection by Allaah from the evil 6 Saheeh - Reported by At-Tirmidhee (2420 of Tuhfah al-Ahwadhee), Ibn Maajah (3970), and Maalik (2/985) from the path of Muhammad Ibn ‘Amr. 7 Saheeh - Reported by At-Tirmidhee (2522 of at-Tuhfah), Ibn Maajah (3972) and Ahmad (3/413) from the path of Az-Zuhree on Muhammad Ibn ‘Abdir-Rahmaan Ibn Maa’iz on Sufyaan Ibn ‘Abdillaah ath-Thaqafee. Muslim (2/8-9 of Sharh Nawawee) reported it from the path of Hishaam Ibn ‘Urwah…Altogether, the hadeeth is authentic due to its different paths of narration. I am surprised that the author didn’t attribute this hadeeth to Saheeh Muslim when it is found in it. 8 Da’eef - Reported by At-Tirmidhee (2523 and 2524) from the path of Ibraaheem Ibn ‘Abdillaah Ibn Haatib on ‘Abdullaah Ibn Deenaar from Ibn ‘Umar. At-Tirmidhee said: “This is a strange hadeeth, we do not know of it except from the narration of Ibraaheem Ibn ‘Abdillaah Ibn Haatib.” I say: He is Ibn ‘Abdillaah Ibn al-Haarith Ibn Haatib al-Jumhee. Ibn Abee Haatim mentioned him in Al-Jarh wat-Ta’deel (2/110) but neither approved of nor criticized him. Adh-Dhahabee mentioned him in Meezaan al-‘Itidaal (1/41) and mentioned this report from him as being one of his lone reports. Then he said: “I don’t know of any jarh (criticism) against him.” I say: A lack of knowing if a jarh on him exists does not necessitate that he declares him to be reliable. Imaam Maalik mentioned this narration in his Muwatta (2/986) as a saying of ‘Eesaa bin Maryam. www.al-manhaj.com 8 Al-Manhaj E-Books Guarding the Tongue of Imaam An-Nawawee of what is between his jaws and from the evil of what is between his legs, will enter Paradise." At-Tirmidhee said the hadeeth was hasan. 9 'Uqbah Ibn 'Aamir (radyAllaahu ‘anhu) reported: "I said: 'O Messenger of Allaah, how does one attain salvation?' He (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) responded: 'Restrain your tongue, remain in your home and weep over your sins.'" 10 Abu Sa'eed Al-Khudree (radyAllaahu ‘anhu) reported that the Prophet (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) said: “When the Son of Aadam wakes from his sleep, all of his body parts seek refuge from his tongue, saying: ‘Fear Allaah with regard to us, for indeed we are part of you. So if you are upright, then we will be upright and if you are corrupt, then we shall be corrupt.” 11 Umm Habeebah (radyAllaahu ‘anhaa) reported that the Prophet (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) said: “Every speech of the Son of Aadam is against him not for him, except for commanding good and forbidding evil or the remembrance of Allaah, may He be Exalted.” 12 Mu’aadh Ibn Jabal (radyAllaahu ‘anhu) reported: “I said: ‘O Messenger of Allaah! Tell me of an act that will take me to Paradise and keep me away from the Hellfire.’ He said: ‘You have asked me about a major matter. But it is easy for he whom Allaah, may He be Exalted, makes it easy for. You must worship Allaah, associating nothing with him. You must perform the prayers and pay the Zakaat. You must fast in Ramadaan and perform the Hajj to the House (Ka’abah).’ Then he 9 Saheeh - Reported by At-Tirmidhee (2521 of at-Tuhfah) from the path of Ibn ‘Ijlaan from Abu Haazim. I say: Its chain is hasan because Muhammad Ibn ‘Ijlaan is honest. Muslim transmitted from him for his supporting reports. So the hadeeth is saheeh (authentic) due to its supporting evidences. 10 Saheeh - Reported by Ibn Al-Mubaarak in az-Zuhd (134) and from him Ahmad (5/259) and At- Tirmidhee (2517 of at-Tuhfah) from the path of ‘Ubaydullaah Ibn Zuhr from ‘Alee Ibn Yazeed. I say: Its chain of narration is very weak, because there are two defects in it. Firstly, ‘Ubaydullaah Ibn Zuhr has weakness in him, and Secondly, ‘Alee Ibn Yazeed is very weak. However, Ahmad (4/148) reported it from the path of Mu’aadh Ibn Rifaa’ah on ‘Alee Ibn Yazeed. So the first defect is uplifted because Mu’aadh is honest. Also, At-Tabaraanee (sec. 59) reported it from the path of Ibn Thawbaan from his father from Al-Qaasim from Abu Umaamah. Its chain is hasan, so the second defect is removed. 