THE VELIGER © CMS, Inc., 2006 The Veliaer48(3):143-150 (November2, 2006) Growth and Activity Patterns in a Backyard Population of the Banana Slug, Ariolimax columbianus Anita K. Pearson, Oliver P. Pearson,* and Peter L. Ralph Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract. The study was carried out on and around a redwood deck in a suburban area of central California, using bait-plates to attract nearby banana slugs. Over a period of two years 150 individual Ariolimax columbianus weighing between 0.4 and 75.4 g were identified using photographs ofthe patterns on their maculated bodies. In many subsequent sightings of these slugs, we recorded their weight, their appearance, the time and location, and their activity. In both 1999 and 2000, slugs weighing less than a gram appeared in January and, feeding both day and night, gained weight at an average rate of 0.11 g/day. The weight of individual slugs fluctuates widely, and only below 20 g does weight correlate with the age ofa slug. Maximal weights are reached in summer. In the following autumn months, slugs may lose up to 50% of their maximal weight. Within one day, feeding slugs showed an average weight increase of 10.12%. Slugs over 20 grams appeared at the bait-plates during early morning hours and towards dusk; they did not feed during the night. Slugs frequented specific sites, usually appearing at the same or nearby bait-plates, or repeatedly selecting the same night roosting site, and little long distance movement was seen. Slugs recorded on the deck did not cross the grass to bait-plates 4.8 m away. They displayed a cyclic behavior, appearing at a bait-plate for one or two days followed by an absence of an equal or longer period before reappearing. Adult slugs did not feed at bait-trays with many young slugs. On aJuly day, 46 individual slugs weighing a total of750 g were recorded in an areaofapproximately 60 square meters. Our evidence indicates that these slugs do not live much longer than two years. The number of slugs on the deck was highest with temperatures between 8° and 16°C and a relative humidity near 75%. On warm September days, slug numbers on the deck declined as temperatures rose and humidity fell. On cool, wet March days, their numbers increased with the temperature. INTRODUCTION & b: Rollo. 1983a, b; Rollo Wellington, 1981); others have described their role in forest dynamics (Richter, The term banana slug is applied to several large terrestrial 1979; Gervais et al., 1998). Few publications are con- gastropods of the genus Ariolimax occurring in western cerned with the behavior of unconfined banana slugs, North America. The taxonomy within the genus has been however, and the most extensive study of this kind, in a complicated by the many color variations encountered: dissertation, remains largely unpublished (Richter, 1976). individuals within a population were found to vary from In the small area of our study, most A. columbianus white, to yellow to brown, to almost black, and many have melanistic areas on their dark, mustard-colored bod- may be monochromatic or maculated. In a revision ofthe genus. Mead (1943) identified species on the basis ofgen- ies. The pattern ofthese areas is distinct in young animals and remains as the slugs grow, thus providing a non- ital morphology. Ariolimax columbianus (Gould), a large invasive means of identifying individuals. We have taken slug well known in forested areas of coastal California advantage of this fact to record the growth and activity from the Salinas Valley northward to Alaska, was rec- ofslugs in ourlocal population, and to learn more oftheir ognized as the only species of banana slug with both biology. monochromatic and maculated individuals. The literature on slugs is greatly biased towards those METHODS that are agricultural pests, and there is little information about benign native slugs such asAriolimaxcolumbianus. Of the few existing studies, some have been concerned The study site, in Orinda, Contra Costa County, Califor- nia, is located on the eastern side ofthe innercoast range. primarily with the reactions of these slugs in artificially controlled situations (i.e., Hamilton & Wellington, 1981a, The climate is Mediterranean, with mild temperatures and with moderate rainfall between October and March. Al- though we have watched slugs on our property for many Deceased March 4, 2003. years, the observations presented here were made be- Page 144 The Veliger, Vol. 48, No. 3 mimmiMdkiiimm oBait-plate Figure 1. Diagram ofthe site where the study took place. The boards ofthe redwood deck are indicated. Containerswith plants are shaded dark; grass and shrubbery are lightly shaded; deck furniture is unshaded. A brick wall lines the grassy area. itldililiMM tween May 1998 and May 2000, on and around a deck composed of 14 X 14 cm redwood planks separated by Figure 2. Photographs of slugs (#98-32, 3.2 g & #98-90, 31.1 6.5 mm spaces. The deck, 27 square meters in size, is at tgi)fischatoiwoni.ng areas posteriorto the mantle that were used foriden- WGS 37.9035°N;122.17508°W (datum 85), and is ameter above the earth on the west side on the house (Figure 1 ). Observations were continuous over these two years, ex- cept for a period in 1998 from mid-October to the end of ported inside the house on an index card to be photo- December. The house is on several uncultivated acres graphed, assigned an identifying number, and weighed on with California bay and coast live oak trees, shrubby ar- an electronic balance (Acculab PocketPro 150B, Newton, eas including coyote brush, blackberry, and poison oak. PA). Within five minutes they were returned to the site A few redwood trees planted 60 years ago are 6 meters where they had been found. Date, time, location, activity from the western edge ofthe deck where ourobservations and weights were recorded. Slugs were reweighed and were made. In summer, plant containers on the deck are rephotographed at irregular intervals thereafter; otherdata watered by a drip system, and the lawn between the deck were recorded each time a slug was seen, without distur- and a brick retaining wall also is regularly watered. bance to the slug. Overthe two years ofour study we placed on the deck We identified and assigned numbers to 150 A. colum- a 27 X 35 cm aluminum tray, which, when we were in bianus that weighed between 0.4 and 75.4 grams. We residence, was continuously supplied with lettuce, melon refer to those under 2 g asjuveniles, from 2—20 g as sub- rind, cucumber, zucchini, apples, and occasional other adult, from 21-50 g as adult, and above 50 g as large food items. Afterthe first three months, four20cm, round adult. Our handling methods apparently did not distress aluminum pie plates with similar food items as bait were the slugs, for usually they continued their observed be- added at 1.5 m intervals under the ferns and camellias havior when returned to the site where they were found. which border the deck but are a meter below the level of We did not identify individually the numerous small slugs the deck. For short periods (one month in 1998; one week (i.e., <5 g), but ascertained their numbers in 1999 at ap- in 1999), baited pie plates also were placed along the proximately two-week intervals by retaining for a day all brick wall, a distance of 4.8 m from the deck. small slugs that appeared on the bait-plates. They were At each observation we recorded and identified slugs then returned to the plates from which they had come. at bait-plates and at any other site on the deck, such as Over the two years of this study, the temperature and on a potted plant or on adjacent walls of the house. Ob- relative humidity were recorded with a Weather Monitor servations were made at irregular time intervals, both day II and accompanying software (Davis Instruments, Hay- and night, up to 27 observations in a 24-hour period. ward, CA). The Monitor was situated nine feet above the To identify individual slugs, we focused on the pig- deck, under the eaves on the side of the house. mented pattern of the body just posterior to the mantle Data were processed using R (www.r-project.org; pro- on the slug's left side. Originally we sketched the pattern duced most of the figures), SPSS 1 1.0 and Quattro Pro of dark spots in this area; later we photographed each 5.0 (Borland, Inc.). Robust regression using an iteratively slug facing left on a ruler (Figure 2). The photographs reweighed least squares procedure with a Tukey bisquare were valuable in identifying individuals, as slug appear- weighing function (Huber, 1981) produced the initial ance changes dramatically with posture, but patterns re- growth rate estimates. Only the first yearofdatawas used mained distinct and discernable. The slugs were trans- to capture the initial growth pattern for each cohort. A A. K. Pearson et al., 2005 Page 145 robust regression was used because ofthe high variability 80 of slug weight. RESULTS Appearance Ninety-five percent ofthe slugs in our study had acon- mm spicuous round black spot (about 3 diameter) in the center of the mantle and assorted melanistic spots on the body. Those without spots on the mantle lacked spots on the body, or had only a few faint spots. A few slugs could be recognized by superficial irregularities (possibly old wounds?) on their bodies. The smallest slugs that ap- peared on the bait-plates (<0.1 g) had markings similar o to adults, with one conspicuous spot on the mantle and 1 May98 1Sept98 1Jan99 1May99 1Sept99 1Jan00 1May00 others on the body. Figure 3. Weights ofAriolimax columbianus from May 1998 Thirteen slugs had gouges and nicks on their bodies, to June 2000. No observations were made from mid-October to including four slugs known to be over a year old. One late December. 1998. Regression lines for the 1998 and 1999 istlsugbawcaksanmidsmsainntglea.nAeyselusgtaflikrsitnidaedndtiitfiioend atto 3w.o3ugndhsadona ocooffhd0oa.rt1t1asfw±oerr0ee.a0cc0ha3lccgou/hldoaarttye.)dTsuhseieenmggsrromowobturhsetrraretelegirafebolsresi1bo9en9c9oanu(satehweeitifgiirhnstctlgyuaedieansr gash on its 38.9 g body 10 months later (May, 1999). data for the youngest slugs. After a further three months (August, 1999), the same slug (now 51.6 g) had a nick on the edge of its mantle. By September it had several more mantle nicks as well 1999 it was usual to find only one adult slug with several as more wounds on its body, and it was last seen in early sub-adults on the bait-plate, and sometimes only the latter. October. This slug had been seen on 91 different days in the 15 months we had been recording it. We have no Weights of Slugs evidence concerning the source of the wounds, although In the two years of our study, we identified and as- slugs are known to have a variety of predators (Harper, signed numbers to over 150 Ariolimax columbianus ini- 1988). tially weighing between 0.4 and 75.4 g. Subsequently, Two dead slugs were seen. One, a squashed juvenile those that were seen again were reweighed at irregular on the deck, was being eaten by an adult. The other was intervals, some more than 80 times. These data, plus the a dead adult slug, covered with mucous, in leaflitternear weights ofunidentifiedjuveniles and sub-adults, also pre- the deck, with no clues as to the cause of death. sented in Figure 3, indicate that young slugs gain an av- erage of 0.11 ± 0.003 g per day. A monthly analysis of Reproduction the composition of the slug population by weight groups also supports a rapid weight increase, as numbers ofju- In two years ofobservations we failed to see a mating veniles rapidly become sub-adults (Figure 4). pair or to find a cluster ofAriolimax eggs. However, on When initially identified, there were 12 slugs that January 18, 1999 and on January 15, 2000, the first ju- weighed more than 50 g (i.e., large adults), and five of venile Ariolimax appeared on bait-plates below the deck. these were not seen again. Most large adults in the pop- The 1999 juvenile weighed 0.6 g; that in 2000 weighed ulation (Figures 3, 4) were slugs initially identified as 20 0.3 g, which is the average weight of an egg of this spe- to 50 g adults (11 individuals) or as 2 to 20 g sub-adults cies (Rollo, 1983a). Subsequently, we recorded juvenile (12 individuals). Weight records of four of the longest- slugs on the bait-plates weighing as little as 0.1 g. Several recorded individuals show wide weight fluctuations (Fig- slugs less than 2 g appeared on the bait-plates in February ure 5); maximal weight was recorded during the summer and March 1999, and a few appeared as late as July (Fig- months and weight declined thereafter. One of these was ure 3). first recorded as a sub-adult (12.8 g) in August, 1998. When the 1999 cohort of young first appeared on the The regression lines of Figure 3 suggest an age of 5 deck during the day in March 1999, there were often as months for a slug of this weight. A year later it weighed many as eight of the 1998 cohort (now adults, 21-50 g) 54.0 g, and in subsequent months its weight fluctuated feeding on the bait-tray together, apparently tolerating between 40 and 50 g in September and October, and be- each other's presence. As time passed, the young cohort tween 30 and 40 g after that. When last seen on April of 1999 appeared in greater numbers during the day, and 22, 2000, it weighed 39.4 g and was approximately 26 such aggregations ofadults were no longer seen. By May months old. Over 20 months, we had recorded this slug Page 146 The Veliger, Vol. 48, No. 3 70 - 1 :5, s98.45 | bU - «°°'-°. . **5 50 - 40 -| f» 32II00) --- <<oit'%*ri**^-'',.V. :.'