Ali Haider Muhammad Ikram Asma Rafiq Green Nanomaterials as Potential Antimicrobials Green Nanomaterials as Potential Antimicrobials · · Ali Haider Muhammad Ikram Asma Rafiq Green Nanomaterials as Potential Antimicrobials AliHaider MuhammadIkram DepartmentofClinicalSciences SolarCellApplicationsResearchLab FacultyofVeterinaryandAnimalSciences DepartmentofPhysics MuhammadNawazShareefUniversity GovernmentCollegeUniversity ofAgriculture Lahore,Pakistan Multan,Pakistan AsmaRafiq CentreofExcellenceinSolidStatePhysics UniversityofthePunjab Lahore,Pakistan ISBN 978-3-031-18719-3 ISBN 978-3-031-18720-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18720-9 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Dedicatedto… MyParents Fortheirsupportthroughout myeducation andinculcatingthesenseofresponsibility andindependence MyBrothers,Sisters and MyWife Fortheirloveandsupport Preface Antibioticresistancehasbeenrecognizedasagraveproblem.Bacteriaareimportant infectiousetiologies,andtheirprevalenceandresistancearecontinuouslyincreasing. Futuregenerationswillbeunabletotolerateantimicrobialresistanceasagravethreat to public health and disease treatment. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of thegreatestriskstoworldwidehumanandanimalhealth.Antimicrobialresistance is an ancient characteristic that has allowed germs to thrive across time and an ever-changingenvironment.Inaddition,bacteriaemploytheirevolutionaryprocess to adapt to the selection pressure induced by antimicrobial therapy, resulting in a reductioninthetherapeuticefficacyofantimicrobialtreatmentsforhumanandanimal diseases.Ineveryelementofveterinarymedicine,theintroductionofnanoparticles asantimicrobialagentsconstitutesaparadigmchange. In this approach, the scientific community investigates unique techniques for producing a variety of nanomaterials for a wide range of goods with added value. Recently, it has been established that either the fabrication processes or the nano- materialsthemselvesdonotsatisfytheexpectationsofgreenmovementintermsof harmfulpropertiesbeingeliminatedfromnewinnovationstoachieveholisticdevel- opment and safeguard the sustainability of our environment. Despite this, consid- erable efforts have been made to uncover and unlock the wondrous properties of nanomaterials, with researchers using extremely reasonable eco-friendly greener methodstoprovideatruegreensolution. The current book is the most recent illustration of this methodology, with numerouschaptersdedicatedtorecordingandevaluatingmetals,metaloxides,and bimetallicnanomaterialswithmoderngreenadvancementsinthefieldofgreennano- materials.Thechaptersarewrittenbyeminentresearchersandacademiciansintheir respectivefieldsofexpertise,discussingtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofvarious fabricationmethods,aswellascharacterizations,drug-resistantpathogensofveteri- naryorigin,andmethodsofresistancedevelopment,aswellasnanostructure-based treatments for resistant etiologies. We are certain that “Green Nanoparticles: The Future Medicine” will be a useful resource for readers and followers interested in vii viii Preface investigating the potential of nanomaterials in sustainable ways as possible future antibacterial. Multan,Pakistan AliHaider Lahore,Pakistan MuhammadIkram Lahore,Pakistan AsmaRafiq Acknowledgements Allpraisesto“ALLAH”,theAlmighty,mostGracious,themostMerciful,andthe Sustainer of the worlds, who sent us “MUHAMMAD (PBUH)” as a blessing for whole universe and the best teacher with the ultimate source of wisdom “HOLY QURAN”. Foremost thanks to ALLAH Almighty Who blessed me with good health to accomplish my book. I feel great pleasure in expressing my heartiest gratitude and deep sense of obligation to my elder brother and mentor, Dr. Muhammad Ikram, Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, for his able guidance, keen interest,skilledadvice,constructivecriticism,littlecastigation,constantencourage- ment, valuable suggestions, and painstaking supervision throughout the course of mystudy,researchwork,andcompletionofthismanuscript. Last but not least, I must acknowledge my thanks to my loving parents, my brothers(Dr.MuhammadImran,MuhammadIrfan,andDr.JunaidHaider), my sisters (Dr. Erum Shahzadi and Dr. Anum Shahzadi), and my wife (Mrs. Sehrish Kiran) for the motivation to take up this program of studies, financial support and their hands in prayers for my success, and great patience and help- fulnessthroughoutthefairlylongperiodoftrainingatthisinstitution.Finally,asis customary,theerrorsthatremainareminealone. AliHaider ix Contents 1 Introduction ................................................... 