The Project Gutenberg EBook of Greek Athletic Sports And Festivals, by Edward Norman Gardiner This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Greek Athletic Sports And Festivals Author: Edward Norman Gardiner Release Date: July 20, 2019 [EBook #59952] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREEK ATHLETIC SPORTS, FESTIVALS *** Produced by Turgut Dincer, David King, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive.) on Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals GREEK ATHLETIC SPORTS AND FESTIVALS BY E. NORMAN GARDINER, M.A. SOMETIME CLASSICAL EXHIBITIONER OF C.C.C., OXON. ΜΗΔΕΝ ΑΓΑΝ MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN’S STREET, LONDON 1910 TO F. E. THOMPSON IN GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF ALL THAT THE AUTHOR IN COMMON WITH MANY ANOTHER MARLBURIAN OWES TO HIS TEACHING, HIS SYMPATHY AND HIS FRIENDSHIP PREFACE It is my hope that the present volume may prove of interest to the general reader as well as to the student of the past. For though its subject may seem at first sight purely archaeological, many of the problems with which it deals are as real to us to-day as they were to the Greeks. The place of physical training and of games in education, the place of athletics in our daily life and in our national life, are questions of present importance to us all, and in considering these questions we cannot fail to learn something from the athletic history of a nation which for a time at least succeeded in reconciling the rival claims of body and of mind, and immortalized this result in its art. This is my first and perhaps my chief justification for the length of this volume. My second is that there is no existing work in English on the subject, nor even in the extensive literature which Germany has produced is there any work of quite the same scope. The Gymnastik u. Agonistik of J. H. Krause is a masterpiece of erudition, accuracy and judgment. But this work was published in 1841, and since that date excavation and the progress of archaeology have brought to light such a mass of new material as to change entirely our outlook on the past. The excavations at Olympia have for the first time enabled us to trace the whole history of the festival and to treat Greek athletics historically. In the first part of this work I have endeavoured to write a continuous history of Greek athletics. The attempt is an ambitious one, perhaps too ambitious for one whose occupation has left him little time for continuous study. The long period covered involves a multitude of difficult and disputed problems, which it is impossible within the limits of this work to discuss fully. In all these cases I have endeavoured to sift the evidence for myself, and to form an independent judgment. Many of the details may be obscure, and many of my conclusions are doubtless open to criticism. Yet the general outline of the story is clear, and I venture to think that it has a more than passing interest and importance. The second part is more technical, though it may perhaps appeal to those who are actively interested in athletics. It consists of a number of chapters, each complete in itself, dealing with the details of Greek athletics. Many of the chapters are taken from articles published by me in the Journal of Hellenic Studies. The chapters on the Stadium, the Gymnasium, the Hippodrome and Boxing are entirely new. In the first two of these chapters will be found the latest results of excavations at Delphi, Epidaurus, Priene and Pergamum, results which are not readily accessible to the English reader. The arrangement of the work has involved a certain amount of repetition, and the introduction separately and in their historical order of certain details which it would be clearer perhaps, and certainly more picturesque, to group together. But it seemed to me worth while to sacrifice something of clearness and effect in order to bring out the historical aspect of the subject, an aspect which is completely obscured in most of our text-books. Further, I have endeavoured clearly to distinguish between what is certain and what is conjectural. The words “perhaps” and “possibly” recur, I am only too conscious, with monotonous persistence. But where the evidence is too inadequate or too contradictory to admit of certainty, the only safe and honest course is to confess ignorance and to hope that the discovery of some new manuscript may dispel our doubts. The neglect of this