Groundwater Governance – Global Framework for Action. Fifth Regional Consultation – UNECE Region The Hague, The Netherlands, 19‐21 March, 2013 Groundwater Governance in the Aral Sea Basin of Central Asia Akmal Karimov (International Water Management Institute – IWMI) Contributors: A. Mavlonov, H. Masharipova, J. Jumanov, R. Juraev Content • Water legislation in Central Asia • Institutions in groundwater governance • Examples of alternative groundwater governance • Lessons a (ha) 5600000000 111468000000000a)/ per e h gated ar 3400000000 118020000000003area(m/3pita(m) pulation/Irri 12000000000 0246000000000 Intake per ca o P 1980 1990 2000 2007 2009 2011 Population Irrigated area Water intake per capita Water legislation in Central Asia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Ownership State State State State State Water Basin/ Basin Basin / Territorial Basin/ administration Territorial territorial (basin) Territorial Water use is Permits Rights/Permits Permits Permits Permits based on Permission for water State State Hydro‐ Nature Local Nature use issued by Committee of geology Body Protection authorities Protection Geology and Committee Committee Mineral Resources Duration Permanent/ Temporary Permanent/ Permanent/ Permanent/ Temporary Temporary temporary temporary short term, years 3 15 3 3 3 long term, years 25 50 25 25 20 Source: Water codes of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan Water legislation in Central Asia Turkmenista Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan n Payment for water Payment for State taxes, use services, full Payment for Payment for Payment for Payment for cost, use of water water services water use subsidized and services services of water saving WUAs Use of groundwater Not Prohibited Not allowed, Not allowed, of drinking quality allowed, except some except some except some for other uses except some cases cases cases cases Prioritizing Law Intern. Water Code Water Code Intern. Water Intern. Water National/Intern. Water Agr. of RK of RT Agr. Agr. Transboundary not not Water courses Recognized Recognized Recognized recognized recognized Is Convention on Yes, in Yes transboundary Yes (January process, not No No (September watercourses 11, 1996 ) declared yet 4, 200 7 ) signed? officially Source: Water codes of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan Institutions involved in groundwater governance in Uzbekistan Nature Protection Ministry of Agriculture and Committee Water Management State Permits HG. Dep. Control Pump station GW Monitor. dep: Well M. Use issues Committee o f Local Authorities Geology Groundwater Payment for drinking water supply Payment for Reg. Stations electricity GW Services monitoring Allocation Payment Small business, GW of GW Reg. Centers, development GW develop. Farm Unions, WUAs Groundwater use in the Aral Sea basin Source: SIC ICWC, HYDROENGEO Examples of Alternative Governance of Groundwater Samgar Irrigation Project, Tajikistan Water (a) and energy (b) productivity under good governance of GW Wells owned by Water user association/Farm unions; Establishing farms based on the command area of wells – a) one well supplies water for land of one farmer; Farmers are responsible for operation and maintenance of wells; Water Administrations provide maintenance services on contract base; Farmers pay for electricity consumed for operation of wells to utilities and cover maintenance cost; Cost of power for operation of wells is significantly higher in inter‐season, rather than in crop vegetation season Water rotation in high water demand periods, farmers jointly cover electricity cost. b) Farmers investing their own funds for construction of wells to secure the access to GW Groundwater irrigation at small farms of the Fergana Valley (2009‐2010) Boreholes : Depth – 20‐35 m 2009 Yield ‐ 1‐2.5 l/s Cost ‐ 300‐500 USD 2010 Shallow wells: Depth – 25‐40 m Yield ‐ 2‐4 l/s IWMI and AWRDC studies Cost ‐ 2,000‐ 4,000 USD Groundwater irrigation of grapevines – Altyaryk district, Fergana province – 2011‐2012 Deep wells: Depth – 60‐100 m Yield ‐ 15‐40 l/s Cost ‐ 15,000‐25,000 USD Yield of grapes – 16‐25 t/ha Farmer income – 7,000‐9,000 USD/ha Irrigation rates – 7000‐7500 m3/ha 2011‐2012 гг Potential for managed aquifer in the Fergana Valley (Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) Artificial GW recharge for A household needs is used in the region since 1970th Aquifers of the Fergana Valley have over 3000 Mm3 of free capacities, additional capacities can be created by intensive groundwater extraction B Subsurface horizons within lift irrigated areas of the northern Tajikistan have favorable conditions for constructing subsurface reservoirs These measures could be used for adaption to climate change and mitigation of water & energy nexus Source Ahmedov & Yakubov, 2012
Description: