YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS PELICAN HISTORY OF ART GREEK ARCHITECTU FIFTH EDITION LAWRENCE W. A. Revised by R. A. Tomlinson '>w '3 i^-i a. -. :J^S^Z^k BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY Copley Square Boston. MA 02116 VHAflSU DUSUS ^T30<i 8rrSOAM.-:r.teoa YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS PELICAN HISTORY OF ART FOUNDING EDITOR: NIKOLAUS PEVSNER A. W. LAWRENCE GREEK ARCHITECTURE REVISED BY R. A. TOMLINSON Ih j- S-^^| P'lm —J vm ! 1 ' fBj fill •*c -«. "% A. W. Lawrence reek Architecture FIFTH KDITION Revisedby R.A. Tomlinson m © Copyright A. W. Lawrence 1957, 1962, 1967, 1973, 1983 © New material copyright R. A. Tomlinson 1983, 1996 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Set in Linotron Ehrhardt by Best-SetTypesetters Ltd. Hong Kong and printed in China through \Yorld Print Ltd Designedby Kate Gallimore All rights reserved. This book maynotbe reproduced inwhole or inpart, in any form (beyond thatcopyingpermitted by Sections 107 and 108 ofthe U.S. Copyright Law and exceptby reviewers for the publicpress), withoutwritten permission from the publishers. Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lawrence, A. W. (ArnoldWalter), 1900-1991 Greekarchitecture/A. W. Lawrence: revised by R. A. Tomlins—on. p. cm. (Yale University Press Pelican history ofart) Rev. ed. of: 4th ed. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England; NewYork; Penguin Books, C1983, in series: Pelicanhistory of art. Includes bilbiographical refer—ences and index. ISBN0-300-06491-8 ISBN0-300-06492-6 (c). (p: alk. paper) — 1. Architecture Greece. I. Tomlinson, R. A. (Richard Allan) II. Title. III. Series. NA270.L36 1996 8— 722'. dc2o 95-53785 CIP Title-page: Aigina, temple ofAphaia, early fifth century 8 1 Contents Foreword to theFifth Edition vii Forewordto theFourth Edition vii Forewordto the ThirdEdition vii Forewordto theSecondEdition vii Forewordto theFirstEdition viii Chronological Table ix Map ofGreekMainlandandIslands x Map ofCrete xii Map ofthe Greek World xiii Diagrams ofGreek Orders and TemplePlan xiv PART ONE: PRE-HELLENIC BUILDING i. Introductory Summary 3 2. Neolithic and Early Bronze Age 4 Materials and Methods ofBuilding 4 The Regional Cultures 5 Troy 5 The Cyclades and Related Islands 8 The Mainland ofGreece 9 Crete 1 3. The Beginnings ofthe Cretan Palaces: The Proto-Palatial Period (Middle Minoan I-II) 13 4. The Palace Age in Crete: The Neo-Palatial Period (Middle Minoan III - Late Minoan) 1 Principles ofMinoan Plan and Design 20 The Palace at Knossos in its Final Form 21 The Final Palace at Phaistos- Hagia Triada 25 Hagia Triada 27 The Palace atMallia 27 The 'Little Palace' at Knossos 28 The 'RoyalVilla' at Knossos 28 'Villas' at Sklavokambos and Tylissos 29 Nirou 30 Towns 30 Tombs 30 7 CONTENTS vi The Decline: Late Minoan III 31 5. Cycladic and Mainland Settlements Contemporary with Cretan Palaces (Middle and Late Bronze Age to 1400 B.C.) 33 6. Tholos Tombs 37 7. Mycenean Citadels and Housing (Late Helladic III, 1400-1100) 43 Tiryns 45 Mycenae 48 Pylos 52 Phylakopi 53 Gla (more properly Goulas) 53 Macedonia 54 Homeric Evidence 54 PART TVVO: HELLENIC ARCHITECTURE 8. Introductory Summary 58 9. Primitive Temples 61 10. The Doric Order 67 n. Early Doric Temples and Similar Buildings 77 Greece 77 Sicily 82 South Italy 85 12. The Formation ofthe Ionic Temple 90 13. Early Fifth-Century Doric Temples and Treasuries 99 14. Early Sanctuaries and the Acropolis ofAthens 106 15. Niceties ofDoric Design 125 16. Late Fifth-Century Temples except on the Acropolis 129 17. Circular Buildings 137 18. Temples and Tombs of400-330 143 19. Hellenistic Temples and Related Monuments 151 20. Masonry, Vaulting, and Public Works 167 21. Residential Buildings 182 22. Town-Planning and Halls before 330 190 23. Hellenistic Town-Planning and Halls 196 24. Open Structures, Especially Theatres 205 25. Epilogue 212 Abbreviations 216 Notes 2 1 Bibliography 228 Index 238 . Forewords FOREWORD TO THE FIFTH EDITION FOREWORD TO THE FOURTH EDITION This new revision was completed originally in 1989, and the In this fourth edition I have taken advantage ofthe complete proofs of the text had been corrected before the sad and resetting ofthe text to include in it material which Professor deeply regretted death of Judy Nairn caused a delay to Lawrence had, perforce, to add to the second and third publication. I am grateful to Yale University Press andJohn editions in the form ofnotes. The text also takes into account Nicoll not only for taking up the Series, but allowing me to new discoveries and discussion published before February make further revisions to the text, and additions to the notes 1981 (but also the exceptionally important excavation at and bibliography. In particular, I have changed