Green Energy and Infrastructure Green Energy and Infrastructure Securing a Sustainable Future Edited by Jacqueline A. Stagner and David S-K. Ting MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software First edition published 2021 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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For works that are not available on CCC please contact m pkbookspermissions@ tandf.co.uk Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Stagner, Jacqueline A., editor. | Ting, David S-K., editor. Title: Green energy and infrastructure : securing a sustainable future / edited by Jacqueline A. Stagner and David S-K. Ting. Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021. | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020020229 (print) | LCCN 2020020230 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367559496 (hardback) | ISBN 9781003095811 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Renewable energy sources. | Sustainable development. Classification: LCC TJ808 .G688 2021 (print) | LCC TJ808 (ebook) | DDC 333.79/4—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020020229 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020020230 ISBN: 978-0-367-55949-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-09581-1 (ebk) Typeset in Times by codeMantra To the individuals who practice and foster sustainability in their everyday living, securing a sustainable future for those succeeding them. Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................xi Editors ....................................................................................................................xiii Contributors .............................................................................................................xv Chapter 1 Energy for Buildings: Practices, Policies, and Prospects .....................1 G. T. Reader Chapter 2 Green Design Effectiveness for a Mini Automotive-Repair Facility ...........................................................35 Figen Balo and Hasan Polat Chapter 3 Green Hospitals and Sustainability: Case of Companion House of a Research Hospital ............................................................63 Figen Balo, Lutfu S. Sua, and Hasan Polat Chapter 4 Indoor Environment and Well-Being: The Case of Academic Workplace in Historic Building .........................................................93 Lina Seduikyte, Egle Staniskiene, Zivile Stankeviciute, Indre Grazuleviciute-Vileniske, Laura Stasiuliene, Paris Fokaides, and Tomas Sorius Chapter 5 Properties and Conversion Technologies of Biomass ......................109 Yaning Zhang, Wenming Fu, Pingfei Xu, Bingxi Li, and Baocheng Jiang Chapter 6 Wind Resource Forecasting Error in Flat and Complex Terrains ....139 George Xydis and Evanthia A. Nanaki Chapter 7 Wind Power Forecasting via Deep Learning Methods ....................157 Fazıl Gökgöz and Fahrettin Filiz Chapter 8 Green Energy: Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Tidal Storage .................171 Manju Santhakumari vii viii Contents Chapter 9 New Energy Mining: Compressed Air Energy Storage in Abandoned Mines ........................................................................193 Bernardo Llamas, Belén Vallespir, Marcelo F. Ortega, and Pedro Mora Chapter 10 Hydrostatically Compensated Energy Storage Technology .............211 M. Ebrahimi, D. S.-K. Ting, R. Carriveau, and A. McGillis Chapter 11 Bioconstruction and Harmonic Complexity of Biomimicry Organisms ........................................................................................237 Gabriel Barbeta and Yomna Abdallah Chapter 12 Back to the Basics: Return to the Origin, Gaudí and Nature ...........273 Alberto T. Estévez and Judith Urbano Chapter 13 Triple Bottom Line Analysis, Methodology, and Its Implementation ............................................................................287 Amit R. Patel, Prabir Sarkar, Himanshu Tyagi, and Harpreet Singh Index ......................................................................................................................337 Preface More than half a century ago, C. S. Lewis wrote, “The task of the modern educator is not to cut down jungles but to irrigate deserts.” This is ever more relevant today. To secure a sustainable future, we need to enhance the “irrigating of the deserts” and teach young minds to do likewise. Reader breaks the ice with the first chapter, “Energy for Buildings: Practices, Policies, and Prospects”, by highlighting the fact that building energy is a dominant contributor to global energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions. Within this context, he points out that the energy sector plays an important role in realizing sustainable development goals embedded in the United Nations plan to eliminate global poverty. To advance building energy, Balo and Polat illustrate how sustainable building materials can simultaneously improve energy, economic, and environmental bottom lines using a mini automotive-repair facility as an example in Chapter 2, “Green Design Effectiveness for a Mini Automotive- Repair Facility.” A companion house for a research hospital is used to demonstrate the substantial energy improvement that can be realized via proper greening by Balo et al. in Chapter 3, “Green Hospitals and Sustainability: Case of Companion House of a Research Hospital.” It would defeat the purpose if energy savings are realized at the expense of occu- pant health and comfort. Seduikyte et al. caution that this undesirable consequence happens in their case study in Chapter 4, “Indoor Environment and Well-being: the Case of Academic Workplace in Historic Building.” Biomass is a renewable energy which can be further “greened.” Zhang et al. dis- close the underlying properties of biomass and their influence on furthering the energy conversion technologies in Chapter 5, “Properties and Conversion Technologies of Biomass.” Wind energy will continue to play a vital role in greening tomorrow, and its progress leans on accurate assessment and forecasting. Xydis and Nanaki timely convey “Wind Resource Forecasting Error in Flat and Complex Terrains” in Chapter 6. One potent means to improve wind forecasting is via deep learning methods as delineated by Gökgöz and Filiz in Chapter 7, “Wind Power Forecasting via Deep Learning Methods.” Whether it is wind, solar, geo- thermal, or tidal, storage can substantially improve the integration of these largely intermittent energy sources. Santhakumari discusses energy storage in terms of power balancing, grid stabil- ity, and reliability in Chapter 8, “Green Energy: Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Tidal Storage.” One cannot talk about energy storage without giving an account on compressed air energy storage. In Chapter 9, Llamas et al. study abandoned coal mines for their suitability for this purpose, “New Energy Mining: Compressed Air Energy Storage in Abandoned Mines.” Also promising and arising on the horizon is “Hydrostatically Compensated Energy Storage Technology,” as expounded by Ebrahimi et al. in Chapter 10. Green infrastructures encompasses the notion that they are in harmony and inte- gration with both the spatial and temporal domains. Barbeta and Abdallah enlighten us on the need to respect nature in our intervention in Chapter 11, “Bioconstruction ix