This page intentionally left blank Groundwater Modelling inArid andSemi-Arid Areas Arid and semi-arid regions face major challenges in the management of scarce freshwater resourcesunderpressuresofpopulation,economicdevelopment,climatechange,pollutionand over-abstraction.Groundwateriscommonlythemostimportantwaterresourceintheseareas. Groundwatermodelsarewidelyusedgloballytounderstandgroundwatersystemsandtoguide decisionsonresourcemanagementandprotectionfrompollution.However,thehydrologyof arid and semi-arid areas is very different from that of humid regions, and there is little guidanceonthespecialchallengesofgroundwatermodellingfortheseareas.Thisbookbrings together the worldwide experience of internationally leading experts to fill this gap in the scientific and technical literature. It introduces state-of-the-art methods for the modelling of groundwaterresourcesandtheirprotectionfrompollution.Itisillustratedwithawide-ranging setofexamplesfromavarietyofregions,includingIndia,China,AfricaandtheMiddleEast. Thebookisvaluableforresearchers,practitionersindevelopedanddevelopingcountries,and graduate students in hydrology, hydrogeology, water resources management, environmental engineeringandgeography. Howard Wheater is Professor of Hydrology at Imperial College, London. He is past- PresidentoftheBritishHydrologicalSociety,aFellowoftheRoyalAcademyofEngineering, a Fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and a life member of the International Water Academy. His research interests are in hydrology and water resources, with wide-ranging applications including climate change, surface and groundwater hydrology, floods, water resources and water quality. He has published over 200 peer-reviewed papers and 6 books. Academic awards include various UK prizes and the 2006 Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz Inter- nationalPrizeforWater.Hehasbeenextensivelyinvolvedinfloodandwaterresourceprojects intheUKandinternationally,providingadvicetostatesandinternationalgovernments.Hehasa particular interest in the hydrology of arid areas, and has worked in Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen,UAE,Jordan,SyriaandEgypt,andArizona.HechairsUNESCO’sG-WADIaridzone water resources programme and was invited by the Japanese government to give a keynote addressonwaterscarcitytothe2003KyotoWorldWaterconference. Simon Mathias holdsaLectureshipintheDepartmentofEarthSciencesatDurhamUniversity. Priortothispositionhewasactiveinthefieldofgroundwaterengineeringasaresearcherandlecturer withintheDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringatImperialCollege,London.His principalexpertiseliesinthedevelopmentofmathematicalmodelstodescribeflowandtransport ofreactivecontaminantsinporousandfracturedporousmedia.DrMathiashasworkedonabroad rangeofapplicationsincludingvadosezonetransportofnutrientsinfracturerocksystems,plant uptakeofradionuclides,aquifercharacterisationstudies,buoyancy-drivenflowproblems,CO geo- 2 sequestration and hydraulic fracture propagation. He has published widely in international peer- reviewedjournals.DrMathiasisanelectedcommitteememberoftheBritishHydrologicalSociety. Xin Li is Professor at the Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute(CAREERI),ChineseAcademyofSciences(CAS).Hisprimaryresearchinterestsinclude landdataassimilation,applicationofremotesensingandGISinhydrologyandcryospherescience, andintegratedwatershedstudy.HeiscurrentlydirectoroftheWorldDataCenterforGlaciology andGeocryology, chairof the working grouponremotesensingoftheChinese Committeefor WCRP/CliCandIUGG/IACS,co-chairoftheworkinggroupontheoryandmethodoftheChina AssociationforGeographicInformationSystem,andamemberofAmericanGeophysicalUnion. HeisalsothesecretaryofG-WADIAsiaestablishedbyUNESCOIHP.Hehaspublishedover120 journalarticles and monographs. He was recipient of the Outstanding Science and Technology Achievement