GREEK MELKITE CATHOLIC PATRIARCHATE OF ANTIOCH: BIRTH, EVOLUTION, AND CURRENT ORIENTATIONS Abdallah Raheb, BAO translated by Nicholas J. Samra It would be very simplistic to approach the question of the existence of the Greek Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch by beginning with Cyril Tanas, the first juridical Catholic Melkite Patriarch, who was elected and consecrated in 1724. In order to dissipate the confusion on the subject of this patriarchate, which most easterners and westerners want to consider a purely “national” Church, let us begin by its identification. 1) WHO ARE THE MELKITES? Without entering into the complex question of the ethnology1 of the Melkites, it is sufficient to state exactly that the name “Melkite” was applied by the Monophysites to all the followers of the Council of Chalcedon (451) from the three Patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem2 without distinction of Greek or Syrian race.3 Thus we see that it was not only an exclusive designation for the Greek Catholics of the three mentioned patriarchates, but also for all Greek speaking and Arabic speaking faithful of these three patriarchates of the Byzantine rite.4 Recently valid experts of their history have tried to give an exact name to those who are called Melkite Catholics. In an excellent study, Rev. Peter Rai5 prefers the name “Orthodox-Catholic”6 but only in their 1 Cf. on this subject, Karalevskij: “Origines ethnologiques du peuple melkite” in DHGE (Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie Ecclesiastique), Vol. III, col. 585-589. Also C. Charon (=Karalevskij, Korolevskij or Korolevsky): “L’origine ethnologique des Melkites,” in Echos d’Orient, 1908, Vol. XI, pp. 82-89. 2 The word “Melkite” comes from the Syriac word “malko” which means king, emperor. At first it was a nickname given to those who followed the Byzantine emperor, protector of the faith of Chalcedon. We use the form “Melkite” rather than “Melchite” to de-Italianize the word and render it more equivocal to other European languages. Cf. the article “Antioche” in DGHE, col. 589 [English translation: Christian Antioch, Fairfax VA: Eastern Christian Publications] in which Al Massoudi is cited as the first Arabic writer to have used this word. This nickname had been given under the patriarchate of Theodosios of Alexandria (536-566), cf. Msgr. Duchesne, L’Eglise au VI siècle, p. 339. 3 “Antioche,” in DHGE, col. 578. 4 The title “Byzantine” can be applied to the rite of these three patriarchates, accepting that this rite had its origins and evolution in Greater Syria rather than in Byzantium itself. Cf. on this subject, Ibid., col. 690- 693 and even the author Karalevskij: Histoire des patriarcats Melkites, Rome, 1911, Bk. 3, p 1-206. [The English translation is History of the Melkite Patriarchates, Vol. 3/1, Fairfax VA: Eastern Christian Publications]. Unfortunately race, language and territory are mixed together. In order to give an example of this inadmissible confusion in the 20thcentury, cf. Synopsis Scriptorum Ecclesiae Antiquae, Belgium 1953, where the author (the present dean of the faculty of spirituality in a great Roman University) puts Saint John Chrysostom in his new country “Greece,” indicating there was in the very same era a place called Syria! In any case, since it is more legitimate that those in the university do research and that their professors are authors, the same for Byzantium. As capital of the Empire, Byzantium must be considered as the author of that which was formed by the other patriarchates less celebrated than itself. 5 Present Auxiliary Bishop of Patriarch Maximos V. [Translator Note: He later became Eparch of Mexico City and Melkite Exarch to Caracas, Venezuela, and died in Caracas in ?]. 6 Cf. Bulletin paroissial de la communaute grecque-melchite catholique a Alexandrie, No. 4, 5, 6, 1952. three patriarchates. However, he discards it for three reasons: “its novelty, its tautology, and the scandal which it could provoke among the people.” Thus, he is content with the name “Melkite” without any addition. Archimandrite Elias Zoghby7 also prefers the name “Orthodox-Catholic,” at the same time pointing out the inconsistency of the three reasons put forth by Rev. Peter Rai; on the other hand, he prefers it because of its ecumenical advantages, particularly the psychological.8 In this article we temporarily prefer the name of Greek- Melkite Catholic which is already consecrated by official usage9 and which eloquently recalls all the glorious or sorrowful changes of this patriarchate since the Greek speaking Ignatios, until the Arabic speaking Maximos V, since its orthodox fidelity to the Council of Chalcedon until its “catholicization” in modern times. All these reasons manifest the possibility of reconciling the terms which have been considered contradictory: “Greek” and “Catholic,” “Greek” and “Melkite,” “Melkite” and “Catholic.” 2) AFTER THE SEPARATION — ATTEMPT OF RECONCILIATION OR UNIATISM? It would be a very long and detailed account to linger on the whole period from 1054 until the beginning of the 17th century, when the attempt of reconciliation had failed. It failed in spite of the good will of Patriarch Peter III of Antioch (1052-1056) who wished to assume the role of arbitrator between Rome and Constantinople;10 of Patriarch Theodosios IV Villehardouin (1275-1283/1284)11 who consented to the union proclaimed at the Council of Lyons (1274);12 of Patriarch Dorotheos I (1434-1451) who seemed to have been receptive to the decisions of Florence;13 and of the resigned Patriarch, Michael Sabbagh (1577-1580, died 1592), who sent a profession of Catholic faith to Pope Sixtus V and the cardinal of Santa Severina (May 1586).14 In all of these attempts of the Greek 7 Present Archbishop of Baalbek, Lebanon [Translator Note: Later retired and died in 2008]. We note that he had a courageous ecumenical attitude at Vatican Council II. Cf. his contribution in Voix de l'Eglise en Orient, Freiburg, 1962, and other earlier publications of the Greek-Melkite Catholic Patriarchate. 8 Cf. critique of the article of P. Rai in Bulletin paroissial... Op. Cit. 9 Cf. Le Lien (Beirut), which has this sub-title: “Bulletin du patriarcat Grec-Melkite Catholique.” 10 Cf. DTC, X, col. 1698 ff.; H. Musset: Histoire du Christianisme specialement en Orient, 1948, Bk. I, pp. 270 ff. 11 According to Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, ed., 1958, Bk. II, p. 764, the Patriarch of Antioch was Theodosios V; compare with “Antioche” in DHGE, col. 699. 12Ibid., col. 620-621. 13 Cf. J. Nasrallah, Chronologie des patriarcats melchites d’ Antioche de 1250 a 1500, Jerusalem 1968, pp. 28-31. The author affirms (p. 47): “It does not seem possible to doubt the ‘Catholicism’ of the Patriarchates of Antioch and Alexandria from 13th to 16th centuries since H. Zayat had published a series of texts originating from the Mamlouk chancellery.” It concerns the book, The Greek Melkites in Islam (in Arabic), Bk. I, Harissa, 1953. It seems that this affirmation is exaggerated, without exactly determining the kind of professed catholicism. If it concerns the Orthodox-Catholicism of the second millennium, the Latin missionaries of the 17th century tell us the resistance of the Greek Patriarchates to this kind of Catholicism. 14 The original letters are preserved in the Vat. Arab. 48, 68v-69r (to pope) and 66v-67r (to cardinal). Cf. also Oriente Cattolico, Vatican, 1962, p. 251. For the role of Leonard Abel in this affair, cf. J. Nasrallah, Chronologies des patriarcats Melkites d' Antioche de 1500 a 1634, Paris, 1959, pp. 43-44. Cf. also DHGE, article “Abel,” col. 70-71. We have not spoken of the mission of Moise Giblet because of the doubt around “Liber Rubeus” which is the only document that speaks about it and that does not seem to be authentic, Cf. J. Nasrallah, Chronologie...Op. Cit., pp. 34-35. 2 Melkite Patriarchates of Antioch, the principal purpose was the reconciliation with the Church of Rome. But before long we witness the introduction of a “Catholicism” which was very rigid, mainly after the founding of the Roman Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith.15 In fact, the Latin missionaries sent by this new congregation arrived in the Middle East without special preparation. It was important that the language of the country be spoken in order to totally win over the various separated communities to the union, either by “conversion” of the bishops and patriarchs or by individual conversions.16 The Capuchins arrived in Aleppo, Syria in 162517 and established a monastery there.18 It was the Greek-Melkite Archdeacon Michael who taught the first Capuchins Arabic and Turkish.19 Before long, the Capuchins of the British province had residences in Saida (1625), Beirut, Tripoli (1634), Damascus (1637) and Abbay (1645).20 The Jesuits also arrived in Aleppo in 1625.21 It was the Greek-Melkite Archbishop Meletios Karmeh who gave lodging to Father Jerome Queyrot in his own archiepiscopal residence where Queyrot opened a school for thirty-four Greek students.22 Before long the Jesuits had other residences in Damascus, Saida and Tripoli.23 15 The Roman Congregation was founded by Pope Gregory XV at the beginning of 1622. On January 14, 1622 the first meeting of the cardinals and prelates designated for this work took place. The principal reason for this Congregation was determined in the Encyclical of January 15, 1622 and the Constitution of June 22, 1622: “to preserve the Catholic faith of the faithful, to convert heretics, schismatics and infidels and finally, to prevent the progress of heretical preachers.” Cf. Collectanea S. Cong. De Prop. Fide, Vol. 1 (1622-1866), pp. 1-2. In 1917 the Eastern part of this Congregation became a separate Congregation “for the Eastern Church” and presently “for the Eastern Churches.” 16 Cf. W. DeVries: Rom und die patriarchate des Ostens, Freiburg, 1963, p. 38 “Die Missionare kamen durchweg ohne jede spezielle Vorbereitung in den Nahen Osten. Sie erlernten zunachst mit vieler Muhe die notigen Sprachen und machten sich dann mit grossem Eifer und Optismus an die Arbeit. Ihr Zeil war es, moglichst bald zu kommen. Diese suchten sie anzubahnen einmal durch die Gewinnung von Bischofen und Patriarchen, dann aber auch durch moglichst Zahlreiche Einzelbekehrungen.” 17 Op. Cit., Idem, p 82. Note that this precious book of W. DeVries is one of the most objective and most scientific written by a Latin on the subject of the patriarchates of the east. Since this book remains inaccessible (because of its language) to many readers, we advise the reading of articles of this same author prepared in various languages and in many periodicals of Europe and America. 18 Cf. G. Hering, Oekumenisches Patriarchat und europaische Politik (1520-1683), Weisbaden, 1968, p. 153. 19 Cf. the letter of this archdeacon of Aleppo to Pope Urban VIII (April 1629) in Archives of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (Rome), SOCG (= Scritture Originali riferite nelle Congregazione Generali), Vol. 180, fol. 91r (in Arabic) and fol. 90r (Latin translation). 20 Cf. “Brevis descriptio locorum Missionis Capucinorum provinciae Brittanicae in partibus Syriae et Palestinae,” in Archives of the Congregation, SOCG, Vol. 197, fol. 55r -57r. Compare with another account in fol. 58r - 73v and 19 - 38r in the same volume. 21 W. DeVries affirms in Op. Cit., p. 82 that the arrival of the Jesuits was in 1627. Our date is proven by the letter sent by Gaspar Maximillier and Jean Stella to the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, cf. SOCG, Vol. 386, fol. 240r. Cf. also the rich bibliography in Op. Cit. of G. Hering, p 153. 22 Cf. the account given by Fr. Jerome Queyrot (2 December 1629) in Arch. Prop., SOCG, Vol. 195, fol. 159r - 167r. 23 Cf. Letter of Fr. Isaac d’Aultry to the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (16 Feb. 1652) in Arch. Prop., SOCG, Vol. 197, fol. 102r. 3 The Carmelites were not long in establishing a house in Aleppo in 1627.24 They also founded other houses in the same places as the Capuchins.25 As all these missionaries “superimposed” themselves in the same cities of Syria in addition to the presence of the Franciscans Minor who had guarded the Holy Places for nearly three centuries, apostolic zeal became so ardent that rivalries and even quarrels were apparent.26 The Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith had to intervene on several occasions and there was even some thought given to dividing the eastern communities among the different religious orders.27 In spite of all this, the missionaries were well respected by the Christians and their religious heads, particularly by the Greeks of Aleppo,28 and those of Saida and Damascus.29 The result of this unfurling of missionaries in Syria was immediately felt. The Greek Archbishop of Aleppo, Meletios Karmeh, did not only have excellent relations with the Latin missionaries by encouraging them in all the domains of their apostolate even with his own people, but also had relations with Rome for the translation and printing of various liturgical books in Arabic.30 All that preceded pushed him, when he became patriarch, to the unconditional union with the Roman See and he sent his Protosyncellos Pakhomios who was given the patriarchal seal to subscribe to everything the pope said in addition to the decree of Florence.31 It is impossible to enumerate here the numerous evidences on behalf of all those who knew this holy pastor of the Greek Church.32 It is sufficient to cite the evidence of the first Secretary of the Roman 24 Cf. W. DeVries, Op. Cit., p 82. Compare with “Antioche,” DHGE, col. 641. 25 Cf. Arch. Prop., Vol. 197, fol. 345r - 352r. 26 The enumeration of all the quarrels of the missionaries at this time is too long. Every detailed account of the mission fathers contains some incidents of this kind. The most vehement were between the Capuchins and Franciscans Minor. Cf. the résumé of these quarrels in SOCG, Vol. 197, fol. 50r - 51v. 27 Cf. SOCG, Vol. 196, fol. 5v; Vol. 115, fol. 276r. Compare with Acta Congr. 119 of 1 Feb. 1630. 28 Cf. for this subject the various letters sent by Meletios Karmeh, Greek Archbishop of Aleppo (1612- 1634) to the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in which he praises the zeal of the missionaries. 29 The witnesses are missing until the 17th century, even on the part of high prelates of the Melkite Patriarchate. 30 To this effect there is the abundant correspondence of Karmeh with the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith which we will analyze later. As an example, we mention the letters of May 1629, December 1629, March 1631, October 1631 preserved in the Arch. Prop., SOCG, Vol. 180, fol. 208r, 95r, 35v, and 75r (all in Arabic). 31 Cf. SOCG, Vol. 395, fol. 295r and 296v; Vol. 180, fol. 39r and 40r. The patriarch did not expressly sign the official act of union for fear of the Turks who would have considered this act as political allegiance with the Western enemy. However, Pachomios carried three letters of Karmeh addressed to the pope and to the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith for the printing of Arabic books (Vol. 180, fol. 41r, 42r and 43r). 32 The witnesses while he was living are also numerous than those after his death which took place on 1 January 1635. According to the letters preserved in the Arch. Prop., no Latin missionary lamented this holy bishop and later patriarch. On the other hand, he was always considered as a true Catholic by those who knew him. 4 Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith,33 who had an incomparable knowledge of the Christian East with all its very complex problems:34 “Now once he was Patriarch of Antioch... Euthymios Karmeh took charge of printing the Euchologion and Horologion of the Greeks which he had translated into Arabic and corrected according to ancient manuscripts with great diligence and fatigue for fifteen years. He hoped, that by giving the printed copies to all his churches, he would let his archbishops, bishops, priests and people like the holy union. This negotiated affair is of great importance because this patriarch is the one who can truly be called Patriarch of Antioch because he succeeded those who intervened in the general councils instead of the Maronite, Jacobite and Nestorian patriarchs who were rather more national than general...”35 A little later this same secretary wrote to exempt the Greeks of Antioch from reprisals launched against the Greeks of Jerusalem and Constantinople36 by the kings and princes of the west: “The Patriarch of Antioch (Euthymios Karmeh) had sent his acceptance of union to Rome; he always had good dispositions toward the Holy See (Rome) and encouraged our missionaries while he was Archbishop of Aleppo.”37 The price of the evangelical spirit which animated Karmeh for the good of the Christians in the east38 was martyrdom; he became a real martyr for the cause of the union of the Patriarchate of Antioch with Rome.39 However, at Rome a public act of union was requested of Patriarch Karmeh.40 Karmeh died before receiving his delegated protosyncellos, Pakhomios.41 But the union, begun by Karmeh, did not die with him,42 even if he did not have the time to subscribe to that which Rome asked for.43 33 It concerns Msgr. Francesco Ingoli, secretary of this Congregation from 6 January 1622 until 24 April 1649. Cf. N. Kowalsky, Collectio Urbaniana, Series III, 4, Rome, 1962, pp. 1-39. 34 We bear this judgment according to the remarks handwritten by Ingoli himself, which we have recounted in the course of the research and which shows a vast knowledge of the theological, juridical, political and religious problems of the churches of the east in his era. 35 Arch. Prop., SOCG, Vol. 180, fol. 46v: “...questo negotio importa grandemente, perche questo patriarcha e quello, che veramente si puo dire patriarcha d'Antiochia, perche succede a quelli che intervennero ne' generali Concilii essendo gl'altri de Maroniti, Giacobiti e Nestoriani piu tosto Nazionali, che generali.” 36 Because of the Holy Places, Ibid., Vol. 195, fol. 38r-39r, 82r, 431v, 637r, 638v, etc. 37Ibid., Vol. 195, fol. 38v. This paragraph is titled “parere de Segretario Ingoli del mondo che s'ha da tenere per odinare le represalie contro li greci Scismatici...” 38 Cf. The witness of his student, the future great patriarch, Macarios Zaim in “Life of Patriarch Euthymios Karmeh...” [in Arabic] published by Leon Kilzi in al-Maçarrat, 1913, pp. 41-47; 81-89; 135-144. 39 Although his brother, Thalge, and his student, Macarios Zaim, wanted to disguise this martyrdom to save face before other churches, the matter was very evident for the missionaries: Karmeh had died in a less normal fashion (perhaps poisoned). His Jesuit contemporary, Amieu, made this judgment: Karmeh died “in holy true Catholic faith.” Cf. the excellent article of J. Nasrallah, “Euthyme Karme II” in DHGE, col. 53-57 with a rich bibliography. 40 Arch. Prop. SOCG, Vol. 180, fol. 39r; Vol. 395, fol. 295r and 296v. 41 Karmeh became patriarch on 1 May 1634. Eight months later (1 January 1635) he died. Pachomios left for Rome when Karmeh was just elected patriarch (according to the letters he carried). We know that his trip lasted only six and one half months (cf. SOCG, Vol. 180, fol. 101r), and he remained in Rome certainly until the general congregation of 26 July 1635 when the text was given to him to sign. Moreover, Ingoli 5 The Jesuit Father Amieu says that the successor of Karmeh, Euthymios III of Chios “recognized the pope and gave him obedience; but he was not expedient to declare it, knowing what had happened to his predecessor.”44 It was this patriarch who brought Fr. Queyrot to Damascus and gave him a room in his patriarchal house in order to allow him to instruct the young Greeks, his own nephew being one of them.45 After a memorable discussion with the Capuchin Father Michael of Rennes on the role of the pope in the Church, Euthymios III seemed to have affirmed: “I confess the Roman pontiff and I recognize him as head of the Catholic Church and I hold as true all his belief, but I fear the other Greeks...” 