Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals OJ ku un be oja • • R K aa Green Tea Polyphenols op o o r NUTRACEUTICALS OF MODERN LIFE There is a wealth of published research on the health-promoting effects of green tea and its various components including polyphe- nols. Green Tea Polyphenols: Nutraceuticals of Modern Life G presents a collection of global findings on the numerous health benefits of green tea polyphenols, confirming their position as healthy functional ingredients. With chapters contributed by experts r in the field of green tea science and the inclusion of extensive e references, this book provides an authoritative volume that can be e used to guide researchers, scientists, and regulatory bodies. n Each chapter previews a specific theme and highlights recent research and development conducted in the field. The book begins T with the history, processing, and features of green tea. It then describes the chemical composition and biochemical and physico- e chemical characteristics, followed by a discussion of the properties a of green tea polyphenols, including metabolism, bioavailability, and safety. The subsequent chapters deal with the numerous health P benefits associated with consumption of green tea polyphenols. These include benefits related to cancer risk and prevention, o cardiovascular disease, protection of internal organs, diabetes and weight management, bone and muscle health, allergies, oral care, l inflammation, and gut health. y p The book addresses the nutrigenomics and proteomics of poyphe- nols. It also examines food and nonfood applications of green tea h polyphenols, such as extracts, supplements, and skin and hair cosmetic products, demonstrating both therapeutic and functional e NUTRACEUTICALS OF MODERN LIFE health benefits. This book brings together a wide array of data on n green tea polyphenols, providing a greater understanding of them and insight into their effects on human health, and their applications o Edited by and commercial potential. l s Lekh R. Juneja • Mahendra P. Kapoor Tsutomu Okubo • Theertham P. Rao K12132 NUTRACEUTICALS OF MODERN LIFE NUTRACEUTICALS OF MODERN LIFE Edited by Lekh R. Juneja • Mahendra P. Kapoor Tsutomu Okubo • Theertham P. Rao Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130315 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-4789-3 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Juneja 2 Biochemical and Physicochemical Characteristics of Green Tea Polyphenols 19 Takashi Tanaka, Yosuke Matsuo, and Isao Kouno 3 Metabolism, Bioavailability, and Safety Features of Green Tea Polyphenols 39 Shiming Li and Chi-Tang Ho 4 Green Tea Polyphenols for Cancer Risk Reduction: Preclinical and Epidemiological Studies 57 Naghma Khan, Imtiaz A. Siddiqui, Vaqar M. Adhami, and Hasan Mukhtar 5 Chemopreventive Action of Green Tea Polyphenols (Molecular-Biological Mechanisms) 83 Vijay S. Thakur and Sanjay Gupta 6 Green Tea Prevents Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Skin Cancer through Rapid Repair of DNA Damage 119 Santosh K. Katiyar © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC v vi CoNTENTS 7 Green Tea Polyphenols in Cardiovascular Diseases 139 Hla-Hla Htay, Mahendra P. Kapoor, Theertham P. Rao, Tsutomu Okubo, and Lekh R. Juneja 8 Green Tea Polyphenols in Weight Management (obesity) and Diabetes 157 Tadashi Sakuma, Hideto Takase, Tadashi Hase, and Ichiro Tokimitsu 9 Green Tea Polyphenols for the Protection of Internal organs—Focus on Renal Damage Caused by oxidative Stress 177 Takako Yokozawa, Jeong Sook Noh, Chan Hum Park, and Jong Cheol Park 10 Green Tea Polyphenols Improve Bone and Muscle Quality 205 Olivier M. Dorchies and Urs T. Ruegg 11 Role of Green Tea Polyphenols in Strengthening the Immune System 223 Jack F. Bukowski 12 Green Tea Polyphenols in Allergic Remedies 233 Hirofumi Tachibana 13 Green Tea Polyphenols and Gut Health 251 Theertham P. Rao, Tsutomu Okubo, Mahendra P. Kapoor, and Lekh R. Juneja 14 Green Tea Polyphenols in oral Care 269 Kazuko Takada and Masatomo Hirasawa 15 Nutrigenomics and Proteomics of Tea Polyphenols 285 Molay K. Roy and Yoshinori Mine 16 Green Tea Polyphenols in Food and Nonfood Applications 315 Mahendra P. Kapoor, Tsutomu Okubo, Theertham P. Rao, and Lekh R. Juneja © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface This book represents an extended and refreshed collection of global findings on the functional health benefits of green tea polyphenols. In the year 1211, the Japanese Buddhist priest Eisai Zenji proclaimed in the Kissa Yojouki that green tea is an excellent medicine and that it prolongs life. It is just in the past 50 years, however, that we have come to appreciate how true this visionary statement was. We have scientifically explored the health-promoting benefits of green tea and its various components including polyphenols, catechins, L-theanine, and caffeine; and to date there is a wealth of published research on its beneficial effects. This scientific research now supports Eisai Zenji’s his- toric claim that green tea and its various components play an important role in supporting the health of our modern society and its unique lifestyle-related diseases. While the content presented in this book does not come close to covering all of the research to date, we have endeavored to accumulate the latest knowledge on the topic by inviting competent authorities in the field of green tea science to contribute. We have strived to make the book compre- hensive and authoritative by adding extensive references to guide researchers, scientists, and regulatory bodies to make appropriate decisions on scientific and regulatory aspects. Each chapter includes a preview of specific themes and highlights the most recent research and development conducted in the field. In the first three chapters we cover important topics on the processing, chemical composition, and properties of green tea polyphenols. The remain- ing chapters deal with the numerous health benefits associated with the con- sumption of green tea polyphenols related to cancer, cardiovascular disease, bone and muscle health, diabetes and weight management, protection of internal organs, allergies, oral care, inflammation, and gut health. Standardized green tea components are of utmost importance to provid- ing quality and efficacious commercial applications. Consumption of green tea polyphenols have been shown to enhance antioxidant activity, improve fat metabolism, increase energy expenditure, modulate appetite, and govern blood glucose management. Additionally, green tea polyphenols offer neuro- protection, cardiovascular support, reduced risk of cancer development and metastasis. Finally, the reduction of inflammation, skin aging and skin cancer © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC vii viii PREFACE protection, antibacterial and antiviral activity, testosterone metabolism, and enhancement of the glucuronidation detoxification pathways are effectively proven benefits of green tea polyphenols. The natural botanicals market continues to mature and the broad applica- tion of green tea places it at the forefront of the industry. The prevalence of green tea polyphenol fortified foods, beverages, and dietary supplements can be attributed to the general consumer awareness of green tea and the need for natural antioxidants in their diet. The support of scientific research has further encouraged the food, beverage, supplement, and pharmaceutical industries worldwide to use green tea polyphenols in their products. Green tea poly- phenol extracts are now being investigated for even further novel uses beyond food applications, including cosmetic, toiletry, and industrial applications. We acknowledge all the researchers, scientists, and physicians who have contributed to this book by sharing their years of research and knowledge in this field related to the treatment and prevention of disease. We appreci- ate the support of Nagahiro Yamazaki, President of Taiyo Kagaku, who himself consumes a daily dose of green tea polyphenols. We would also like to thank our collaborators from industry and academia, who have played such an important role in this long journey for more than 25 years, striving to explore the health benefits of green tea. We also thank Scott Smith, Vice President of Taiyo International, and other colleagues at Taiyo Kagaku, Japan, for their endless support. The quest for health and longevity con- tinues, and natural antioxidants such as green tea polyphenols will play an ever-increasing critical role. © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC