Green Approaches for CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Green Approaches for CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Edited by EMANUELA GIONFRIDDO Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211, 1000AEAmsterdam, Netherlands TheBoulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,OxfordOX5 1GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor, Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopart ofthispublicationmay bereproduced ortransmittedinanyform orbyany means, electronicormechanical, including photocopying,recording,orany information storageandretrieval system,without permissioninwritingfrom the publisher.Details onhowtoseekpermission, furtherinformation aboutthe Publisher’spermissions policies andourarrangementswithorganizations suchasthe CopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatour website:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividual contributionscontainedinitareprotected under copyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging. Asnew research andexperiencebroadenourunderstanding, changesinresearch methods,professional practices,ormedical treatment maybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheir ownexperience andknowledge inevaluating andusingany information,methods,compounds,orexperiments describedherein. Inusingsuchinformation ormethods theyshouldbemindfulof theirown safetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomthey havea professionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neither thePublishernortheauthors,contributors, or editors,assume anyliabilityforanyinjury and/ordamagetopersonsorproperty asa matterofproductsliability,negligence orotherwise,or fromanyuseor operationof anymethods,products, instructions,or ideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-12-822234-8 Forinformation onallElsevierpublications visitourwebsite athttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:SusanDennis Acquisitions Editor: CharlotteRowley EditorialProjectManager:MariaElaine Desamero ProductionProjectManager:BharatwajVaratharajan CoverDesigner: GregHarris TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Contents Listofcontributors ix Biography xiii 1. Green Analytical Chemistry: concepts, evolution, and recent developments 1 Sergio Armenta,FrancescA.Esteve-Turrillas, SalvadorGarrigues and MigueldelaGuardia 1. GreenAnalyticalChemistry: originandevolution 1 2. Beyondthe12principles ofGreenAnalyticalChemistry 2 3. HowGreenAnalyticalChemistrybecomesquantitative? 4 4. Greening sampletreatment 6 5. Greening instrumental analysis 11 6. Chemometricsasanalternative toolforgreeninganalytical practices 21 7. Conclusionsandfuturetrends 24 References 29 2. Green sorbents in analytical chemistry 39 AdriánGutiérrez-Serpa, DiegoW.Allgaier-Díaz, AnaI.Jiménez-Abizanda andVerónicaPino ListofAbbreviations 39 1. Greenanalytical chemistry:analytical sample preparationand eco-metrics 40 2. Generaloverviewontheevolutionofsolid-phase extractionand microextraction techniqueswithin analyticalsample preparation: miniaturization andmainconfigurations 43 3. Greensorbentsinanalytical samplepreparation, mainlyin (micro)extractionmethods 46 4. Greennessassessment ofgreensorbentsin (micro)extractionmethods 68 5. Generaloverviewongreensorbentsinchromatography 71 6. Concludingremarks 72 Acknowledgments 73 References 73 v vi Contents 3. Green strategies for analysis of natural products 85 CeciliaCagliero,AriannaMarengo, Barbara SgorbiniandPatrizia Rubiolo 1. Introduction 85 2. Greensample preparationapproaches fornaturalproductanalysis 86 3. Greenanalytical methodsfornaturalsamples 101 4. Analyticalstrategiesforinvivoevaluationofplant volatileemissions 111 References 117 4. Direct sample preparation mass spectrometry analysis: toward greener analytical methods 127 MarcosTasconand GermanAugustoGómez-Ríos 1. Introduction 127 2. Liquid extractionmassspectrometry 129 3. Thermalandlaser-based extraction/desorption massspectrometry 134 4. Solid-phaseextraction(andmicroextraction)massspectrometry 137 5. Concludingremarksandfutureperspectives 141 References 142 5. Sample preparation in a green perspective 151 Orfeas-EvangelosPlastiras, EmanuelaGionfriddo andVictoria F.Samanidou 1. Theroleofsamplepreparation andextractionintheanalyticalworkflow 151 2. GreenandWhiteAnalyticalChemistryapplied tosamplepreparation 152 3. Evolutionofsamplepreparation andextractionmethodologiesinan eco-friendlyperspective 156 4. Methodstoassessgreenness ofsample preparation andextraction methodologies 160 5. Examplesofextractionmethodologiesandtheirgreenness 162 6. Futuretrendsandperspectives 167 References 167 6. Green aspects of multidimensional separation techniques 173 AmiltonMoreirade Oliveira,BeatrizDeCaroliVizioli, JuliánEduardoBallenCastiblanco, Natháliade AguiarPortoand LeandroWangHantao 1. Introduction 173 2. Greenmetricsapplied tochromatography-basedseparations 174 3. Multidimensionalchromatographic separations 175 Contents vii 4. Liquid-phase multidimensional methods 177 5. Gas-phase multidimensional methods 184 6. Hybrid-phase multidimensional methods 192 References 194 Furtherreading 203 7. Applying green sample preparation techniques to