1 1.1 HistoryofNanomaterials .................................... 1 1.1.1 Nanoscale ......................................... 2 1.1.2 Nanoscience ....................................... 2 1.1.3 Nanomaterial ....................................... 2 1.1.4 Nano-object ........................................ 2 1.1.5 Nanoparticle ....................................... 2 1.1.6 Nanofiber .......................................... 3 1.1.7 Nanostructure ...................................... 3 1.1.8 NanostructuredMaterial ............................. 3 1.1.9 Nanocomposite ..................................... 3 1.2 CharacteristicsofNanomaterials .............................. 3 1.2.1 NanostructuresDimensionsandSurfaceArea ........... 4 1.2.2 MorphologyofNanostructures ........................ 4 1.2.3 EffectofSurfaceCharge ............................. 5 1.2.4 CrystallineStructureandComposition ................. 6 1.2.5 EffectofAggregationandConcentration ............... 6 1.2.6 Magnetism, High Thermal, and Electrical Conductivity ....................................... 6 1.2.7 EffectofSurfaceCoating ............................ 7 1.3 NanomaterialClassification .................................. 7 1.3.1 0-Dimensional(0D)Nanomaterials .................... 8 1.3.2 1-Dimensional(1D)Nanomaterials .................... 8 1.3.3 2-Dimensional(2D)Nanomaterials .................... 8 1.3.4 3-Dimensional(3D)Nanomaterials .................... 9 1.4 ClassificationofNanomaterialsBasedonType ................. 10 1.4.1 Carbon-basedNanomaterials ......................... 10 1.4.2 InorganicNanomaterials ............................. 12 1.4.3 OrganicNanomaterials .............................. 12 1.4.4 CompositeNanomaterials ............................ 12 1.4.5 MetallicNanomaterials .............................. 13 xi xii Contents 1.4.6 MetalOxideNanomaterials .......................... 13 1.4.7 BimetallicNanomaterials ............................ 14 1.4.8 Silica-basedNanomaterials ........................... 14 1.4.9 CeramicNanomaterials .............................. 15 1.4.10 PolymericNanomaterial ............................. 15 1.5 FabricationofNanomaterials ................................. 15 References ..................................................... 16 2 FabricationofNanomaterials .................................... 25 2.1 Introduction ............................................... 25 2.2 SynthesisApproachesofNanomaterials ....................... 26 2.3 PhysicalSynthesis .......................................... 27 2.3.1 ChemicalVaporDeposition(CVD) .................... 27 2.3.2 MicrowaveIrradiation ............................... 27 2.3.3 TheArcDischargeApproach ......................... 29 2.3.4 SprayPyrolysis ..................................... 30 2.3.5 LaserAblation ...................................... 31 2.3.6 PlasmaArcing ...................................... 32 2.3.7 Evaporation–condensation ........................... 33 2.4 ChemicalSynthesis ......................................... 33 2.4.1 MicroemulsionMethod .............................. 33 2.4.2 SolvothermalandHydrothermalMethods .............. 34 2.4.3 Sol–gelSynthesis ................................... 34 2.4.4 ChemicalReduction ................................. 35 2.4.5 ElectrochemicalSynthesis ............................ 36 2.5 BiologicalMethods ......................................... 38 2.5.1 PlantSynthesis ..................................... 38 2.5.2 Bacteria ........................................... 39 2.5.3 Fungi ............................................. 40 2.5.4 Yeast .............................................. 41 2.6 Conclusion ................................................ 41 References ..................................................... 41 3 PropertiesofNanomaterials ..................................... 47 3.1 Introduction ............................................... 47 3.2 DistinctiveNanomaterialCharacteristics ....................... 48 3.2.1 OpticalProperties ................................... 49 3.2.2 MagneticProperties ................................. 51 3.2.3 MechanicalProperties ............................... 52 3.2.4 ElectronicProperties ................................ 54 3.2.5 ThermalProperties .................................. 55 3.2.6 CatalyticProperties ................................. 56 References ..................................................... 58