the system Lefkandi in Euboia, carried out in April 1981). Otherwise, of transliteration from Greek in accordance with modern of course, the text remains very much that of Professor practice. No system is perfect, and I have not imposed this Lawrence, except that I have in places modified his emphasis rigidly, keeping the older forms where they are the more on the direct link between 'Pre-Hellenic' and 'Hellenic' familiar or are firmly fixed as an English convention. architecture to take into account the comparative emptiness The pace at which ancient Greek architecture is being (in architectural matters) ofthe years between the late twelfth studied and investigated has not diminished in the least and the eighth centuries B.C. (though, thanks to Lefkandi, since the last revision of this book in 1982. I have incor- these years are less empty than they were). The original porated into the text much new material which takes this illustrations have been retainedwhereverpossible; onlywhere into account while trying to preserve the original balance and they were unobtainable have I included alternatives. Addi- emphasis. At the same time I have substantially incr sed tions have also been made. references, both in the notes and the bibliography, to work For the fourth edition I would like to add my own thanks that has appeared since 1981. In the foreword to the first to Professor Peter Warren, Dr Kenneth Wardle (who wrote edition Professor Lawrence directed those readers who the entry on prehistoric Macedonia, and the redrafted com- demand comprehensive bibliographies to the books on ments on Temple B at Thermon), and to Peter Callaghan. classical architecture by W. B. Dinsmoor and D. S. This revision was made in the library ofthe British School at Robertson. No new editions of these works have since Athens; itowesmore than I can expresstoitscomprehensive- appeared, and their bibliographies are now essentially out of and immediately accessible - resources, and to the unfailing date. I have added therefore (without any pretence to being help and efficiency of its officers, particularly the Assistant exhaustive) what seem to me to be the most important and Director, Tony Spawforth, and the Deputy Librarian, Mrs significant of recent publications, even if they are not Babette Young. necessarily concerned with aspects of Greek architecture K.\. I which are discussed in the present volume, in the hope that this will prove useful. They include references to recent FOREWORD TO THE THIRD DITION work on the procedures of design in classical architecture. 1 Much is being written on this, particularly by German Revision, with the aim ofbringing the book up to date (.is .u scholars, with complex analyses ofthe mathematics involved, New Year, 1973), nas entailed substanti.il alterations to both arithmetic and geometric. At the moment, it seems almost a hundred pages of text and man] ol tin- Notes, the premature to incorporate this in the text as conclusive, and I addition ofnew Notes, the replacement olOne Plate and five have not done so. (At times, one is forced to recall that Figures, the inclusion ol an .ulclition.il drawing, md .1 targe Greek architects did not possess computers.) Like the pre- number of minor changes. vious revision, this one was made in the library ofthe British I am greatly indebted to ProfessorJ. Walter Graham foi School at Athens, and I must repeat my thanks for its advice, likewise to Dr R. \. Higgins for his advict M\ incomparable facilities, and the continuing help of its thanks are also due, for information, to Mi i reraid ( .ul officers, the Assistant Director, Guy Sanders, and the Professor |. N. Coldstream, Professor I D I \.ms, \1t I > I Librarian, Mrs Penny Wilson-Zarganis. My original work in L. Haynes, and Dr G. B. Waywell. the library at Athens coincided with the last weeks of I lector \ w 1 Catling's Directorship ofthe School. My gratitude to him, of course, extends far beyond the making ofthis revision. l OKI w OKI) 111 1 itI SECOND 1 ni 1 id\ k. \. 1 For the present edition, the book has been reviled to take account ol discoveries and changes ol opinion during the past twelve w.tis (.is known from public itions available in FOREWORDS viii London up to the end of 1966). The fact that this alone has On the other hand I have considered myself free in Part entailed hundreds ofalterations or additions in the text and Two to supply only as much factual detail as was requisite to notes (together with corresponding changes in the biblio- the argument. The greater erudition of Dinsmoor and graphy, chronological table, etc.) shows the rate at which Robertson will serve any who require more information field-work and study are advancing. I have also introduced upon individual temples, decorative conventions, and tech- other (as I thought) improvements, and have included some nical matters, as well as those who demand comprehensive new views of my own. I should have liked to make more glossaries and bibliographies. drastic changes in the few pages devoted to fortification, but Moreover I have almost ignored architectural sculpture, any attempt to justify them by argument would involve though I have taken care to illustrate some of the finest detailed comparison ofa sort appropriate only to a book on examples. Other volumes in the series are planned to cover the subject, and I am engaged in writing one. Greek Sculpture, and in any case I could have done little Several drawings and plans that appeared in the first better than repeat passages I wrote nearly thirty years ago in edition are now known to be inaccurate or incomplete. The a book on that subject. fact has merely been stated in one case, because a corrected Because I am concerned exclusively with architecture version is not yet available; for the rest, new blocks have before the time of Christ, dates throughout are printed been substituted. without the customary addition of lB.C.'. On the contrary, A.W.L. the few dates mentioned which fall within the Christian era are distinguished by an 'a.d.'. All dimensions stated in terms of feet and inches are FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION approximations: dimensions cited in the metric system are intended to be accurate measurements. My treatment ofthe subject calls, I feel, for some explana- For the convenience ofstudents, the modern Greek names tion, especially as regards the proportions in which I have ofsites are normally transliterated either in the form adopted allotted space to the various topics. by an excavator or by the old-fashioned method ofgiving for A volume of the Pelican History of Art should be both each letter the nearest equivalent in our alphabet, regardless somewhat more and somewhat less than a textbook, and in ofpronunciation. the present instance the editor and the author gave due The production ofa much-illustrated book is inevitably a weight to the fact that there are two masterly textbooks in longprocess, and about threeyearswill have elapsedbetween print, neither ofwhich is seriously out ofdate. The scope of the completion ofthe manuscript and the day ofpublication. each is considerably wider than mine; W. B. Dinsmoor's The publishers, however, have approved the addition ofnew Architecture of Ancient Greece continues its encyclopaedic information in the proofs, so that results ofexcavations and description of buildings in Greek lands through the three investigations should have been included up to September additional centuries in the Roman Empire, while all the 1955. I fear, though, that lack ofaccess to specialist libraries classical styles are correlated in D. S. Robertson's more at the time is bound to have curtailed the benefits of this selective Handbook ofGreek andRomanArchitecture. But pre- generous privilege. classic remains were scarcely relevant to the purpose of I owe to a Leverhulme Research Fellowship, awarded for these books, which also deal summarily with the less distin- the study of ancient and medieval fortification, most of my guished periods of later architecture and with its humbler first-hand knowledge of the defences mentioned. Unfor- types of buildings; the inadequate consideration given to tunately preoccupation with other work has so far restricted such topics obscures historical connexions, to some ofwhich deductive use ofthat knowledge, and my account of Greek My I ascribe great importance. fortification represents only provisional \iews. travels I should, ideally, have preferred to devote less space to with this objective enabled me also to examine buildings of pre-classic building, but no other writer has collated the other types and to take many ofthe photographs reproduced whole body of information now available. If the degree of (the negatives ofwhich nowbelongto the Courtauld Institute relationship to Hellenic architecture is to be shown, the facts ofArt, London University). must be presented as a whole; selection would falsify the For help in the field and in the study, and in obtaining picture. Admittedly I could have compressed the material illustrations, I am indebted to many friends and chance further, and thereby have brought my Part One into closer associates, too many to thank individually by name, in conformity with Part Two, but at the cost ofleaving a gap in England, Cyprus, Greece, Egypt, Turkey, the United States, the literature still unfilled; the average reader would then and YAest Africa. To those among them who may read these have had no means of checking my conclusions by com- words I gratefully acknowledge their kindness. parison with the evidence. A.W.L.