GRIEVE’S MODERN MUSCULOSKELETAL PHYSIOTHERAPY For Elsevier: Senior Content Strategist: Rita Demetriou-Swanwick Content Development Specialist: Nicola Lally Project Manager: Umarani Natarajan Designer/Design Direction: Miles Hitchen Illustration Manager: Lesley Frazier Illustrator: Graphic World Illustration Studio GRIEVE’S MODERN MUSCULOSKELETAL PHYSIOTHERAPY FOURTH EDITION Edited by Gwendolen Jull Dip Phty, Grad Dip Manip Ther, MPhty, PhD, FACP Emeritus Professor, Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Ann Moore PhD, FCSP, FMACP, Dip TP, Cert Ed Professor of Physiotherapy and Head of the Centre for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, UK Deborah Falla BPhty (Hons), PhD Professor, Pain Clinic, Center for Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine Professor, Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, Germany Jeremy Lewis BApSci (Physio), PhD, FCSP Consultant Physiotherapist, London Shoulder Clinic, Centre for Health and Human Performance, London, UK Consultant Physiotherapist, Central London Community Healthcare NHS Trust, UK Professor (Adjunct) of Musculoskeletal Research, Clinical Therapies, University of Limerick, Ireland Reader in Physiotherapy, School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, UK Christopher McCarthy PhD, FCSP, FMACP Consultant Physiotherapist, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare, UK Michele Sterling PhD, MPhty, BPhty, Grad Dip Manip Physio, FACP Director, CRE in Road Traffic Injury Associate Director, Centre of National Research on Disability and Rehabilitation (CONROD) Professor, School of Allied Health, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Australia Foreword by Karim Khan MD, PhD, FASCM Editor of the British Journal of Sports Medicine Director, Department of Research & Education, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar Professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2015 © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. 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ISBN 978-0-7020-5152-4 Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. 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The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Contents Preface to the Fourth Edition ix 9.2 LUMBAR SPINE 101 Acknowledgements x Michael Adams • Patricia Dolan Foreword xi 10 Tendon and Tendinopathy 106 Contributors xii Plate Section 10.1 TENDON AND TENDON PATHOLOGY 106 Hazel Screen PART I 10.2 MANAGING TENDINOPATHIES 112 Jill Cook • Ebonie Rio • Jeremy Lewis 1 Introduction to the Text 3 Gwendolen Jull • Ann Moore • Deborah Falla • 11 Lifestyle and Musculoskeletal Health 117 Jeremy Lewis • Christopher McCarthy • Elizabeth Dean • Anne Söderlund Michele Sterling 12 Ageing and the Musculoskeletal System 126 Christopher McCarthy • Aubrey Monie • Kevin Singer PART II SECTION 2.2 ADVANCES IN THEORY AND ADVANCES IN MEASUREMENT PRACTICE METHODS 136 SECTION 2.1 13 Movement Analysis 137 ADVANCES IN BASIC SCIENCE 7 Aurelio Cappozzo • Andrea Cereatti • Valentina Camomilla • Claudia Mazzà • 2 The Neurophysiology of Pain and Pain Giuseppe Vannozzi Modulation: Modern Pain Neuroscience for 14 New Developments in Ultrasound Imaging Musculoskeletal Physiotherapists 8 in Physiotherapy Practice and Research 144 Jo Nijs • Margot De Kooning • David Beckwée • Peter Vaes Alan Hough • Maria Stokes 3 Neuro-Electrochemistry of Movement 19 15 Advances in Magnetic Resonance Harsimran Baweja Imaging (MRI) Measures 153 4 Postural Control and Sensorimotor James Elliott • Graham Galloway • Barbara Cagnie • Katie McMahon Integration 28 Ian Loram 16 Musculoskeletal Pain in the Human Brain: Insights from Functional Brain Imaging 5 Motor Control and Motor Learning 42 Techniques 161 Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting • Peter Stubbs • Sabata Gervasio Michael Farrell 6 Interaction between Pain and Sensorimotor 17 Advances in Electromyography 168 Control 53 Deborah Falla • Dario Farina Paul Hodges • Deborah Falla 18 Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in the 7 Neuromuscular Adaptations to Exercise 68 Measurement and Treatment of Ross Pollock • Stephen Harridge Musculoskeletal Disorders 179 8 The Peripheral Nervous System and its Siobhan Schabrun • Caroline Alexander Compromise in Entrapment Neuropathies 78 19 Musculoskeletal Modelling 187 Annina Schmid Mark de Zee • John Rasmussen 9 Functional Anatomy 93 20 Quantitative Sensory Testing: Implications for Clinical Practice 194 9.1 THE CERVICAL SPINE 93 Toby Hall • Kathy Briffa • Axel Schäfer • Gail Forrester-Gale • Ioannis Paneris Brigitte Tampin • Niamh Moloney v vi Contents 21 Outcome Measures in Musculoskeletal 28 Pain Management Introduction 262 Practice 202 Jonathan Hill 28.1 THE PATIENT’S PAIN EXPERIENCE 262 Hubert van Griensven SECTION 2.3 28.2 EDUCATIONAL APPROACHES TO PAIN RESEARCH APPROACHES FOR MANAGEMENT 265 MUSCULOSKELETAL James McAuley PHYSIOTHERAPY 211 28.3 PHYSICAL INTERVENTIONS OF PAIN 22 Clinical Research to Test Treatment MANAGEMENT AND POTENTIAL Effects 212 PROCESSES 269 Kathleen Sluka Anita Gross • Charlie Goldsmith • David Walton • Joy MacDermid 29 Spinal Manipulation 277 23 Research Approaches to Musculoskeletal Christopher McCarthy • Joel Bialosky • Darren Rivett Physiotherapy 220 30 Neurodynamic Management of the Peripheral Nervous System 287 23.1 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 221 Lieven Danneels Michel Coppieters • Robert Nee 31 Therapeutic Exercise 298 23.2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 223 Nicola Petty Deborah Falla • Rod Whiteley • Marco Cardinale • Paul Hodges 32 Management of the Sensorimotor System 310 23.3 MIXED METHODS RESEARCH 224 Hubert van Griensven 32.1 THE CERVICAL REGION 310 24 Standardized Data Collection, Audit and Ulrik Röijezon • Julia Treleaven Clinical Profiling 227 32.2 SENSORIMOTOR CONTROL OF Ann Moore LUMBAR SPINE ALIGNMENT 315 25 Implementation Research 232 Jaap van Dieën • Idsart Kingma • Nienke Willigenburg • Henri Kiers Simon French • Sally Green • Rachelle Buchbinder • Jeremy Grimshaw 32.3 THE LOWER LIMB 319 Nicholas Clark • Scott Lephart PART III 33 Consideration of Cognitive and Behavioural Influences on ADVANCES IN CLINICAL Physiotherapy Practice 328 SCIENCE AND PRACTICE Justin Kenardy • Kim Bennell 34 Adjunct Modalities for Pain 334 SECTION 3.1 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT 241 34.1 ELECTROPHYSICAL AGENTS 334 Tim Watson 26 Clinical Reasoning and Models for Clinical Management 242 34.2 ACUPUNCTURE/DRY NEEDLING 336 Peter Kent • Jan Hartvigsen Panos Barlas 27 Communicating with Patients 250 34.3 THE USE OF TAPE IN MANAGING SPINAL PAIN 339 27.1 PATIENT-FOCUSED PRACTICE AND Jenny McConnell COMMUNICATION: USE OF COMMUNICATION IN THE 35 Cautions in Musculoskeletal Practice 342 CLINICAL SETTING 250 Ruth Parry 35.1 MASQUERADERS 343 Susan Greenhalgh • James Selfe 27.2 PATIENT EDUCATION: A COLLABORATIVE APPROACH 254 35.2 HAEMODYNAMICS AND CLINICAL Lynne Caladine • Jane Morris PRACTICE 347 Alan Taylor • Roger Kerry 27.3 COMMUNICATING RISK 258 Roger Kerry 35.3 PRE-MANIPULATIVE SCREENING FOR CRANIOCERVICAL LIGAMENT INTEGRITY 352 Peter Osmotherly Contents vii SECTION 3.2 44.2 THE THORACIC RING APPROACH™ – A THE BROADER SCOPE OF WHOLE PERSON FRAMEWORK TO MANAGEMENT 357 ASSESS AND TREAT THE THORACIC SPINE AND RIBCAGE 449 36 Supported Self-Management and an Overview Linda-Joy Lee of Self-Help 358 44.3 MANAGEMENT OF THE THORACIC Ann Moore SPINE IN PATIENTS WITH COPD 455 37 Role of Physiotherapy in Lifestyle and Nicola Heneghan Health Promotion in Musculoskeletal 45 Lumbar Spine 460 Conditions 364 Elizabeth Dean • Anne Söderlund 45.1 THE McKENZIE METHOD OF MECHANICAL DIAGNOSIS AND 38 Musculoskeletal Health in the THERAPY – AN OVERVIEW 460 Workplace 379 Stephen May • Helen Clare Venerina Johnston • Leon Straker • Martin Mackey 45.2 MULTIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH FOR 39 Screening 388 THE TARGETED MANAGEMENT OF LOW BACK PAIN 465 39.1 SCREENING FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL Peter O’Sullivan • Wim Dankaerts • Kieran O’Sullivan • DISORDERS 388 Kjartan Fersum Tania Pizzari • Carolyn Taylor 45.3 TREATMENT-BASED CLASSIFICATION 39.2 WHAT IS OUR BASELINE FOR SYSTEM 470 MOVEMENT? THE CLINICAL NEED Julie Fritz FOR MOVEMENT SCREENING, TESTING AND ASSESSMENT 394 45.4 MOVEMENT SYSTEM IMPAIRMENT Gray Cook • Kyle Kiesel SYNDROMES OF THE LOW BACK 474 Shirley Sahrmann • Linda van Dillen 40 Advanced Roles in Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy 400 45.5 THE ROLE OF MOTOR CONTROL Jill Gamlin • Maree Raymer • Jeremy Lewis TRAINING 482 Paul Hodges 46 The Sacroiliac Joint (Pelvic Pain): Models PART IV of Assessment and Management 488 OVERVIEW OF CONTEMPORARY 46.1 A PERSON-CENTRED BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES IN PRACTICE APPROACH TO ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF PELVIC SECTION 4.1 GIRDLE PAIN 488 INTRODUCTION 409 Darren Beales • Peter O’Sullivan 46.2 THE PELVIC GIRDLE: A LOOK 41 Cervical Spine: Idiopathic Neck Pain 410 AT HOW TIME, EXPERIENCE Gwendolen Jull • Deborah Falla • Shaun O’Leary • AND EVIDENCE CHANGE Christopher McCarthy PARADIGMS 495 42 Whiplash-Associated Disorders 423 Diane Lee Michele Sterling • Tze Siong Ng • David Walton • 46.3 A CRITICAL VIEWPOINT ON MODELS, Ashley Smith TESTING AND TREATMENT OF 43 Temporomandibular Disorders: PATIENTS WITH LUMBOPELVIC Neuromusculoskeletal Assessment PAIN 500 and Management 433 Annelies Pool-Goudzwaard Harry von Piekartz 47 Hip-Related Pain 506 44 Thoracic Spine: Models of Assessment and Kay Crossley • Alison Grimaldi • Joanne Kemp Management 444 48 The Knee: Introduction 522 44.1 CLINICAL EXAMINATION AND 48.1 ACUTE KNEE INJURIES 522 TARGETED MANAGEMENT OF Lee Herrington THORACIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN 444 Quentin Scott viii Contents 48.2 PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN 528 50.5 FROZEN SHOULDER CONTRACTION Kay Crossley • Sallie Cowan • Bill Vicenzino SYNDROME 577 Jeremy Lewis 48.3 KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS 536 Kim Bennell • Rana Hinman • Melanie Holden • 51 Elbow 583 George Peat Brooke Coombes • Leanne Bisset • Bill Vicenzino 49 Ankle Injury 547 52 Wrist/Hand 595 Claire Hiller • Kathryn Refshauge Anne Wajon 50 The Shoulder 557 50.1 SHOULDER ASSESSMENT 557 PART V Eric Hegedus • Jeremy Lewis FUTURE DIRECTIONS 50.2 ROTATOR CUFF TENDINOPATHY AND SUBACROMIAL PAIN SYNDROME 563 53 Future Directions in Research Jeremy Lewis • Karen Ginn and Practice 609 Gwendolen Jull • Ann Moore • Deborah Falla • Jeremy Lewis • 50.3 THE UNSTABLE SHOULDER 568 Christopher McCarthy • Michele Sterling Lyn Watson • Tania Pizzari • Jane Simmonds • Jeremy Lewis 50.4 POSTERIOR SHOULDER TIGHTNESS 575 Index 611 John Borstad • Jeremy Lewis Preface to the Fourth Edition The first edition of Grieve’s Modern Manual Therapy: The wider understanding and appreciation of the associated Vertebral Column was published in 1986 and its editor was pain, functional impairments and activity limitations. the late Gregory Grieve. The convention of a roughly 10 Advances in the neurosciences (e.g. the pain sciences, year period between editions has been preserved for the sensorimotor sciences) as well as the behavioural sciences fourth edition of this seminal text. Time is needed to have changed practice. The earlier concepts and practices allow for the furtherance of research and the knowledge of manipulative therapy have grown and developed and base and for its translation to clinical practice. A review transitioned into more comprehensive methods of man- of the content of the four editions of this text is not agement. It was therefore time to make the title of this unexpectedly, witness to the major changes in knowl- fourth edition reflective of contemporary practice. Hence edge, evidence base, practice and its delivery over the past the name change to Grieve’s Modern Musculoskeletal 30 years. Physiotherapy. There has been a change in title of the text, from Since the third edition of this text was published, the Grieve’s Modern Manual Therapy to Grieve’s Modern Mus- physiotherapy world has been saddened by the passing of culoskeletal Physiotherapy. This change has been made to some of the original leaders in the field, namely Geoffrey reflect historical development. Physiotherapists have Maitland, Robin McKenzie and Robert (Bob) Elvey. All been practising manipulative therapy from the early part had a passion for the discipline and for enhanced patient of the 20th century under successive medical mentors care. We are sure that they along with Gregory Grieve such as Edgar Cyriax and James Mennell and subse- would be pleased with the way the clinical art and evi- quently under James Cyriax, John Mennell and the dence base of manipulative and musculoskeletal physio- leading osteopath, Alan Stoddard. It was in the 1950s therapy has and will continue to develop. This text with and 1960s that leading physiotherapists developed con- contributions from contemporary researchers and clini- cepts or methods of manipulative therapy practice that cians is built upon their legacy. were eagerly sought by the physiotherapy world inter- nationally. These early concepts placed a major focus GJ on articular dysfunction. Manipulative therapy and/or AM manual therapy became a method of management, as DF reflected in the title of the earlier editions of this text. The last 20 years in particular have seen quite significant JL shifts in models of musculoskeletal pain and care which CM have spurred and directed contemporary practice and research. Musculoskeletal disorders are now well embed- MS ded within a biopsychosocial context which provides a Australia, United Kingdom, Germany 2015 ix