distinction between the conjectural and the certain has been a fertile source of error. Great importance has been attached to the evidence of contemporary monuments, and illustrations have been given of the principal monuments described. In their selection preference has been given ceteris paribus to objects in the British Museum, because these are likely to be most accessible to the majority of readers. In the case of vases the interpretation often depends on the composition, and whole scenes have as far as possible been reproduced rather than single figures. Museum references are appended to the illustrations wherever available, and also some indication of the date of the objects illustrated. Literary references will be found in the list of illustrations. Many of the illustrations have been prepared expressly for this book, and for these I am indebted to the careful and excellent work of Mr. Emery Walker. A large number are reproduced from articles by myself and others which have appeared in the Journal of Hellenic Studies, and in expressing my thanks to the Council of the Hellenic Society for permission to reproduce them I should like to render testimony to the value of the Library of that Society to any one who, like myself, does not live in the vicinity of any great Library. But for the generous facilities which this Society affords for borrowing books, any work which I have been able to do would have been almost impossible. In spelling, consistency appears to be unattainable, and I have in the main adopted the compromise recommended in the Journal of Hellenic Studies. In the case of proper nouns, names of places, people, buildings, festivals, the Latin spelling has been adopted, in the case of other Greek words the Greek spelling, except where the Latin form is so familiar that any other form would be pedantic. Names of months are treated as purely Greek words. With regard to ει, ei has been kept where it occurs in the stem of a word, e is employed usually in terminations. It is impossible to mention here the many authors whose works I have laid under contribution. Many of my debts are acknowledged in the notes. But I cannot omit to mention three—Dr. J. H. Krause, of whose work I have already spoken; Dr. Ernst Curtius, the writer of the chapter on the history of Olympia in the great work which he edited with Dr. Adler; and Dr. Julius Jüthner, whose Antike Turngeräthe and edition of Philostratus’ Gymnastike published only last year are indispensable to any student of the subject. To Dr. Jüthner I must also express my thanks for his generous permission to make use of the illustrations in his work. Among the many friends who have helped me I should like especially to thank Professor E. A. Gardner, Mr. G. F. Hill, and Mr. H. B. Walters for their constant readiness to advise me and to give me the benefit of their special knowledge of Greek sculpture, coins and vases. Many of the illustrations of sculpture are taken from Professor E. A. Gardner’s Handbook of Greek Sculpture, and the coins have been especially selected for me by Mr. G. F. Hill. Nor must I omit to vii viii ix x mention Louis Dyer, whose death occurred while I was working on the early history of Olympia. He had himself projected a work on Olympia, to which I hoped to refer in confirmation of my views. His minute and accurate knowledge, his readiness to impart his knowledge, his enthusiastic and unselfish sympathy made his death an irreparable loss to me. Many corrections are due to the conscientious care of another of my friends, Herbert Awdry, who was engaged in reading my proofs almost up to the day of his death. It is a fitting circumstance that this book should have been produced under the auspices of Professor Percy Gardner, seeing that he was unconsciously the originator of it. My interest in the subject was first aroused by the chapter on Olympia in his New Chapters from Greek History, which I read on my return from a cruise in the “Argonaut,” in the course of which I had visited Olympia. Professor Percy Gardner has read the book both in manuscript and in proof, and many improvements are due to his suggestions. He is, however, in no wise responsible for the views expressed, much less for any errors which I may have committed. E. NORMAN GARDINER. Epsom College, Surrey. xi CONTENTS List of Illustrations xv List of Commonest Abbreviations xxv PART I A HISTORY OF GREEK ATHLETICS AND ATHLETIC FESTIVALS FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO 393 A.D. 1. Introductory 1 2. Athletics in Homer 8 3. The Rise of the Athletic Festival 27 4. The Age of Athletic Festivals, Sixth Century B.C. 62 5. The Age of the Athletic Ideal, 500-440 B.C. 86 6. Professionalism and Specialization, 440-338 B.C. 122 7. The Decline of Athletics, 338-146 B.C. 146 8. Athletics under the Romans 163 9. The Olympic Festival 194 10. The Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean Festivals 208 11. The Athletic Festivals of Athens 227 PART II THE ATHLETIC EXERCISES OF THE GREEKS 12. The Stadium 251 13. The Foot-Race 270 14. The Jump and Halteres 295 15. Throwing the Diskos 313 16. Throwing the Javelin 338 17. The Pentathlon 359 18. Wrestling 372 19. Boxing 402 xiii xiv 20. The Pankration 435 21. The Hippodrome 451 22. The Gymnasium and the Palaestra 467 BIBLIOGRAPHY 511 INDEX 519 INDEX OF GREEK WORDS 531 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Boxer on steatite pyxis. Cnossus. (B.S.A. vii. p. 95) 10 2. Armed combat on Clazomenae. Sarcophagus in British Museum. (Murray, Sarcophagi in B.M., Pls. ii., iii.) 21 3. Funeral games on Amphiaraus vase. Berlin, 1655. (Mon. d. I. X., Pls. iv., v.) 29 4. Funeral games on Dipylon vase. Copenhagen. (Arch. Zeit., 1885, Pl. viii.) 30 5. Plan of Olympia (after Dörpfeld) 35 6. Statue of girl runner. Copy of fifth-century original. Vatican. (Helbig, Führer, 2nd Ed., 384.) (From a photograph by Alinari) 49 7. Apollo, found at Tenea. Munich. (E. A. Gardner, Greek Sculpture, Fig. 20) 87 8. Statue by an Argive sculptor. Delphi. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 134; Fouilles de Delphes, ii. 1) 89 9. Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo. British Museum. 91 10. Figure from E. pediment of temple at Aegina. Munich. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 41) 92 11. Bronze statuette from Ligourio. Berlin. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 39) 93 12. Bronze statuette of Hoplitodromos. Tübingen. (Jahrb., 1886, Pl. ix.) 94 13. Diskobolos, after Myron. (Photograph of bronzed cast made in Munich) 96 14. Doryphoros, after Polycleitus. Naples. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 74) 98 15. Diadumenos from Vaison, after Polycleitus. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 75) 100 16. Bronze head of ephebos. Fifth century. Munich, Glyptothek, 457. (From a photograph by Bruckmann) 102 17. Scenes in palaestra. R.-f. kylix. Munich, 795. (Arch. Zeit., 1878, Pl. xi.) 105 18. Bronze charioteer. Fifth century. Delphi. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 138; Fouilles de Delphes, II. xlix. 1) 113 19. The Apoxyomenos. Rome, Vatican. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 98) 123 20. Statue of Agias by Lysippus. Delphi. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 141; Fouilles de Delphes, II. lxiii.) 125 21. Farnese Heracles, by Glycon. Naples. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 125) 147 22. Athletics under the Romans. Mosaic found at Tusculum. Imperial period. (Mon. d. I. VI., vii., Pl. 82) 177 23. Professional boxer. Mosaic from the Thermae of Caracalla. Rome, Lateran. (G. F. Hill, Illustrations to the Classics, Fig. 400; Secchi, Musaico Antoniniano) 190 xv xvi 24. Silver staters of Elis, in British Museum. Fifth century, (a) Head of nymph Olympia; (b) Victory seated, with palm 194 25. Judge crowning a victor. Interior of r.-f. kylix. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 532. (Arch. Zeit., 1853, lii. 3; Luynes, xlv.) 206 26. Phyllobolia. Interior of r.-f. kylix. Canino Coll. (Gerh. A. V. 274, 1) 206 27. Copper coins of Delphi, in British Museum. Imperial period. (a) Prize table, bearing crow, five apples, vase and crown. (b) Ins. Πύθια in crown of bay leaves. (B.M. Coins, Delphi, 39, 38) 208 28. Copper coin of Corinth, in British Museum. Imperial period. Ins. Ἵσθμια in crown of pine leaves. (B.M. Coins, Corinth, 603) 214 29. 30. Silver vase. Imperial period. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale. (Le Prévost, Mém. sur la collection des Vases de Bernay, Pls. viii., ix.) 220, 222 31. Copper coin of Argos, in British Museum. Imperial period. Ins. Νέμεια in crown of celery. (B.M. Coins, Argos, 170) 223 32. Flute-players. Small Panathenaic (?) amphora, in British Museum, B. 188. Sixth century 231 33. Panathenaic festival. B.-f. kylix, in British Museum, B. 80. (J.H.S. i., Pl vii.) 233 34. Apobates. Votive relief. Hellenistic period. Athens, Acropolis Museum. (B.C.H. vii., Pl. xvii.) 238 35. Pyrrhic chorus. Monument of Atarbus. Fourth century. Athens, Acropolis Museum. (Hill, Illustrations to the Classics, Fig. 417; Beulé, L’Acropole d’Athènes, ii., Pl. iv.) 240 36. Victorious boat on stele of Helvidius. Imperial period. Athens, National Museum. (Ἐφ. Ἀρχ., 1862, Pl. xxix.; von Sybel, Katalog, 3300) 241 37. Proclaiming a victor. Panathenaic amphora, in British Museum, B. 144. Sixth century 243 38. Crowning a victor. Panathenaic amphora, in British Museum, B. 138. Sixth century 244 39. Acrobatic scene. Panathenaic (?) amphora from Camirus. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 243. (Salzmann, Nécropole de Cameiros, Pl. lvii.) 245 40. Marble chair of judge at Panathenaea. (Stuart and Revett, Antiquities of Athens, iii. 3, p. 20) 246 41. Portion of starting lines at Olympia. (Olympia, Tafelb. i. 47) 253 42. The stadium of Epidaurus, S. E. corner, showing starting lines and rectangular end. (From a photograph by Mr. Emery Walker) 255 43. Plan of stadium at Epidaurus. (Πρακτικά, 1902, Pl. i.) 258 44. Plan of stadium at Delphi. (B.C.H., 1899, Pl. xiii.) 258 45. The starting lines at Delphi. (From a photograph by Mr. Emery Walker) 260 46. The stadium of Delphi 262 xvii 47. Hoplitodromos starting. R.-f. amphora. Louvre. (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 270; Bull. Nap. nouv. sér. vi. 7) 274 48. Runner starting. R.-f. kylix. Formerly at Naples. (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 271; Dubois-Maisonneuve, Pl. xxv.; Inghirami, Mon. Etrusc. v. 2, Pl. lxx.) 275 49. Runner starting. R.-f. kylix. Chiusi. (Hartwig, Meisterschalen, Fig. 6) 276 50. Dolichodromoi. Panathenaic amphora. Sixth century. (Mon. d. I. I., xxii. 7 b) 279 51. Dolichodromoi. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 609. Archonship of Niceratus, 333 B.C. (Hill, Illustrations to the Classics, Fig. 390) 280 52. Stadiodromoi. Panathenaic amphora. Munich, 498. Sixth century. (Mon. d. I. X., xlviii., l, m) 281 53. Stadiodromoi. Panathenaic amphora. Fourth century. (Stephani, C. R. Atlas, 1876, Pl. i.) 283 54. Hoplitodromoi, boxers, wrestlers. R.-f. kylix of Euphronius. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 523. (Hartwig, Meisterschalen, Pl. xvi.; J.H.S. xxiii. p. 278.) For interior vide Fig. 115 286 55. Hoplitodromoi; the turn. R.-f. kylix. Formerly in Berlin. (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 278; Jahrb., 1895, p. 190) 287 56. Hoplitodromoi. R.-f. kylix. Berlin, 2307. (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 277; Gerh. A.V. 261) 288 57. Hoplitodromoi; the finish. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 818. (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 285) 289 58. Hoplitodromoi. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 608. Archonship of Pythodelus, 336 B.C. (Mon. d. I. X., xlviii. e, 3) 290 59. Hoplitodromoi. R.-f. kylix. Munich, 1240. (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 284) 292 60. Leaden halter from Eleusis. Athens, National Museum, 9075. (Ἐφ. Ἀρχ., 1883, 190; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 1) 298 61. Photograph of halteres in British Museum, (a) Cast of stone halter from Olympia (Jüthner, Fig. 9). (b) Limestone halter from Camirus (B.M. Guide to Greek and Roman Life, Fig. 41). (c) Leaden halter (J.H.S. xxiv. p. 182) 299 62. Stone halter from Corinth. Athens, National Museum. (Ἐφ. Ἀρχ., 1883, p. 103; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 8) 300 63. Jumper and flute-player. R.-f. pelike. British Museum, E. 427. (J.H.S. xxiv. p. 185) 302 64. Jumpers, akontistes, diskobolos, flute-player. R.-f. krater. Copenhagen (?). (J.H.S. xxiv. p. 185; Annali, 1846, M.) 303 65. Jumpers practising and paidotribes. R.-f. kylix. Bologna. (J.H.S. xxiv. p. 186; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 16) 304 66. Jumpers, diskobolos, paidotribai. R.-f. kylix. Bourguignon Coll. (Arch. Zeit., 1884, xvi.) For interior vide Fig. 80 305 67. Jumper about to land. B.-f. amphora. British Museum, B. 48. (J.H.S. xxiv. p. 183, ii. p. 219; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 15) 306 xviii 68. Jumper running. R.-f. kylix. Chiusi. (J.H.S. xxiv. p. 188; Klein, Euphronios, p. 306) 307 69. Standing jump without halteres. R.-f. pelike belonging to Dr. Hauser. (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 272; Jahrb., 1895, p. 185) 309 70. Youth swinging halteres. R.-f. oinochoe. British Museum, E. 561. (J.H.S. xxiv. p. 192) 311 71. Diskobolos holding stone diskos. B.-f. amphora. British Museum, B. 271. (J.H.S. xxvii. Pl. i.) For reverse vide Fig. 141 314 72. Bronze diskos found at Aegina. Berlin. (Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 20) 315 73. Bronze diskos of Exoïdas. British Museum, 3207 317 74. Marking the throw of diskos. (a) R.-f. kylix. Chiusi. (b) R.-f. kylix of Hischylus. Würzburg, 357, A. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 11; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 27) 320 75. The standing diskobolos. Vatican. Copy of fifth-century original. (From a photograph by Anderson) 321 76. Palaestra scene; diskobolos, akontistes. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 6. (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 273) 323 77. Diskobolos, flute-player. B.-f. kelebe. British Museum, B. 361. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 15) 324 78. Diskobolos. R.-f. krater of Amasis. Corneto. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 16; Hartwig, Meisterschalen, Fig. 56 a) 324 79. Diskobolos and paidotribes. R.-f. pelike. British Museum, E. 395. (J.H.S. xxvii. Pl. iii.) 325 80. Diskobolos. Interior of Fig. 66 326 81. Bronze statuette of diskobolos. Fifth century. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 18; Burlington Fine Arts Club, 1903, Pl. 50) 326 82. Diskobolos, paidotribes. B.-f. lekythos. British Museum, B. 576. (J.H.S. xxvii. Pl. ii.) 328 83. Bronze statuette of diskobolos. New York. (Bulletin of Metropolitan Museum of Art, iii. p. 32) 329 84. Bronze statuette of diskobolos. British Museum, 675. Fifth century. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 22) 330 85. Diskobolos. R.-f. kylix. Louvre. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 27; Hartwig, Meisterschalen, lxiii. 2) 331 86. Coins of Cos, in British Museum, representing diskobolos. Fifth century. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 30) 332 87. Diskobolos. Panathenaic amphora. Naples, Race. Cum. 184. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 32; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 31) 333 88. Diskobolos, flute-player, paidotribes, youth fastening amentum, skapanai. B.-f. hydria. British Museum, E. 164. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 32; B.C.H., 1899, p. 164) 334 89. Diskobolos. R.-f. kylix. Boulogne, Musée Municipale. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 33; Le Musée, ii. p. 281) 335 90. Diskobolos. B.-f. hydria. Vienna, 318. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 34) 336 xix 91. Youth fastening amentum. R.-f. kylix. Würzburg, 432. (Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 37) 340 92. Various methods of attaching the amentum. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 250) 341 93. Warrior holding spear by amentum. B.-f. kylix. British Museum, B. 380. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 252) 342 94. Warriors throwing spears with amenta. François vase, Florence. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 253; Furtwängler, Vasenmalerei, Pl. xiii.) 343 95. Illustrations of use of the throwing thong. (a, b) Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Figs. 47, 48. Reconstruction of throw, (c) Detail from B.M. Vases, B. 134. (d) The ounep of New Caledonia. 344 96. Palaestra scene; a wrestling lesson, preparations for javelin-throwing. R.-f. psykter. Bourguignon Coll. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 259; Antike Denkmale, ii. 20) 345 97. Akontistes. B.-f. stamnos. Vatican. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 261; Mus. Greg. II. xvii.) 346 98. Mounted warriors throwing javelins by means of amenta. B.-f. vase. Athens, Acropolis Museum, 606. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 261; B. Graef. Die antiken Vasen v. d. Acropolis, Pl. xxxi.) 347 99. Diskobolos, akontistes, boxer fastening himantes. R.-f. amphora, in British Museum, E. 256. (J.H.S. xxvii. Pl. xix.) 348 100. Akontistai. R.-f. kylix. Munich, 562 A. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 262; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 41) 349 101. Akontistai. R.-f. kylix. Berlin, 3139 inv. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 263; Hartwig, Meisterschalen, Pl. xlvi.) 350 102. Akontistes. R.-f. kylix. Torlonia, 270 (148). (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 264; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 49) 351 103. Akontistes, diskobolos, skapane. R.-f. amphora. Munich, 408. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 265; Furtwängler, Vasenmalerei, xlv.) 353 104. Akontistes. R.-f. kylix. Rome(?) (Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 43) 354 105. Akontistes. R.-f. kylix. Berlin, 2728. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 268; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 42) 355 106. Throwing the javelin on horseback. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum. (J.H.S. xxvii. Pl. xx.) 357 107. Pentathlon. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 134. Sixth century. (J.H.S. xxvii. Pl. xviii.) 360 108. Pentathlon. Panathenaic amphora. Leyden. Sixth century. (Arch. Zeit., 1881, ix.) 361 109. Wrestling types on coins, in British Museum. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 271.) (a, b, c) Aspendus, fifth and fourth centuries; (d) Heraclea in Lucania, fourth century; (e, f) Syracuse, circa 400 B.C.; (g) Alexandria, Antoninus Pius 372 110. One of a pair of wrestling-boys, generally known as diskoboloi. Hellenistic period. Naples. (From a photograph by Brogi) 379 111. Wrestling. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 603. Archonship of Polyzelus, 367 B.C. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 263) 381 xx 112. Theseus and Cercyon wrestling. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 84. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 264) 382 113. Wrestling group from b.-f. amphora. British Museum. B. 295. Vide Fig. 143. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 270) 383 114. The flying mare. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 94. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 268) 384 115. The flying mare. Interior of Fig. 54 385 116. Wrestling groups. Prize vase. R.-f. krater of Andocides. Berlin, 2159. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 270; American Journal of Archaeology, 1896, p. 11) 386 117. Wrestling. R.-f. krater. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum, 288. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 274; Catalogue of Ashmolean Museum, Pl. xiii.) 387 118. Reverse of Fig. 143 388 119. Peleus and Atalanta. B.-f. amphora. Munich, 584. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 275; Gerh. A. V. 177) 389 120. Wrestling, cross-buttock. Panathenaic amphora. Boulogne, Musée Municipale, 441. Sixth century. (Le Musée, ii. p. 275, Fig. 15) 390 121. Wrestling groups. B.-f. amphora. Munich, 1336. (J.H.S. xxv. Pl. xii.) 391 122. Wrestling group, paidotribes. R.-f. kylix. Philadelphia. (Trans. of University of Pennsylvania, 1907, Pl. xxxv.) 392 123. Wrestling groups, brabeutes. B.-f. amphora. Munich, 495. (J.H.S. xxv. Pl. xii.) 393 124. Theseus and Cercyon. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 48. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 285) 394 125. Theseus and Cercyon. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 36. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 285) 394 126. Theseus and Cercyon. Metope of Theseum. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 286; Greek Sculpture, Fig. 66) 395 127. Bronze wrestling group. Paris. (Clarac, 802, 2014; Reinach, Musée de Saint-Germain-en- Laye, 124) 396 128. Wrestling, cross-buttock. B.-f. amphora. Vatican. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 288; Mus. Greg. xvii. 1, a) 397 129. Bronze wrestling group. British Museum. (J.H.S. xxv. Pl. xi.) 398 130. Bronze wrestling group. St. Petersburg. (Stephani, C.R., 1867, i. 1, 5; J.H.S. xxv. p. 290) 399 131. Bronze wrestling group. Constantinople. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 291; Jahrb., 1898, xi.) 400 132. Boxers taking the oath. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 63. (Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 54) 403 133. Boxing scenes. R.-f. kylix of Duris. British Museum, E. 39. (J.H.S. xxvi. Pl. xii.; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 53) 404 134. Interior of Fig. 151 406 xxi 135. Boxers. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 607. Archonship of Pytliodelus, B.C. 336. (Mon. d. I. X., xlviii. e, 2; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 67) 407 136. Statue of boxer seated. Rome, Terme Museum. (From a photograph by Anderson) 408 137. Right hand of boxer from Sorrento. Naples. (Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 63) 409 138. Caestus from mosaic in the thermae of Caracalla. Rome, Lateran. (Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 74) 411 139. Boxers (?) fighting over prize. Bronze situla. Watsch. (Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 61; Mitth. d. Central. Comm., 1883, Pl. ii.) 412 140. Boxers fighting over tripod. Fragment of b.