46 He even promised to write to the pope as his predecessor Euthymios II Karmeh had done.47 The Patriarch of Antioch, Macarios III Zaim (1647-1672), who succeeded Euthymios III of Chios, also had very good relations with Rome since he is called crypto- catholic,48 but he hesitated to declare himself. It is certain that in 1633 this patriarch sent a letter to the Roman Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in which he affirmed “his irrevocable intention to work for the union of the Eastern Church until the last breath of his life... and to undermine the wall of enmity posed by the enemy of all good (the devil),”49 entirely professing that it is “Christ who is the head of the holy Church.”50 The himself notes in fol. 108v: “...mentre era (Pakhome) in viaggio mori questo patriarcha (Euthyme d’ Antioche).” Compare with article of J. Nasrallah, Op. Cit., col. 56 and his book , Notes et documents..., 1965, p 131. 42 It is interesting to see how Karmeh understood union. The letters we examined in our research never arrived to the content of the Roman primacy of Vatican I. Karmeh came to affirm that the pope of Rome is the “steward (wakile) of Christ,” cf. SOCG, Vol. 180, fol. 43v. 43 Cf. J. Nasrallah, article cit. on this patriarch in DHGE, col. 56. 44 A. Rabbath, Documents inedits pour servir a l’ histoire du christianism en Orient, Bk. I, Paris, p. 402. The text is also mentioned by Zayat, The Melkite Greeks in Islam (in Arabic), I, 1953, p. 80. This again proves what we suggested in footnote 39. 45 Cf. “Relatione delle missione d' Aleppo, e di Damasco,” from the Dominican provincial, Fr. Thomas Vitale in SOCG, Vol. 196, fol. 43r-46v. This account has been examined in congregation 296 of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, 3 March 1643. The fact is recounted also by J. Besson in his book of 1660, La Syrie et la terre sainte au XVII s.,” Paris, 1862, p. 68. Cf. text in the article “Euthyme III,” DHGE, col. 57, cf. Ibid., another affirmation by P. Nacchi. 46SOCG, Vol. 196, fol. 205r-215r. Account of 3 July 1641. In fol. 212v, we read: “esso (Euthyme III) mi disse davanti tutti io confesso il Pontefice Romano et lo conosco capo della Chiesa Cattolica et tengo vera tutta sua credenza et se son avessi paura d' altri greci io mi glorificarei...” 47Ibid., fol. 212v. Compare with article cited: “Euthyme III,” col. 58. 48 Cf. Karalevskij, article “Antioche” in DHGE, col. 643 and Grumel, Echos d’ Orient, 1928, p. 73. Rev. C. Bacha affirms the Catholicism of this patriarch very simply in “Extract from the Voyage of Patriarch Macarios the Aleppian, (in Arabic),” pp. 119-135, while Zayat rejects it in al-Machreq, 1932, pp. 881-892: “Le patriarche Macaire etait-il catholique?” J. Nasrallah in Notes et documents... Op. Cit., p. 138 follows the opinion of Grumel and Karalevskij. The diversity of these judgments appear to come from the conception of union and catholicism which some contemplate with eyes of the first millennium and others with those of second millennium. An historical dogmatic study must dissipate the ambiguities in this matter. 49 Cf. SOCG, fol. 240, fol. 45v-45r. The letter is written in Arabic and bears the official signature of the Patriarch of Antioch. It is dated 14 December 1663. An Italian translation of this letter is found in the same volume, fol. 43rv. The Capuchins and Carmelites are praised in this letter. 6 Congregation sent him a chalice51 and the patriarch thanked them in the letter cited above. The journey of this patriarch to Russia52 was considered by the missionaries at that time as the voyage of an apostle who “with prudence and catholic zeal goes to confirm the good begun by the Latin missionaries.”53 Must we mention here the professions of faith which were sent to Rome to gain the support of the Greek philo-missionaries against the competitors of the very see of Antioch?54 After the death of Macarios III Zaim, the sympathy which the missionaries had the power to produce toward the Church of Rome became important for union.55 The Greek people and their bishops always gave credence to the missionaries. The candidates to the see of Antioch had to consider this stated fact because they were helped morally and particularly economically. They took this help to please the Ottomans who were always money-hungry. Money played a great role in obtaining the “firman” of Constantinople which put the candidate in possession of the patriarchate.56 The well known union of 1724 involved the Bishop of Saida, uncle of the first patriarch who was fully united to Rome. This bishop, Euthymios Saifi (1682-1723), 50 Ibid., we remark that this patriarch did not make a “properly said” profession of faith in this letter. For him union would be to make the wall which separates the two Churches — eastern and western — disappear. Compare with article “Antioche” in DHGE, col. 643 in which Karalevskij affirms that in 1664 Macarios sent two bishops to Rome to give a profession of faith to the Holy Office. The letter which we cited above and which is dated 14 December 1663 says nothing about this profession of faith which had to be written around the same date in order to have arrived in Rome in 1664. 51 Compare to the chalice offered by Pope Paul VI to Patriarch Athenagoras I. It would be interesting to examine the profound significance of this gesture. 52 Cf. Paul of Aleppo (son of Patriarch Macarios III), Voyage du Patriarch Macarie d' Antioche, ed. B. Radu, in Patrologia Orientalis, XXII. Cf. also the manuscript in Arabic 70 of the archive of the ministry of foreign affairs to Moscow (copied in 1700). An abridged translation has been published by F.C. Belfour, The Travels of Macarios, Patriarch of Antioch, 2 vols., London, 1829-1836 according to another manuscript of the British museum. Cf. article “Antioche” in DHGE, col. 642-643. 53 Letter of Fra Sylvester to prefect of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, 10 April 1665, in SOCG, Vol. 240, fol. 59r. 54 In 1687, Athanasios III Dabbas, competitor of Cyril V Zaim, sent his profession of faith to Rome (cf. very significant letter of Cardinal Cybo to Patriarch Athanasios III on 23 August 1687 in Arch. Prop. Scritture riferite nei congressi, Greci, Vol. I, fol. 365r) but when he became the only patriarch without a competitor in 1720, his attitude completely changed (cf. Bacha, L’ histoire de l’Eglise Grecque-Melkite, I, 1938, pp. 126-129, in which he cites the witness of the Maronite Bishop, G. Farhat, contemporary of the patriarch in question). Moreover, Cyril V Zaim sent his profession of faith to Rome in 1716 but it is known that he also excommunicated the “latinizing Bishop of Saida” (cf. Mansi, Vol. 46, 132). A sober and astute analysis of these two professions of faith are found in W. DeVries, Op. Cit., pp. 312-314; cf. also pp. 88- 90. 55 Many bishops and faithful sent the profession of faith prescribed by Rome to pass to Catholicism through the intermediary of the missionaries. Bishops Gregory of Aleppo and Macarios of Tripoli sent it to Rome in 1698 (cf. J. Nasrallah, Notes et documents..., p. 143). Sylvester of Beirut and Parthenos of Baalbek sent it in 1701 (cf. Oriente Cattolico, Vatican, 1962, p. 252), Bishop Gerasimos of Saidnaya sent it in 1716 (cf. C. Bacha, Voyage of Patriarch Macarios the Aleppian, (in Arabic) Harissa, 1912, p. 48). For the Roman tendencies of the Greek people of Antioch, cf. H. Zayat, Greek Catholics in Islam, I (in Arabic), pp. 75-76. 56 As an example, the concurrence between Cyril V Zaim and Athanasios III Dabbas before their pact in 1694 which in turn obtained the “firman” of Constantinople (cf. Bacha, Historie...pp. 126-129). 7 openly declared himself Catholic in December 1683. Through mediation of the Jesuit missionaries who had instructed him in Damascus, and his missionaries of the Holy Savior whom he had instituted near Saida in example of the Jesuits, he involved the Patriarchate of Antioch in the passage which history recorded beginning in 1724. This date marks the election of his nephew, Cyril Tanas, as Patriarch of Antioch.57 Before discussing the election of Tanas, let us note that nearly all the Greek prelates who had good relations with the missionaries and with Rome, or who had made the profession of faith prescribed by Rome since Euthymios II Karmeh until Athanasios III Dabbas, did not find their ecclesiastical communion with the other Greek patriarchs and even with the Patriarch of Moscow incoherent.58 3) ELECTION OF A “FULLY” CATHOLIC PATRIARCH From 1701, Euthymios Saifi was administrator of all Greek Catholics dispersed throughout the Patriarchate of Antioch.59 He solicited from Rome an authorization, according to which he could ordain bishops without being compelled to the law of having three bishops perform the ordination.60 This preoccupation of Saifi was to assure fully Catholic bishops before his death.61 He wished to consecrate his nephew as successor to the see of Saida. But no Greek Bishop responded to his desire.62 He even considered the association of a Maronite bishop for the consecration of fully Catholic Greek bishops but was frightened by Patriarch Athanasios III.63 The death of Athanasios III (15 August 1724) loosened the premeditated plan. The time seemed favorable in catholicizing part of Damascus “to hastily choose a really 57 On the subject of this bishop, Euthymios, cf. Bacha, Op. Cit., who meticulously traces the life of this bishop and shows the role of the Salvatorian missionaries in the union with Rome. The article of J. Nasrallah, “Euthyme Saifi” in DHGE, col. 64-67, is very scientific and very objective. An excellent synthesis is found in this article on true catholicism which animated many Greek prelates of Antioch a century before Saifi. The author thinks (col. 66): “it is exaggeration to make Euthymios Saifi the first Catholic hierarch of Antioch and the only artisan of the union with Rome.” But was he not the only artisan in the manner in which the union was made? Moreover, as Nasrallah rectifies it (col. 64), Saifi is not the nephew of Euthymios; Karmeh conceived another form of union. Compare with the article of Karalevskij “Antioche” in DHGE, col. 645, which has been followed by many others without control. We refer the readers to Nasrallah’s article. 58 A part of my doctoral thesis in preparation will be consecrated to this very important point which represents today one of the most difficult ecumenical problems. Can one be in communion with Rome without being cut off from his Orthodox confreres? [Translator note: The historical part of this thesis was published in Beirut in 1981. Bishop Nicholas Samra has an unpublished English translation of it]. 59 It is evident that the legitimacy (according to Rome) of Patriarch Athanasios III Dabbas, who had sent his profession of Catholic faith in 1687, was not certain. Cf. footnote 54. Cf. Rescript of the Propaganda of 6 December 1701. 60 Cf. His letter to the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith of 23 January 1723 in C. Bacha, Op. Cit., p. 467. 61 Cf. Letters published by Bacha, Op. Cit., 466 ff. 62Ibid., pp. 483-484. 63 Cf. Letter cited above, footnote 60. 8 Roman candidate.”64 But it was necessary to find the ordaining bishops! For sure there was the Bishop of Saidnaya, Neophytos Nasri whom Euthymios Saifi had designated in opposition to a really Orthodox candidate.65 In his diocese he had Salvatorian zealots, especially the active vicar, Gabriel Finan,66 who, in February 1724 became the ordaining prelate of the monastery founded by Saifi; he was known as Basil of Paneas.67 Nasri and Finan consecrated a third colleague for the occasion, the Salvatorian missionary, Euthymios Fadl.68 Thus there were the three required ordaining bishops who consecrated Seraphim Tanas, nephew of Saifi, as Greek Patriarch of Antioch; he took the name of Cyril VI.69 The “consent” of the sultan had to be assured by the Pasha of Damascus, Othman Taouk, friend of Saifi.70 But this pasha was soon removed and Cyril VI remained without political support.71 What was the reaction of the Greek Bishops of Antioch at that time? Not one of these bishops wished to come to consecrate Tanas. However, several had already made a profession of Catholic faith! It seems that these bishops did not agree with the innovative 64 Cf. J. Hajjar, Nouvelle Histoire de l’ Eglise, Paris, 1966, p 247. It appears that there had been a good number of Saifi’s relatives on his side. C. Bacha enumerates them in Op. Cit., pp. 6-7. Much has been written about this hasty election to show its validity or invalidity. Paul Bacel has considered it as “anti- canonical” (cf. Echos d' Orient, 1906, p. 283). On the other hand, C. Bacha affirms that “Cyril VI Tanas had been elected regularly and canonically to the Patriarchal See of Antioch.” (cf. Echos d' Orient, 1907, p. 206). Since then the argument of the right of the Damascenes to elect their bishop and consequently the Patriarch of Antioch, had been prevalent (cf. particularly the booklet of Nasrallah, S. B. Maximos IV et la succession apostolique du siege d’ Antioche, Paris, 1963, p. 57 ff). We must remark that the question was not only a question of election, for the ratification of the other bishops of the same patriarchate was required, but also for the act of consecration in which three bishops were necessary. 65 Cf. Nasrallah, art. cit., “Euthyme Saifi” in DHGE, col. 67. On the controversial identity of Neophytos Nasri, cf. the successive articles in Echos d' Orient: 1901-1902, p. 83 (by C. Charon); 1904, p. 213 (by H. Boustani); 1905, p. 87 (by C. Bacha) and pp. 361-362 ( by P. Bacel); 1906, pp. 160-161 (by S. Vailhe who would say: “N. Nasri was a Choeirite monastic!”); cf. A. Chaccour in “Hayat wa Amal,” April 1949, pp. 22-37. 66 This Salvatorian missionary “went to and fro between the dioceses of Saidnaya and Baalbek” (article of J. Nasrallah, col. 67). On June 25, 1723 he wrote to the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith lamenting Patriarch Athanasios III Dabbas who has chased him from all Syrian dioceses and thus he took refuge in Saida. Cf. the letter published by C. Bacha in History of Greek-Melkites (in Arabic), pp. 486-487. 67 Cf. article “Antioche” in DHGE, col. 647: compare with J. Hajjar in Nouvelle Histoire de l’ Eglise, Paris, 1966, p. 247. 68Ibid., in “Antioche” and J. Hajjar; cf. also Musset, Histoire du Christianisme, II, p. 174. 