GROSSMAN’S ENDODONTIC PRACTICE 14TH EDITION Grossman binder.indb 1 10-11-2020 12:49:45 Grossman binder.indb 2 10-11-2020 12:49:45 GROSSMAN’S ENDODONTIC PRACTICE 14TH EDITION Editor V. Gopikrishna, BDS, MDS, PhD Founder-Director Root Canal Foundation www.rootcanalfoundation.com Chennai, India and Adjunct Professor Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research University Chennai, India Grossman binder.indb 3 10-11-2020 12:49:46 Sr. Publisher: Dr. Binny Mathur Sr. Technical Writer: Dr. Richa Sharma Sr. Content Mgmt Analyst: Amit Rai Asstt. Manager Manufacturing: Sumit Johry Copyright © 2021 by Wolters Kluwer Health (India) 10th Floor, Tower C Building No. 10 Phase – II DLF Cyber City Gurgaon Haryana - 122002 All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner. The publisher is not responsible (as a matter of product liability, negligence, or otherwise) for any injury resulting from any material contained herein. This publication contains information relating to general principles of dental care that should not be construed as specific instructions for individual patients. Manufacturers’ product information and package inserts should be reviewed for current information, including contraindications, dosages, and precautions. All products/brands/names/processes cited in this book are the properties of their respective owners. Reference herein to any specific commercial products, processes, or services by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise is purely for academic purposes and does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the publisher. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the publisher, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publishers are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner. Readers are urged to confirm that the information, espe- cially with regard to drug dose/usage, complies with current legislation and standards of practice. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing prescription for any product mentioned in the publication. The publishers have made every effort to trace copyright holders for borrowed material. If they have inadvertently over- looked any, they will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Twelfth Edition, 2010 Thirteenth Edition, 2014 Fourteenth edition, 2021 ISBN-13: 978-93-89859-92-8 Published by Wolters Kluwer (India) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi Compositor: Design Modus, New Delhi (www.designmodus.in) For product enquiry, please contact – Marketing Department ([email protected]) or log on to our website www.wolterskluwerindia.co.in. Cover page image: Micro CT image showing complex root canal anatomy of a mandibular first molar. (Courtesy: Prof. Marco A. Versiani, DDS, MSc, PhD) Grossman binder.indb 4 10-11-2020 12:49:46 This labor of love is dedicated to Late Prof Dr. B. Suresh Chandra for having the faith in me to carry forward the legacy of this monumental textbook... My Parents Sulochana & Ambuja ... for all the love you bestow upon us... M Velayutham ... for teaching me integrity and humility in life... Late VG Sivasubramanian ... for showing me the path of caring and giving... My Teachers Dr. A Parameswaran ... for instilling in me the drive to learn, teach and research... Dr. E. Munirathnam Naidu ... for teaching me the attributes of discipline, hardwork & perseverance... Dr. James “Jim” Gutmann ... for being my inspiration and all weather mentor... Dr. K Sridhar ... for making me aware that water always finds its level... My Family Dr. Lakshmi S ... for being my ever-supportive and caring wife... Sanjana & Sidharth ... for being our perennial source of happiness !! —V. Gopikrishna Grossman binder.indb 5 10-11-2020 12:49:46 Grossman binder.indb 6 10-11-2020 12:49:46 Dr. Louis I. Grossman (Reproduced with permission from AAE Archives, American Association of Endodontists, Chicago, IL) Grossman binder.indb 7 10-11-2020 12:49:46 Grossman binder.indb 8 10-11-2020 12:49:46 Louis I. Grossman: The Visionary Father of Modern Endodontics Dr. Louis I. Grossman was born in a Ukranian village near Odessa on December 16, 1901, and was brought to the United States by his family as a boy. He grew up in Philadelphia and completed his high school education at South Philadelphia High School in 1919. He earned a doctorate in dental surgery at the University of Pennsylvania in 1923 and a doctorate in medical dentistry (Dr. Med. Dent.) at the University of Rostock in Germany in 1928. On December 21, 1928, he married Emma May MacIntyre, and they had two children, a daughter Clara Ruth Grossman in 1939 and a son Richard Alan Grossman in 1943. Dr. Grossman began his teaching career as an Instructor in Operative Dentistry at the University of Pennsylvania in 1927, in addition to being appointed as a Fellow in Research at the American Dental Association. In 1941, he was an Associate in Oral Medicine; he became Assistant Professor of Oral Medicine in 1947, Associate Professor of Oral Medicine in 1950, and Professor in 1954. His achievements and honors were extensive in many sectors of dentistry with a prime focus in endodontics. He was an honorary member of the Association of Licentiates in Dental Surgery and University of Dentists of Belgium; Montreal Endodontia Society; Vancouver Endodontic Study Club, Brazilian Dental Association; Dental Association of Medellin (Colombia); and the Japanese Endodontic Association. He received an honorary Doctor of Science (ScD) from the University of Pennsylvania. His major publication and crowning achievement was his textbook Root Canal Therapy published in 1940 (now known as Endodontic Practice) with multiple editions appearing worldwide. Subsequently translated into eight languages, the book has served as a benchmark for the development of modern endodontic philosophy and practice. Dr. Grossman also authored Dental Formulas and Aids to Dental Practice, first published in 1952, and Handbook of Dental Practice, published in 1948. He was the chairman of the American Board of Endodontics, was a charter member of the American Association of Endodontists (AAE), and served as its President from 1948 to 1949. He was a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Dr. Grossman passed away at the age of 86 in 1988. The University of Pennsylvania has honored Dr. Grossman with an endowed Professorship, usually given to the department chairperson. The AAE has honored him with the Louis I. Grossman Award that recognizes an author for cumulative publication of significant research studies that have made an extraordinary contribution to endodontology. This award is given at the AAE meeting when warranted. A study club was formed in Philadelphia in the honor of Dr. Louis I. Grossman for his unyielding dedication and commit- ment towards facilitating the recognition of endodontics as a specialty in the field of dentistry. The purpose of the Louis I. Grossman Study Club was to provide an opportunity to endodontists as well as other interested dentists to meet, share ideas, and expand and update their knowledge in the field of endodontics and dental medicine. Dr. Louis I. Grossman was the founder of the first Root Canal Study Club. It was established in 1939 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at a time when the Focal Infection Theory threatened the future of endodontics. The purpose of the Root Canal Study Club as stated in the original letter compiled by Dr. Grossman was “to study problems connected with root canal therapy and to present clinics so as to help others in practicing this important phase of dentistry more adequately.” Endodontists from as far away as Massachusetts chose Philadelphia as the hub for scientific and educational learning in the field of endodontics. James L. Gutmann Grossman binder.indb 9 10-11-2020 12:49:46