-f. situla from Daphnae. British Museum, B. 124. (Tanis, ii. 30) 413 141. Boxer giving signal of defeat. B.-f. amphora in British Museum, B. 271. For reverse vide Fig. 71 416 142. Boxers, runners, jumper, wearing loin-cloth. B.-f. stamnos. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 252. (De Ridder, Catalogue des Vases peints, i. p. 160) 418 143. Boxers, wrestlers. B.-f. amphora of Nicosthenes. British Museum, B. 295. Vide Figs. 113, 118 420 144. Boxers. Panathenaic amphora. Berlin, 1831. Sixth century. (Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 60) 422 145. Boxers. Panathenaic amphora. Campana Coll. Sixth century. (Stephani, C.R., 1876, 109, 44) 423 146. Boxers. R.-f. kylix of Pamphaeus. Corneto. (Marquardt, Pentathlon, Pl. i.; Mon. d. I. XI., xxiv.) 424 147. Boxers. Panathenaic amphora. Louvre, F. 278. Sixth century. (J.H.S. xxvi. p. 222) 425 148. Boxers. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 612. Fourth century 427 149. Marble head of boxer, with ear-lappets. Formerly in possession of Fabretti. (Schreiber, Atlas, xxiv. 8; Fabretti, De Columna Trajani, p. 267) 433 150. Boxers, akontistes, diskobolos, runners. B.-f. hydria. British Museum, B. 326. (Marquardt, Pentathlon, Pl. ii.) 433 151. Pankration, boxing, hoplitodromos. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 78. (J.H.S. xxvi. Pl. xiii.) 436 152. Pankration. R.-f. kylix. Baltimore. (J.H.S. xxvi. p. 9; Hartwig, Meisterschalen, Pl. lxiv.) 437 153. Pankration. Fragment of R.-f. kylix. Berlin. (J.H.S. xxvi. p. 8; Hartwig, Meisterschalen, Fig. 12) 438 154. Pankration. Panathenaic amphora. Sixth century. (Mon. d. I. I., xxii.) 439 155. Pankration. Panathenaic amphora. Sixth century. (Mon. d. I. I. xxii.) 440 156. Heracles and Antaeus. B.-f. hydria, Munich, 114. (J.H.S. xxvi. p. 21; Arch. Zeit., 1878, x.) 441 xxii 157. Pankration. Panathenaic amphora of Kittos. British Museum, B. 604. Fourth century. (J.H.S. xxvi. Pl. iii.) 442 158. Pankration. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 610. Archonship of Nicetes, 332 B.C. (J.H.S. xxvi. Pl. iv.) 443 159. Pankration. Panathenaic amphora. Lamberg Coll. (J.H.S. i. Pl. vi.) 444 160. Heracles and Triton. B.-f. amphora. British Museum, B. 223. (J.H.S. xxvi. p. 15) 445 161. Heracles and Antaeus. R.-f. kylix. Athens. (J.H.S. x. Pl. i.; xxvi. p. 11) 446 162. Wrestling groups on Graeco-Roman gems in British Museum. (J.H.S. xxvi. p. 10) 447 163. Marble group of pankratiasts. Uffizi Palace, Florence. (Photograph by Brogi) 449 164. Plan of Aphesis in Hippodrome at Olympia. (After Weniger. Clio, 1909, p. 303) 453 165. Four-horse chariot-race. Panathenaic amphora found at Sparta. Sixth century. (B.S.A. xiii. Pl. v.) 456 166. Two-horse chariot-race. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 132. Sixth century 458 167. Coins of Philip II. of Macedon, in British Museum, (a) Silver tetradrachm; victorious jockey with palm branch, (b) Gold stater; two-horse chariot 459 168. Silver tetradrachm of Rhegium, in British Museum. Early fifth century. Mule chariot 460 169. Riding-race. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 133. Sixth century 461 170. Silver staters of Tarentum, in British Museum. Third century. (a) Mounted torch-bearer. (b) Apobates dismounting 462 171. Silver tetradrachms of Catana, in British Museum. Fifth century. Four-horse chariot 464 172. Silver decadrachms of Sicily, in British Museum. Four-horse chariot, (a) Agrigentum, 413- 406 B.C. (b) Syracuse, 400-360 B.C. 465 173. Scenes in gymnasium. Boxers, wrestlers, paidotribai, diskobolos, akontistes. R.-f. kylix. Canino Coll. (Gerh. A. V. 271) 473 174. Riding lesson in gymnasium. R.-f. kylix. Munich, 515. (Arch. Zeit., 1885, xi.) 474 175. Scenes in apodyterion of gymnasium. R.-f. kylix. Copenhagen. (Gerh. A. V. 281) 475 176. Scene in apodyterion. R.-f. krater. Berlin, 2180. (Arch. Zeit., 1879, 4) 476 177. Boxing, massage. Bronze cista. Vatican. (Mus. Greg. i. 37) 477 178. Korykos. Small r.-f. amphora. St. Petersburg, Hermitage, 1611. (Annali, 1870, R.) 478 179. Korykos. Ficoroni cista. Kirchner Museum, Rome. (Müller-Wieseler, Denkmäl. d. alt. Kunst, i. 61, 309) 479 xxiii