-'-"98.69i 98.36 98.83 IJune98 1Oct98 1Feb99 1June99 1Oct99 1Feb00 1June00 Figure 5. Weight records offour slugs tracked for more than a Sept'98 Jan'99 May'99 Sept'99 year. The numbers (98.69, etc.) indicate the individuals. CompositionofSlugPopulation Figure 4. Age composition of the slug population in the area of our study during two years. The mean weight gain ofa slug On several days we weighed once all the slugs that during each month was calculated to determine to which class it appeared on the bait-tray on the deck and the four bait- bsieemsla,loningnewudhm.ibcFeohrrmwtahanesy<ds2leutggesr(mjwiuenvreeendinloebsty)inakdeniedvpii2dn-uga2l0lsyguci(hdseunstbil-fuaigdesudl,tc)aapcmtliianvs-e- yploautnesgbselulgoswinitctohnrtoauingehrosuttothaevodiady,dukpeliecpaitnigonsu.niAdesntmiafineyd throughout the day they were weighed. Slugs 21-50 g are re- as 27 to 52 slugs, with a combined weight approaching ferred to as adults; over 50 g are large adults. a kilo, were living on and around the deck (an area of less than 100 square meters) on these days (Table 1). When feeding at night on bait-plates below the deck or at the brick wall, young Ariolimax were often found on 62 days. Using a similar approach with 16 slugs for in the company ofthree species ofsmall slugs, sometimes which we have lengthy records, the estimated age when a snail, and occasionally, isopods. last seen varied from 13 to 26 months, with a mean of 18.3 months (SD ± 3.10). Movements Although weights of individual slugs fluctuate, some patterns are discernible. Many slugs first recorded in May Individual slugs showed a tendency to be found re- and June, 1998, weighed between five and ten grams, peatedly in the same area and at the same bait-plate. One indicating an age oftwo or three months (Figure 3). Dur- sub-adult slug, first recorded at 12.3 g on an hydrangea ing the following months they gradually gained w—eight, plant in June, 1998, was subsequently observed on the but in September and Oct—ober this cohort of slugs now same plant on six different days in the months that fol- ranging from 35 to 74 g started to lose weight. Some lowed, and five more days in May and June of the fol- lost a great deal ofweight (53%, 43%, 41% oftheir max- lowing year, when it weighed 65.4 g. Another slug, re- imal weight), others lost a more moderate 10-25% of corded in a planter box with geraniums, was transferred maximum. A slug that originally weighed 8.0 g in July on four successive days to the hydrangea 1.5 m away. 1998, increased to a maximal 74.1 g in early September Each time, it appeared back in the geranium box the day ofthe following year. After an absence ofthree weeks, it following the transfer. weighed 54.5 g, and its weight fluctuated about this level On several occasions we recorded the speed at which until last seen at the end of October. large adult slugs progressed across the boards ofthe deck. witWheinhoanveed6a7y,rmecaonrydsweofigshleudgsbtehfaotrewearned wafetiegrhaedfeetdwiincge V5a0lugeswerraengseedenfrgoomin1g1.t7hrtoou1g9h.2thcem/6m.i5nm.mSluggaspwbeeitgwheienng bout. Five ofthe 67 lost weight (0.01 to 3.6 g); the weight the boards ofthe redwood deck, and a slug ofsimilar size increases of the remaining 62 ranged from 0.1 to 9.8 g, was seen to make its way through leaflitterand disappear with an average of 3.48 g (SD ± 2.35), an increase of into a one centimeter hole in the earth. 