Prize of the CAS in 2005, First Class Science and Technology Progress Prize of GansuProvince,andtheSeventhNationalAwardforYoungGeographersin2003. international hydrology series The International Hydrological Programme (IHP) was established by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1975 as the successor to the International Hydrological Decade. The long-term goal of the IHP is to advanceourunderstandingofprocessesoccurringinthewatercycleandtointegratethisknowledgeintowaterresourcesmanagement. TheIHPistheonlyUNscienceandeducationalprogrammeinthefieldofwaterresources,andoneofitsoutputshasbeenasteady streamoftechnicalandinformationdocumentsaimedatwaterspecialistsanddecisionmakers. The International Hydrology Series has been developed by the IHP in collaboration with Cambridge University Press as a major collection of research monographs, synthesis volumes and graduate texts on the subject of water. Authoritative and international inscope,thevariousbookswithintheseriesallcontributetotheaimsoftheIHPinimprovingscientificandtechnicalknowledgeof freshwaterprocesses,inprovidingresearchknowhowandinstimulatingtheresponsiblemanagementofwaterresources. editorial advisory board SecretarytotheAdvisoryBoard DrMichaelBonellDivisionofWaterScience,UNESCO,IrueMiollis,Paris75732,France MembersoftheAdvisoryBoard ProfessorB.P.F.BragaJrCentroTechnolo´gicadeHidra´ulica,Sa˜oPaulo,Brazil ProfessorG.DaganFacultyofEngineering,Tel,AvivUniversity,Israel DrJ.KhouriWaterResourcesDivision,ArabCentreforStudiesofAridZonesandDryLands,Damascus,Syria DrG.LeavesleyUSGeologicalSurvey,WaterResourcesDivision,DenverFederalCenter,Colorado,USA DrE.MorrisScottPolarResearchInstitute,Cambridge,UK ProfessorL.OyebandeDepartmentofGeographyandPlanning,UniversityofLagos,Nigeria ProfessorS.SorooshianDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,California,USA ProfessorK.TakeuchiDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,YamanashiUniversity,Japan ProfessorD.E.WallingDepartmentofGeography,UniversityofExeter,UK ProfessorI.WhiteCentreforResourceandEnvironmentalStudies,AustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra,Australia titles in print in this series M.Bonell,M.M.HufschmidtandJ.S.GladwellHydrologyandWaterManagementintheHumidTropics:HydrologicalResearch IssuesandStrategiesforWaterManagement Z.W.KundzewiczNewUncertaintyConceptsinHydrologyandWaterResources R.A.FeddesSpaceandTimeScaleVariabilityandInterdependenciesinHydrologicalProcesses J.Gibert,J.MathieuandF.FournierGroundwater/SurfaceWaterEcotones:BiologicalandHydrologicalInteractionsand ManagementOptions G.DaganandS.NeumanSubsurfaceFlowandTransport:AStochasticApproach J.C.vanDamImpactsofClimateChangeandClimateVariabilityonHydrologicalRegimes D.P.LoucksandJ.S.GladwellSustainabilityCriteriaforWaterResourceSystems J.J.BogardiandZ.W.KundzewiczRisk,Reliability,Uncertainty,andRobustnessofWaterResourceSystems G.KaserandH.OsmastonTropicalGlaciers I.A.ShiklomanovandJ.C.RoddaWorldWaterResourcesattheBeginningoftheTwenty-FirstCentury A.S.IssarClimateChangesduringtheHoloceneandtheirImpactonHydrologicalSystems M.BonellandL.A.BruijnzeelForests,WaterandPeopleintheHumidTropics:Past,PresentandFutureHydrologicalResearch forIntegratedLandandWaterManagement F.GhassemiandI.WhiteInter-BasinWaterTransfer:CaseStudiesfromAustralia,UnitedStates,Canada,ChinaandIndia K.D.W.NandalalandJ.J.BogardiDynamicProgrammingBasedOperationofReservoirs:ApplicabilityandLimits H.S.Wheater,S.SorooshianandK.D.SharmaHydrologicalModellinginAridandSemi-AridAreas J.DelliPriscoliandA.T.WolfManagingandTransformingWaterConflicts L.A.Bruijnzeel,F.N.ScatenaandL.S.HamiltonTropicalMontaneCloudForests H.S.Wheater,S.A.Mathias,X.LiGroundwaterModellinginAridandSemi-AridAreas Groundwater Modelling in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas Howard S. Wheater ImperialCollege ofScience, Technology and Medicine, London Simon A. Mathias DurhamUniversity Xin Li ChineseAcademyof Sciences,Lanzhou,China CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521111294 © Cambridge University Press 2010 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2010 ISBN-13 978-0-511-90193-5 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-11129-4 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents List of contributors page vi 6 Groundwatervulnerabilityandprotection 75 Preface ix A.P.Butler Acknowledgements xi 7 Variabledensitygroundwaterflow:frommodelling toapplications 87 1 Groundwatermodellinginaridandsemi-aridareas: C.T.Simmons,P.Bauer-Gottwein,T.Graf, anintroduction 1 W.Kinzelbach,H.Kooi,L.Li,V.Post,H.Prommer, S.A.MathiasandH.S.Wheater R.Therrien,C.I.Voss,J.WardandA.Werner 2 Hydrologicalprocesses,groundwaterrecharge 8 Sustainablewatermanagementinaridand andsurface-water/groundwaterinteractions semi-aridregions 119 inaridandsemi-aridareas 5 W.Kinzelbach,P.Brunner,A.vonBoetticher, H.S.Wheater L.KgotlhangandC.Milzow 3 Conceptualmodelsforrechargesequencesinarid andsemi-aridregionsusingisotopicand Index 131 geochemicalmethods 21 W.M.Edmunds Thecolourplateswillbefoundbetweenpages20and21. 4 Groundwaterflowandtransport 39 J.CarreraandS.A.Mathias 5 Performingunbiasedgroundwatermodelling: applicationofthetheoryofregionalisedvariables 63 S.Ahmed,S.Sarah,A.NabiandS.Owais v Contributors S.Ahmed T.Graf Indo-FrenchCentreforGroundwaterResearch InstituteofFluidMechanics NationalGeophysicalResearchInstitute DepartmentofCivilEngineering Hyderabad GottfriedWilhelmLeibnizUniversity India HannoverAppelstrasse9A 30167Hannover P.Bauer-Gottwein Germany InstitutforVandogMiljøteknologi DanmarksTekniskeUniversitet L.Kgotlhang Bygningstorvet TsodiloResources Bygning115,rum154 Maun KongensLyngby Botswana Denmark W.Kinzelbach P.Brunner InstituteofEnvironmentalEngineering CentreofHydrogeologyand ETHZurich Geothermics(CHYN) Zurich RueEmile-Argand11-CP158 Switzerland CH-2009Neuchaˆtel Switzerland H.Kooi DepartmentofHydrologyandGeo-EnvironmentalSciences A.P.Butler FacultyofEarthandLifeSciences DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering VUUniversityAmsterdam ImperialCollegeLondon DeBoelelaan1085 London Amsterdam UK Nederland J.Carrera L.Li DepartmentofGeotechnicalEngineering CentreforEco-EnvironmentalModelling andGeosciences HohaiUniversity TechnicalUniversityofCatalonia Nanjing Barcelona PRChina Spain S.A.Mathias W.M.Edmunds DepartmentofEarthSciences SchoolofGeographyandtheEnvironment DurhamUniversity UniversityofOxford ScienceLaboratories Oxford Durham UK UK vi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS vii C.Milzow R.Therrien InstitutforVandogMiljøteknologi DepartmentofGeologyandGeologicalEngineering DanmarksTekniskeUniversitet LavalUniversity Bygningstorvet QuebecCity Bygning115,rum154 Canada KongensLyngby Denmark A.vonBoetticher Eidg.ForschungsanstaltWSL A.Nabi Zu¨rcherstrasse111 Indo-FrenchCentreforGroundwaterResearch Birmensdorf NationalGeophysicalResearchInstitute Switzerland Hyderabad India C.I.Voss USGS S.Owais 431NationalCenter Indo-FrenchCentreforGroundwaterResearch 12201SunriseValleyDrive NationalGeophysicalResearchInstitute Reston Hyderabad Virginia India USA V.Post J.Ward DepartmentofHydrologyandGeo-EnvironmentalSciences SchooloftheEnvironment FacultyofEarthandLifeSciences FlindersUniversity VUUniversityAmsterdam Adelaide DeBoelelaan1085 Australia Amsterdam Nederland A.Werner SchoolofChemistry, H.Prommer PhysicsandEarthSciences LandandWater–FloreatWA FlindersUniversity CSIRO Adelaide UnderwoodAvenue Australia FloreatPark Australia H.S.Wheater DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering S.Sarah ImperialCollegeLondon Indo-FrenchCentreforGroundwaterResearch London NationalGeophysicalResearchInstitute UK Hyderabad India C.T.Simmons SchooloftheEnvironmentandNationalCentreforGroundwater ResearchandTraining FlindersUniversity Adelaide Australia