s m i t h s o n i a n Smithsonian M APS GREAT TCITY From the ancient metropolis of Rome to the modern urban behemoth of New York City, A tehhaiissct ohbbr oiccaoiactkylk ceginixrt oypg ullpoonlrradeion ssus tst oha rceniea dcsr te moongfat reptahrspse. h oUmicf pa cd-picvemiltloiazasialke.t ei Ionirmsn-,d a ttehghpreeotsihur pgwaihcno karmk lyososu,ri esta tntshhdhea e tnhhd ie7sg h0clil giiggthieohts rtosg t neha oenthumdes slh yfeoa lisvtllsuecpssinot.ratastti neogdf For further information see: www.dkimages.com www.davidrumsey.com. Cover image:David Rumsey Map Collection CIT AGRE historical journey through maps, plans, and paintings Y M A P S Also from DK $30.00 USA SSmmiitthhssoonniiaann $37.00 Canada TThhee SSmmiitthhssoonniiaann is the Printed in China world’s largest museum and research complex dedicated to public education, service, and scholarship in the arts, sciences, and history. 288647_Great_CITY_Maps_US_PLC.indd All Pages 23/05/16 5:24 pm TCITYMAPS A E R G US_001_HALF_TITLE.indd 1 09/05/2016 17:20 US_002-003_GREAT_CITY_MAPS_TITLE.indd 2 09/05/2016 17:20 TCITYMAPS A E R G US_002-003_GREAT_CITY_MAPS_TITLE.indd 3 09/05/2016 17:20 Contents Senior Editor Sam Atkinson Editors Victoria Heyworth-Dunne, Ruth O'Rourke-Jones, Debra Wolter US Senior Editor Shannon Beatty US Editor Margaret Parrish Senior Art Editors Gillian Andrews, Gadi Farfour Designer Ray Bryant Senior Producer, Pre-Production Nikoleta Parasaki Senior Producer Mandy Inness Preface 6 Stockholm, 1805 66 Picture Research Sarah Smithies Jackets Design Development Manager Sophia MTT The Earliest City Plans 8 Carl Fredrik Akrell Jacket Editor Claire Gell Managing Editor Gareth Jones London, 1572 68 Senior Managing Art Editor Lee Griffiths Georg Braun and Publisher Liz Wheeler Rome, c.205 ce 14 Art Director Karen Self Unknown artist Franz Hogenberg Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf Rome, 1413–14 16 London, 1682 72 DK INDIA Taddeo di Bartolo William Morgan Senior Art Editor Chhaya Sajwan Assistant Art Editor Roshni Kapur Rome, 1493 18 London, 1827 76 DTP Designers Syed Mohammad Farhan Michael Wolgemut and Christopher and Jacket Designer Suhita Dharamjit Senior DTP Designer Harish Aggarwal Wilhelm Pleydenwurff John Greenwood Managing Jackets Editor Saloni Singh Managing Art Editor Arunesh Talapatra Production Manager Pankaj Sharma ANCIENT MEDIEVAL TRADING SMITHSONIAN ENTERPRISES CITIES CENTERS Product Development Manager Kealy Gordon Licensing Manager Ellen Nanney Vice President, Education and Consumer Brigid Ferraro Products Rome, 1748 22 London, 1914 80 Senior Vice President, Education and Carol LeBlanc Giambattista Nolli Leslie Macdonald Gill Consumer Products President Chris Liedel Jerusalem, c.560 ce 26 Dublin, 1756 82 Unknown artist John Rocque First American Edition, 2016 First published in the United States by Jerusalem, c.1190–1200 28 Amsterdam, 1544 86 DK Publishing, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Unknown artist Cornelis Anthonisz. Copyright © 2016 Dorling Kindersley Limited Jerusalem, 1584 30 Amsterdam, 1770 88 DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC Christian Krulk van Adrichem Jan Mol and Company 16 17 18 19 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001–288647–Sept/2016 Jerusalem, c.1716 34 Ghent, 1534 90 All rights reserved. Daniel Stoopendaal Unknown artist Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication Bianjing, 12th century 36 Marseille, 1754 94 may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), Zhang Zeduan Joseph Razaud without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Constantinople, 1422 40 Frankfurt, 1572 98 Published in Great Britain by Cristoforo Buondelmonti Georg Braun and Dorling Kindersley Limited. Franz Hogenberg Constantinople, 1521–26 42 A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Piri Reis Wrocław, 1588 100 Georg Braun and ISBN 978-1-4654-5358-7 Constantinople, 1851 46 Franz Hogenberg Konstantinos Kaldis DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Alexandria, 1575 48 Lisbon, c.1740 104 Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 or [email protected]. Matthäus Seutter Georg Braun and Printed and bound in China Franz Hogenberg Lisbon, 1844 106 For further information see: www.dkimages.com Unknown artist Tenochtitlan, 1524 52 A WORLD OF IDEAS: Unknown artist Barcelona, 1706 108 SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk.com Mexico City, 1737 56 Unknown artist Pedro de Arrieta Barcelona, 1910 110 F. Noriega Mexico City, 1932 58 Emily Edwards Venice, 1575 112 