10.12% (SD ± 7.48). Smaller slugs generally showed Slugs climbed as far as three meters up the painted larger percentage weight gains. The largest recorded gain redwood siding of the house, leaving a slime trail that was a slug that on a rainy February day, spent 105 min- remained visible for several months. Slugs may remain utes on the bait-tray. At the beginning ofthe feeding bout in an extended position on the wall, but often formed a it weighed 26.4 g; at the end it weighed 35.7 g, an in- loop, frequently with the head down. With their mouth crease of 35.2%. Although uptake of moisture may have near the mucous pore at the rear oftheir body, they could contributed to this increase, similar percentage increases be seen consuming the mucous and anything that has in weight were also recorded in the dry month ofAugust. stuck to it. In the morning hours of all months, a few There does not appear to be a correlation between the slugs were found on the wall and on the brick chimney, time of year and the amount of weight a slug may gain and it was usually the same individuals. At night, how- within one day. ever, wall-roosting had a different pattern. Adult slugs A. K. Pearson et al., 2005 Page 147 Table 1 Census of slugs on the deck and on 4 bait-plates below it, on selected days in 1999. Ju>seniles Sub-adults Adults Large adults Total Date (<2 gm) (2--20 gm) (20-50 gm) (>50 gm) number Total weight May 20 4 28 3 3 38 368.5 gm June 10 3 41 4 4 52 628.0 gm July 14 2 33 8 3 46 750.2 gm Aug. 19 1 19 4 3 27 531.3 gm Sept. 12 27 4 3 34 624.5 gm were on the wall at night only in the winter months of Time of Activity January to March; in August, only sub-adults (2-20 g) were found there. A slug may spend the entire night with No adult slugs were observed feeding during hours of eye stalks retracted, immobile on the wall, descending as darkness. When recorded on the deck at night, adult slugs morning approaches. Several slugs spent 12 to 19 hours were inactive, usually attached to the walls or doors of in place on the wall, and one adult slug remained in situ the house. They appeared at the bait-plates primarily dur- over 24 hours. A coiled 10 cm string of excreta often ing early morning hours; a few appeared towards dusk. remained behind when a large slug descended from a In the dry summer ofOrinda, when daytime temperatures may reach 30°C, slugs appeared on the deck during lows wall. Of slugs that were first identified on the deck, 71% of in the temperature cycle and highs in the cycle ofrelative those that were seen again were also found on bait-plates humidity (Figures 6, 7): their numbers decreased as the below the deck. Slugs recorded first at the bait-plates be- temperature rose and humidity dropped. During the cool low the deck more consistently remained in their shady and humid winterconditions ofMarch, slug numbers par- original sites, only 32% appearing also on the deck. Of alleled the rise in temperature from lows of 7°C (Figure the 114 slugs originally identified on the deck or the area 8). Consistently, the number of slugs on the deck was below it, none was found across the grass at the brick highest with temperatures between 8° and 16°C. Few m slugs appeared on mornings when there was frost on the wall 4.8 away. Six ofthe 36 slugs first recorded at the brick wall subsequently appeared on bait-plates below the deck, and usually it was the same one or two slugs that were present. deck. In September, a slug was discovered on the opposite In contrast to the diurnal feeding pattern of adults, ju- side ofthe house, 28.4 meters from the site near the brick venile slugs, first appearing in January, fed both day and night on bait-plates below the deck and at the brick wall, wall where it had been recorded two months earlier. This sites which offered more cover than did the bait-tray on is the farthest an identified slug was found from its orig- the deck. In late March, 1999, five young slugs (0.6, 1.2, inal location. 1.9, 2.4 and 2.4 g) were the first to make their way up through the cracks of the deck and were seen feeding on the bait-tray at9:25 PM. Although in the following month they fed on the deck both day and night, sub-adult slugs were more often observed feeding on the deck at night. By the end ofMay some of this cohort of slugs weighed as much as 8 g and they no longer fed at night. Patterns of Activity Slugs over50 g (adults) usually appearedalone on bait- plates, or with sub-adults (2-20 g), which they appeared to ignore. Although slugs occasionally visited abait-plate and departed immediately, most remained between one August and two hours. Longer bouts were not unusual. One slug Fsihgouwrieng6.theRneucomrbdesr ooffstlhuegsfiornsttthherdeeecwkereeklastioveftAoutgeumsptera1t9u9r8,e remained on the deck bait-tray for ten hours, although it and relative humidity. The vertical shaded areas representnight- is not known how much of that time it was feeding. time. Numerous observations that found no slugs are shown on Analysis of the extensive records of five individuals the zero line. shows a pronounced tendency for slugs to appear at the Page 148 The Veliger, Vol. 48, No. 3 August 1998 H MeanNumber ofSlugs Temperature(C) I I PercentRelativeHumidity/10 I I ill 0:00 10:30 12:00 13:30 15:00 16:30 13:00 19:30 21:00 22:30 Figure 7. Average number of slugs on the deck and walls for each half-hour interval in August 1998 in relation to temperature and relative humidity. Shaded areas indicate sunrise and sunset on August 15, Pacific Standard Time. bait-plates for one or two consecutive days, and then to weighed over 50 g. Additonally, in July 2003. three years be absent for longer intervals. Consecutive days recorded afterour supplemental feeding ended, an unidentified slug at a bait-plate varied from one to five, but the great ma- weighing 107 g appeared on the deck, demonstrating that jority of the 193 visits of these individuals were one day large size in the local populations was not dependent on (70.5%) or two days (21.8%). Intervals between visits to supplied food. the bait-plates were more spread out, ranging from one The weight gain of young slugs in Richter's popula- day (26.0%), two days (22.0%), to longer than 10 days tions was estimated to be 0.2 to 0.3 g per month (Richter, (1 1.0%). The long absence intervals did not appear to be 1976); the well-documented gain in weight of our young correlated with the seasons. slugs was 10 times that. In Washington State, slugs were active and feeding both day and night from May to June, DISCUSSION and were only seen between April and November, after which they disappeared into hibernation (Richter, 1976). Approximately a third of the identified slugs, in all size categories, were seen only once (45 slugs), although there In Orinda, adult slugs did not feed at night and appeared was no obvious reason for their disappearance. Others at the bait-plates throughout the year. In the Seattle area, were seen repeatedly during the next two years. One slug the eggs ofbanana slugs hatch in late February and early was recorded numerous times on 89 different days during March; in Orinda, recently hatched slugs appeared from the two years of our observations. In 1998 we identified January to as late as April. Climate differences may be 86 slugs on and around the deck and within a few meters partly responsible for these discrepancies. Average tem- ofour house. In January ofthe following year 25 ofthese peratures in Orinda are somewhat higher in winter, but in slugs were still being recorded. By June 1999 we were summer they are quite similar to those in Richter's study seeing only 15 ofthe original slugs, and by January 2000, areas. Another possible explanation may be that the spe- only one still survived. Meanwhile unidentified slugs cies identifications ofMead (1943), based on genital mor- (85% ofthem adults and large adults) were appearing: 33 phology, are not valid. Recent studies indicate that the in 1999 and 29 in the first months of 2000. When com- systematics of ariolimacine taxa are poorly resolved bined, these data indicate that within this 160 square me- (Roth, 2004; Pearse et al., 2004). ter area near our house, there was a large population of Up to 20 grams, the weight of a banana slug is a good slugs with a limited life span and rapid turnover. indicator ofthe age group to which it belongs. Above this There are striking differences between our observa- weight, however, slug weight fluctuates widely. Some of tions and the field observations of Richter (1976) on the our monitored slugs continued to increase in weight; oth- same species in Washington State. In Orinda, the Arioli- ers remained hovering about 40 grams. Some weight fluc- max columbianus are remarkably larger than those noted tuations are probably due to the problems of maintaining in Richter's study, which averaged 25 to 35 g and hydration. Richter (1976) was concerned that egg pro- weighed a maximum of 45 g. Many slugs in our study duction might mask normal increases in body weight. The . A. K. Pearson et al., 2005 Page 149 March 1999 H MeanNumberofSlugs LZjTemperature(C) I 1PercentRelativeHumidity/1 9:00 10:30 12:00 13:30 15:00 16:30 18:00 19:30 2100 22:30 Figure 8. Average number of slugs on the deck and walls for each half-hour interval in March 1999 in relation to temperature and relative humidity. Shaded areas indicate sunrise and sunset on March 15, Pacific Standard Time. clutches of Ariolimax columbianus, are relatively small LITERATURE CITED for a mollusk (an average 17.7 eggs), and eggs weigh an Gervais, J. A., A. Traveset & M. F. Willson. 