GROUP PROCE SSE S DYNAMICS WITHIN AND BETWEEN GROUPS T H I R D E D I T I O N RUPERT BROWN • SAM PEHRSON GroupProcesses Group Processes DynamicswithinandBetweenGroups RupertBrownand SamPehrson ThirdEdition Thiseditionfirstpublished2020 ©2020JohnWiley&SonsInc. EditionHistory JohnWiley&SonsInc.(1e,1988and2e,1999) Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyany means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissionto reusematerialfromthistitleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofRupertBrownandSamuelPehrsontobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw. RegisteredOffice(s) JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA EditorialOffice JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWileyproductsvisitusatwww.wiley.com. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData 9781118719299 Coverimage:WernerBischot/Magnumphotos CoverdesignbyWiley Setin10/12ptWarnockProbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Thisbookisdedicatedto: Issa,CeliaandLily(byRupert) and NinaandMirona(bySam) vii Contents Preface xi 1 TheRealityofGroups 1 Definition 1 TheIndividual–GroupRelationship 2 TheInterpersonal-GroupContinuum 4 ThreeUnifyingThemes:SocialIdentity,SocialContextandSocialAction 6 Summary 11 FurtherReading 12 References 12 2 GroupFormationandOtherElementaryGroupProcesses 15 Interdependence 15 AllintheSameBoat:InterdependenceofFate 16 WorkingwithOthers:TaskInterdependence 17 SocialCategorisation 19 FromIndividualstoaGroup:Entitativity 19 UsandThem:IntergroupDifferentiationandIntragroupAssimilation 22 When‘We’DeserveMorethan‘Them’:MinimalConditionsforIntergroup Discrimination 23 WhyDoThey(andWe)LookalltheSame?PerceivedIntragroupAssimilation (Homogeneity) 26 OnbeingSimilarorDifferentbutstillaGroup:Individuality,Interaction,and Entitativity 28 NotOnlyinOurHeads:ThePragmaticandRhetoricalUseofCategories 30 JoiningandInteractinginGroups:SomeElementaryGroupProcesses 31 JoiningGroups 31 FromGettingTogethertoStickingTogether:GroupCohesion 36 WhatGoesoninGroups?AchievingtheTaskandMaintainingRelationships 41 Summary 42 FurtherReading 43 References 43 viii Contents 3 ReachingAgreementinGroups 51 TheAcquisitionandDevelopmentofGroupNorms 51 TheAcquisitionofGroupNorms 52 WhyPeopleneedNorms:IndividualFunctionsofGroupNorms 53 WhyGroupsneedNorms:SocialFunctionsofNorms 55 StabilityandChange 56 ThePoweroftheMajority 58 ThePervasivenessofConformity 59 WhydoPeopleConform? 61 StandingOutfromtheCrowd:OnbeingaDeviate 65 GoingtoExtremes:ReachingDecisionsinGroups 70 ExplanationsofGroupPolarisation 71 ConcludingRemarksonGroupPolarisation 76 Summary 77 FurtherReading 78 References 78 4 InnovationandChangeinGroups 85 MinorityInfluence 85 Majority–MinorityInfluenceisaDynamicProcess 88 SocialCategorisationandMinorityInfluence:WhichGroupdoestheMinority Belongto? 91 TwoInfluenceProcessesorOne? 91 ConcludingComments 99 Leadership 100 CoercionandReward 100 Charisma 102 LeadershipStyles 105 InteractionofLeaderStyleandSituation 106 LeadersasCommittedGroupMembers 109 LeaderPrototypicality 110 ServingGroupInterests 112 ‘Entrepreneurs’and‘Embedders’ofIdentity 113 Authority 115 Summary 116 FurtherReading 117 References 117 5 TheEffectivenessofGroups 124 GroupProductivity 125 DoesthePresenceofOthersHelporHinderPerformance? 125 AreTwoHeads(orBodies)betterthanOne? 126 PotentialandActualProductivity:TheoriesofGroupDeficit 128 TwoHeads(orBodies)reallycanbebetterthanOne:TheBenefitsofWorking inGroups 133