Established in 1846, the Smithsonian—the world’s largest museum and research complex— includes 19 museums and galleries and the National Zoological Park. The total number of Georg Braun and artifacts, works of art, and specimens in the Smithsonian’s collections is estimated at 138 Franz Hogenberg million, much of which is contained in the National Museum of Natural History, which holds more than 126 million specimens and objects. The Smithsonian is a renowned research center, Florence, 1490 116 dedicated to public education, national service, and scholarship in the arts, sciences, and history. Unknown artist US_004-005_GREAT_CITY_MAPS_CONTENTS.indd 4 23/05/2016 15:58 Vienna, 1529 124 Sydney, 1788 164 Washington, 1792 186 Niklas Meldemann Francis Fowkes Samuel Hill Rio de Janeiro, 1867 218 Vienna, 1769–73 128 Sydney, 1888 166 Washington, 1880 188 E. & H. Laemmert Joseph Daniel Huber M. S. Hill C. R. Parsons Rio de Janeiro, 1929 220 Beijing, c.1800 130 San Francisco, 1859 168 Cairo, 1521–26 192 Arthur Duarte Ribeiro Unknown artist Office of the Coast Survey Piri Reis Shanghai, 1935 222 Beijing, 1936 132 San Francisco, 1914 170 Paris, 1615 194 Carl Crow and V. V. Kovalsky Frank Dorn C. Merriman Peter Matthäus Merian New Amsterdam, 1660 224 Madrid, 1656 136 Batavia, 1669 174 Paris, 1739 198 John Wolcott Adams and Pedro Teixeira Albernaz Unknown artist Louis Bretez Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes MEDIEVAL TRADING IMPERIAL COLONIAL IDEAL MEGACITIES CENTERS CAPITALS CITIES CITIES Madrid, 1861 140 Quebec, 1744 176 Paris, 1878 202 New York, 1767 228 Francisco Pérez Baquero Jacques-Nicolas Bellin Edouard Dumas-Vorzet Bernard Ratzer Kyoto, c.900–1100 142 Santo Domingo, 1589 178 Edinburgh, 1804 206 New York, 1875 232 Unknown artist Giovanni Battista Boazio John Ainslie Parsons & Atwater Kyoto, 1863 144 Cape Town, 1884 180 St. Petersburg, c.1721 208 New York, 1963 236 Unknown artist T. W. Cairncross Johann Baptist Homann Hermann Bollmann Berlin, 1688 146 St. Petersburg, 1885 210 New York, 2013 240 Unknown artist A. Ilyin Cartographic Maxwell Roberts Company Seoul, undated 150 Tokyo, 2014 242 Unknown artist Baghdad, 1533 212 Sohei Nishino Matrakçi Nasuh Prague, 1820 152 Joseph Jüttner Moscow, 1617 156 Georg Braun and Franz Hogenberg INDEX 246 Moscow, 1739 158 Ivan Fyodorovich Michurin ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 256 Contributors Jeremy Black, General Consultant Andrew Heritage National Geographic, and Lonely Planet, and Professor of History at Exeter University As editorial director at Time Books, Andrew his journalism has appeared in the Financial in the UK, Jeremy Black graduated from Heritage oversaw the reinvention of The Times and The Sunday Times newspapers in Cambridge University with a Starred First, Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World and the UK. He has a passionate interest in maps. and did graduate work at Oxford University many authoritative historical and thematic before teaching at the University of Durham, atlases. At DK, he created the first entirely Thomas Cussans and from 1996 at Exeter. His two major fields digital world mapping system, and built a list A freelance historian and author based in of scholarship are military history and the of innovative contemporary and historical France, for many years Thomas Cussans history of cartography. Recent books include atlases. He has continued to be involved in a was a publisher responsible for a series War and Technology, Rethinking World War range of historical and cartographic projects. of best-selling history atlases, among them Two, and Metropolis. He has held visiting The Times Atlas of World History, The Times chairs at a number of American institutions, Andrew Humphreys Atlas of World Exploration, and The Times including West Point, and received the Samuel An award-winning travel writer, Andrew Atlas of the 20th Century. He has contributed Eliot Morison Prize from the Society for Humphreys is the author of two books on the to numerous DK titles, including History: The Military History in 2008. golden age of travel. He has written for DK, Definitive Visual Guide. US_004-005_GREAT_CITY_MAPS_CONTENTS.indd 5 23/05/2016 15:58 US_006-007_GREAT_CITY_MAPS_Preface.indd 6 09/05/2016 18:21 7 Preface Beautiful as well as useful, historic as well as contemporary, city maps record the molding of the environment as humans create the key places in which they interact and seek to determine their development. Often these urban plans define their environment in ways that the inhabitants