1998. The po- average 0.32 gm (Rollo, 1983a). A clutch of eggs, there- tential for seed dispersal by the banana slug (Ariolimaxcol- fore, would entail an increase in weight ofapproximately umbianus). American Midland Naturalist 140:103-110. 6 grams, which is a modest weight change in the popu- Gordon, D. G. 1995. Banana slugs: partners in slime. Pacific lation we were observing. The weight fluctuations of HamiDlitsocno,vePr.yA.(Se&pt/WO.ctG).:42W-e4l3l.ington. 1981a. The effects of slugs in our study probably can not be attributed to re- food and density on the movement ofArion aterandAriol- productive events. imax columbianus (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora) between The dynamics of the slug population described sug- habitats. Researches on Population Ecology 23:299-308. gested that habituation, aconstantfood supply, and ahigh Hamilton, P. A. & W. G. Wellington. 1981b. The effects of food supply and density on the noctural behaviour ofArion reproductive potential contributed to the large numbers of ater and Ariolimax columbianus (Pulmonata: Stylommato- slugs that appeared on and around the deck. The surge in phora). Researches on Population Ecology 23:309-317. numbers documented in 1999 could have been produced Harper, A. B. 1988. The Banana Slug. Bay LeavesPress: Aptos, by a few reproductive individuals. Similar surges were California. 32 pp. occurring around the deck and at the brick wall 4.8m Huber. P. J. 1981. Robust Statistics. Wiley: New York. 308 pp. Mead, A. R. 1943. Revision of the giant west coast land slugs away, however, with little intermingling of the two pop- of the genus Ariolimax Moerch (Pulmonata: Arionidae). ulations. These observations, in addition to the noted American Midland Naturalist 30:675-717. homing tendency of slugs (Rollo & Wellington, 1981), Pearse, J. S.. J. L. Leonard, K. Breugelmans & T Backeljau. suggest that what we were recording was the potential of 2004. COI data reveal surprises in clades of banana slugs this slug to expand in numbers under beneficial condi- (Stylommatophora: Arionidae, Genus Ariolimax). Meetings of The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, tions - a potential reflected in the numerous clades exist- New Orleans, Louisiana, (abstract). ing throughout its range. Richter, K. O. 1976. The foraging ecology of the banana slug It has been stated repeatedly that Ariolimax columbi- Ariolimax columbianus, Gould (Arionidae). Ph.D. Disserta- anus has a life span between 4 and 6 years (Gordon, tion, University ofWashington, Seattle. 228 pp. 1995; Richter, 1976; Rollo et al, 1983; and others). Our Richter, K. O. 1979. Aspects of nutrient cycling by Ariolimax columbianus (Mollusca, Arionidae) in Pacific Northwestco- study finds no evidence that these slugs live more than a niferous forests. Pedobiologia 19:60-74. little over two years. Rollo, C. D. 1983a. Consequences ofcompetition on the repro- duction and mortality of three species of terrestrial slugs. Researches on Population Ecology 25:20—43. Acknowledgments. The authors express their gratitude to Dr. Rollo. C. D. 1983b. Consequences of competition on the time Richard Sage for his advice and encouragement throughout the budgets, growth and distributions ofthree species ofterres- project,toDr.JamesPatton, Dr. CaroleHickman,Dr.BarryRoth, trial slugs. Researches on Population Ecology 25:44-68. Dr. Patricia Woolley and two unknown reviewers for helpful Rollo, C. D. & W. G. Wellington. 1981. Environmental ori- comments on the manuscript, and to Karen Klitz forherrender- entations by terrestrial Mollusca with particularreferenceto ing of Figure 1 homing behavior. Canadian Journal ofZoology 59:225-239. Page 150 The Veliger, Vol. 48, No. 3 Rollo, C. D., I. B. Vertinsky, W. G. Wellington & V. K. Roth, B. 2004. Observations on thetaxonomy andrange ofHes- Kanetkar. 1983. Alternative risk-taking styles: the case of perarion Simroth, 1891 and the evidence for genital poly- time-budgeting strategiesofterrestrialgastropods.Research- morphism in Aholimax Morch, 1860 (Gastropoda: Pulmon- es on Population Ecology 25:321-335. ata: Arionidae: Ariolimacinae). The Veliger 47:38—46.