69 Cf. Bacha, Echos d' Orient, 1907, pp. 200-206, Voyage of Patriarch Macarios the Aleppian (in Arabic), Harissa, p. 48; Histoire des grec-Melkites, p. 23; Hajjar, Op. Cit., p. 247. Compare with what Nasrallah says in his article “Euthyme Saifi,” col. 67: “Saifi sent his monks to preach in most of the eparchies of the patriarchate. He was equally tactful to designate one of them as bishop of the diocese, for the second one to counsel him and when needed to succeed him.” 70 Cf. Bacha, Echos d' Orient, 1907, p. 203; Article: “Antioche.” in DHGE, col. 647. 71 Much has been written about the identity of Cyril VI Tanas. Let us note only that he was a student of the College of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in Rome. Every student of the Pontifical College must make an irrevocable oath, according to which he is obliged all his life to remain in the service of the Apostolic Roman See, even if he renounces the ecclesiastical state. Cf. Constitutio Alexandri PP. VII, 20 July 1660, in Collectanea S. C. Propaganda Fide, I, Rome, 1907. Tanas did not have to become a Salvatorian in virtue of this same oath which prohibited the entrance into religious life. 9 methods of Saifi and his nephew.72 Moreover, even the Latin missionaries of Aleppo at first recognized the new Patriarch Sylvester of Cyprus who was supported by Constantinople and who was consecrated around the end of September 1724.73 But as Fr. Nicholas Sayegh later wrote to Patriarch Tanas (4 March 1735): “by the grace of God, we are united to the holy Roman Church and your holiness professes the same union. Now a principle of philosophy asserts that two things united to a third are united to themselves...”74 Thus the Greeks who declared themselves Catholic continued to recognize Tanas. The bishops who had sent their professions of faith to Rome had been considered allies of Tanas and consequently were persecuted by the partisans of Sylvester.75 Friction continued. The Catholic nucleus formed in 1697 in the Greek Monastery of Balamand near Tripoli,76 and which afterwards (1710) was established near Beirut at Choueir,77 was not in accord with Patriarch Tanas on all the innovations he wished to introduce in the Greek patriarchate.78 Moreover, Rome feared these innovations and even prohibited them.79 Cyril VI Tanas wished to unite the Choueirites and the Salvatorians, who were more docile in this sector.80 But the task was more difficult than could be imagined. In fact, there was a question of two conceptions of union with Rome: on one side, the union implied the complete separation from Orthodox brothers and from all that was Orthodox, even in introducing Latin innovations; on the other side, the union implied above all, fidelity to the Orthodox tradition without undue changes. “In December 1724, Jeremiah III of Constantinople cast the excommunication against Cyril VI and his three consecrators.”81 In March 1729 the confirmation of Cyril VI came from Rome after a certain hesitation.82 The pallium was only granted in March 72 J. Nasrallah in S. B. Maximos IV et la succession apostolique du siege d' Antioche, Paris 1963, p. 58, affirms: “We must remember, above all, that the majority of the episcopate was of Aleppian origin and the Christians of this large city of the north, either Catholic or Orthodox, were against every candidate chosen by the Damascenes. It is for this unique reason that no bishop accepted to go and confer the cheirotonia for Tanas.” However, the same author affirms on the preceding page that there were many bishops (who were not all “from the great city of the north”) who sent their profession of faith to Rome! Were these bishops not aware of another kind of union which safeguarded its identity in the Patriarchate of Antioch? 73 Cf. H. Musset, Histoire...II, Jerusalem 1948, p. 175: certain missionaries of Aleppo considered “the hatred of the inhabitants and the Latin religious of Damascus imprudent,” cf. the perspicacious judgment of the consul of Aleppo. 74 Echos d’ Orient, 1906, p. 286. 75 Cf. H. Musset, Op. Cit., p. 176: Bishop Gerasimos of Aleppo was arrested, imprisoned, taken to Constantinople and sent to exile for five years to Athos.” Cf. Echos d' Orient, 1904, pp. 157-158. 76 Cf. A. Chaccour in Hayat wa Amal, April 1949, pp. 25-30. 77 Ibid., p. 31. 78 Cf. P. Bacel, “Le Patriarche Cyrille VI et les Choueirites,” in Echos d’Orient, 1906, pp. 283-287. 79 In the letter of Pope Benedict XIII to Capuchin Dorotheos of the Holy Trinity (which should bear the confirmation of Cyril VI), dated 13 August 1729, we read: “...nihil in se aut subditis suis immutaturum, in ritibus et consuetudinibus graeci ritus...” This was neither the first nor the last recommendation for Cyril VI and before him for his uncle Saifi. Cf. DeVries, Op. Cit., pp. 90-91. 80 Cf. Echos d’Orient, 1906, pp. 8-10 and p. 283. Mansi, Book 46, col. 262-272. 81 Cf. Musset, Op. Cit., p. 174. 82 Cf. Echos d’Orient, 1907, p. 205; DeVries, Op. Cit., p. 91: “Rom erkannte nach einigem Zogern den Patriarchen Cyrill Tanas an (1729). Der Grund des Zogerns waren Zweifel an der Gultigkeit der Wahl und ungunstige Informationem uber die Latinisierungstendenzen des Cyrill.” 10