and even the patrons or sponsors of the maps could not recognize. As this excellent collection makes clear, cities are centers of political, economic, religious, and cultural power. Maps of urban centers reflect the aspirations of humankind and yet also the realities of life—whether they portray slums or arrays of rich buildings fronting grand boulevards. Maps can show the reshaping of long-established cities such as Beijing, Baghdad, Constantinople, Paris, and London, all of which have been superbly depicted in this book, but they also record the rapid creation and shaping of new cities in alien lands: for instance, Rio de Janeiro, San Francisco, Sydney, and Washington, D.C. Different cartographic techniques and concerns can be seen in the very contrasting maps of post-Columbian Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), Madrid, Barcelona, Cairo, Kyoto, and Seoul. Indeed, the cultural significance, aspirations, and splendor of individual national traditions can be shown to great effect in a map. Maps can also focus on key events, such as the Turkish siege of Vienna or the American War of Independence from the perspective of New York. Cities can be shown changing with reference not only to political events but also to technological changes. Thus, these maps record developments such as the spread of the railroads and the introduction of the steamship and, eventually trans-global flight. The maps included in this book demonstrate how cities have continued to evolve, and have adapted to new and often threatening challenges. An abundance of human history is here. PROFESSOR JEREMY BLACK, GENERAL CONSULTANT US_006-007_GREAT_CITY_MAPS_Preface.indd 7 23/05/2016 15:58 8 INTRODUCTION The Earliest City Plans The first cities came into existence more than 7,000 have survived. One of the earliest plans discovered to years ago as the production of an agricultural surplus, the date is a wall painting found at Çatal Hüyük (c.7000 emergence of craft industries and trading, and the need for bce), now in modern Turkey, which predates the first administrative systems developed largely independently substantial metropolitan developments on the Nile and across Eurasia. Urban growth was focused on the major in Mesopotamia by several thousand years. It clearly river valley systems, such as the Nile in Egypt, the Tigris shows an urban entity comprised of linked multistoried and Euphrates in Mesopotamia (southwest Asia), the Indus buildings and courtyards, accessible by ladders mainly in South Asia, and the Yellow River in China, because early from the rooftops (see below). societies were reliant on fertile land for farming. Over time, these first cities became magnets for people Mesopotamian mapping from outlying agricultural areas. Higher levels of literacy, An important ceremonial and trading city (now in technological progress (notably in metals), and increasingly southeastern Iraq) dating back to the 3rd millennium bce, complex forms of social organization all distinguished Nippur grew, layer upon layer, in the lower Mesopotamian cities from smaller ancient settlements. As they grew, valley. Fragments of city plans that were incised on clay these citiescreated an enduring, and largely unchanged, tablets in about 1400 bce have been excavated from the template for the numerous vast metropolitan areas that site (see right). Although they are clearly part of a larger characterize much of our globe today. city map or plan, they prove to be remarkably accurate when compared with modern archeological surveys. Çatal Hüyük Annotated in cuneiform (the writing system used in Planning and accommodating an organically growing ancient West Asia) and drawn to scale, these fragments urban environment was a major problem, and mapping reveal a depth of urban planning that included the became, albeit gradually, a vitally important tool of urban delineation of temple complexes, the Tigris and Euphrates administrators. However, few maps of ancient city areas rivers, some housing plans, and the new city walls that 1 ÇATAL HÜYÜK This reconstruction of the wall painting of the settlement and 1 MOHENJO-DARO Still only partly excavated today, this large city extended trading center of Çatal Hüyük emphasizes the towering volcano of Hasan Dag over an area of around 60 hectares (150 acres). It was divided into a raised above the town, probably the source of the obsidian its citizens traded widely. governmental and ceremonial citadel area, and a lower residential precinct. 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