in vivo analysis and metabolomics 205 EzelBoyaci andNathalyReyes-Garcés 1. Introduction 205 2. Sample preparationapproaches forinvivoanalysis 206 3. Sample preparationapproaches formetabolomics 217 4. Concludingremarksandfuturedirections 227 References 228 8. Green sample preparation techniques in environmental analysis 241 Francisco A.Casado-Carmona, GuillermoLasarte-Aragonés,Rafael Lucena andSoledad Cárdenas 1. Introduction 241 2. Greensample preparation techniquesfortheanalysisoforganic pollutantsinwater samples 243 3. Greensample preparation techniquesfortheanalysisoforganic pollutantsinairsamples 257 4. Greensample preparation techniquesfortheanalysisoforganic pollutantsinsoilsamples 262 5. Conclusions 268 Acknowledgments 268 References 269 Index 277 List of contributors Diego W.Allgaier-Díaz Departamento deQuímica,UnidadDepartamental deQuímica Analítica,Universidadde La Laguna(ULL), LaLaguna (Tenerife), Spain SergioArmenta Department ofAnalytical Chemistry,ResearchBuilding, Universityof Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia,Spain Julián EduardoBallenCastiblanco Instituteof Chemistry,Universityof Campinas,Campinas, SP,Brazil EzelBoyaci MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,Ankara, Turkey Cecilia Cagliero Dipartimento diScienzaeTecnologia delFarmaco, Università degliStudidiTorino, Turin, Italy Soledad Cárdenas Affordable andSustainableSample Preparation (AS P)Research Group,Departamento de 2 QuímicaAnalítica, InstitutoUniversitario deInvestigaciónenQuímicaFinay Nanoquímica(IUNAN), UniversidaddeCórdoba,CampusdeRabanales,EdificioMarie Curie, Córdoba,Spain FranciscoA.Casado-Carmona Affordable andSustainableSample Preparation (AS P)Research Group,Departamento de 2 QuímicaAnalítica, InstitutoUniversitario deInvestigaciónenQuímicaFinay Nanoquímica(IUNAN), UniversidaddeCórdoba,CampusdeRabanales,EdificioMarie Curie, Córdoba,Spain NatháliadeAguiarPorto Instituteof Chemistry,Universityof Campinas,Campinas, SP,Brazil BeatrizDeCaroli Vizioli Instituteof Chemistry,Universityof Campinas,Campinas, SP,Brazil Francesc A.Esteve-Turrillas Department ofAnalytical Chemistry,ResearchBuilding, Universityof Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia,Spain SalvadorGarrigues Department ofAnalytical Chemistry,ResearchBuilding, Universityof Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia,Spain Emanuela Gionfriddo Department ofChemistry andBiochemistry, TheUniversityof Toledo,Toledo,OH, UnitedStates;Dr.Nina McClellandLaboratory for WaterChemistryand Environmental Analysis, TheUniversity ofToledo,Toledo,OH,UnitedStates ix x Listofcontributors GermanAugusto Gómez-Ríos RestekCorporation, Bellefonte, PA,UnitedStates MigueldelaGuardia Department ofAnalyticalChemistry, ResearchBuilding, Universityof Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia,Spain AdriánGutiérrez-Serpa DepartamentodeQuímica,UnidadDepartamental deQuímicaAnalítica, Universidadde LaLaguna (ULL), LaLaguna (Tenerife), Spain;Instituto Universitario deEnfermedades TropicalesySalud PúblicadeCanarias,UniversidaddeLa Laguna (ULL),La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain Leandro WangHantao InstituteofChemistry,University ofCampinas, Campinas, SP,Brazil AnaI.Jiménez-Abizanda DepartamentodeQuímica,UnidadDepartamental deQuímicaAnalítica, Universidadde LaLaguna (ULL), LaLaguna (Tenerife), Spain Guillermo Lasarte-Aragonés Affordableand SustainableSamplePreparation (AS P)Research Group,Departamento de 2 QuímicaAnalítica, InstitutoUniversitario deInvestigaciónenQuímicaFinay Nanoquímica(IUNAN), UniversidaddeCórdoba,CampusdeRabanales, EdificioMarie Curie,Córdoba,Spain RafaelLucena Affordableand SustainableSamplePreparation (AS P)Research Group,Departamento de 2 QuímicaAnalítica, InstitutoUniversitario deInvestigaciónenQuímicaFinay Nanoquímica(IUNAN), UniversidaddeCórdoba,CampusdeRabanales, EdificioMarie Curie,Córdoba,Spain AriannaMarengo Dipartimento diScienzaeTecnologia delFarmaco, Università degliStudidiTorino, Turin,Italy AmiltonMoreira deOliveira InstituteofChemistry,University ofCampinas, Campinas, SP,Brazil VerónicaPino DepartamentodeQuímica,UnidadDepartamental deQuímicaAnalítica, Universidadde LaLaguna (ULL), LaLaguna (Tenerife), Spain;Instituto Universitario deEnfermedades TropicalesySalud PúblicadeCanarias,UniversidaddeLa Laguna (ULL),La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain Orfeas-Evangelos Plastiras UnitédeCatalyseetChimieduSolide,Université deLille,CentraleLille Université d’Artois, UMRCNRS8181-UCCS Lille,France NathalyReyes-Garcés RestekCorporation, Bellefonte, PA,UnitedStates Listofcontributors xi Patrizia Rubiolo Dipartimento diScienzaeTecnologia delFarmaco, Università degliStudidiTorino, Turin, Italy VictoriaF.Samanidou Laboratory of AnalyticalChemistry,Department ofChemistry,Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,Thessaloniki, Greece Barbara Sgorbini Dipartimento diScienzaeTecnologia delFarmaco, Università degliStudidiTorino, Turin, Italy MarcosTascon InstitutodeInvestigacióneIngenieríaAmbiental(IIIA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional deSan Martín (UNSAM),Buenos Aires,Argentina;CentrodeEstudios Sobre los Patrimoniosyel Ambiente(CEPyA-UNSAM), BuenosAires,Argentina