11 Hasan- Reported by At-Tirmidhee (2518 of at-Tuhfah), Ahmad (3/95-96), Ibn Al-Mubaarak in az- Zuhd (1012) and others, from the path of Hamaad Ibn Zayd from Abu Suhbaa from Sa’eed Ibn Jubair. Its chain is hasan (acceptable), the reporters are all reliable except for Abu Suhbaa. His name is Suhaib and he was the freed slave of Ibn ‘Abbaas. Abu Zur’ah and Ibn Hibbaan declared him to be reliable and many have reported from him, thus his hadeeth are acceptable. 12 Da’eef - Reported by At-Tirmidhee (2525 of at-Tuhfah) and Ibn Maajah (3974) from the path of Muhammad Ibn Bishaar. This hadeeth is weak because it has two defects. The first is Umm Saalih, her condition is not known. The second is Muhammad Ibn Yazeed Al-Khanees. www.al-manhaj.com 9 Al-Manhaj E-Books Guarding the Tongue of Imaam An-Nawawee (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) said: ‘Shall I not show you the gates of goodness? Fasting is a shield; charity extinguishes sin as water extinguishes fire; and (so does) the praying of a man in the depths of the night.’ Then he (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) recited: ‘(Those) who forsake their beds to cry unto their Lord in fear and hope, and spend of what We have bestowed upon them. No soul knows what is kept hidden for them of joy, as a reward for what they used to do.’ [Surah As-Sajdah: 16] Then he (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) said: ‘Shall I not tell you of the peak of the matter, its pillar and its uppermost part?’ I said: ‘Yes, O Messenger of Allaah!’ He said: ‘The peak of the matter is Islaam. The pillar is prayer and its uppermost part is Jihaad. Shall I not tell you of what controls all that?’ I said: ‘Yes, O Messenger of Allaah.’ So he took a hold of his tongue, and said: ‘Restrain this!’ I said: ‘O Prophet of Allaah, will we be held accountable for what we say?’ He (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) said: “May your mother be bereaved of you, O Mu’aadh! Is there anything that causes people to be dragged on their faces – or he said – on their noses into Hellfire other than the harvests of their tongues?’” 13 Abu Hurairah (radyAllaahu ‘anhu) reported that the Prophet (sallAllaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) said: “From the goodness of an individual’s Islaam is that he abandons (talking about) those things which do not concern him.” 14 13 Saheeh - Reported by At-Tirmidhee (2616), Ibn Maajah (2973) and Ahmad (5/231) from the path of Mu’amar from ‘Aasim Ibn Abee Nujood from Abu Waa’il. Ahmad (5/235-236 and 245-246) also reported it from the path of Shahr. I say: Its chain is weak because Shahr had bad memory. Ahmad (5/234) also reported from the path of Ibn Al-Mugheerah. I say: Its chain is weak because Abu Bakr (one of the narrators in chain), who is ‘Abdullaah Ibn Abee Maryam Ash-Shaamee used to mix up in his narrations. But the rest of the narrators are reliable. So these various paths of narration strengthen one another, Allaah willing. 14 Saheeh - Reported by Maalik (2/903) and from his path, At-Tirmidhee (2420), which is: From Ibn Shihaab from ‘Alee Ibn Al-Husayn from ‘Alee. I say: The narrators of this chain are reliable except that the hadeeth is in mursal form. At-Tirmidhee (2419) and Ibn Maajah (2976) reported it from the path of Al-Awzaa’ee. I say: This chain is hasan, its narrators are all reliable except Qurrah Ibn ‘Abdir-Rahmaan www.al-manhaj.com 1 0 Al-Manhaj E-Books