GRAY’S Anatomy Commissioning Editors: Jeremy Bowes and Madelene Hyde Development Editors: Humayra Rahman Khan and Poppy Garraway Content Development Manager: Louise Cook Project Managers: Julie Taylor and Joanna Souch Production Manager: Deena Burgess Illustrators (41st edition): Antbits (Paul Richardson, Richard Tibbitts), Robert Britton, Joe Chovan, Peter Cox, Ethan Danielson, Brian Evans, Sandie Hill, Bruce Hogarth, Gillian Lee, Debbie Maizels, Annabel Milne, Amanda Williams, Philip Wilson, Martin Woodward Page and Cover Design: Christian Bilbow Copyeditor: Wendy Lee Proofreaders: Susan Stuart and Glenys Norquay Indexer: Jan Ross, Merrall-Ross International Ltd Marketing Manager: Melissa Darling Multimedia Producer: Megan Graieg Inkling Development Specialist: Kim Benson Anatomy S FORTY-FIRST EDITION ’ Y The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice A EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Susan Standring MBE, PhD, DSc, FKC, Hon FAS, Hon FRCS Emeritus Professor of Anatomy King’s College London RLondon, UK SECTION EDITORS GNeel Anand MD Girish Jawaheer MD, FRCS(Eng), R Shane Tubbs MS, PA-C, PhD Clinical Professor of Surgery FRCS(Paed) Chief Scientific Officer Director, Spine Trauma, Minimally Consultant Paediatric Surgeon Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, WA, Invasive Spine Surgery Great North Children’s Hospital, Royal USA; Spine Center Victoria Infirmary Professor of Human Gross and Cedars Sinai Medical Center Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Developmental Anatomy Los Angeles, CA, USA Trust Department of Anatomical Sciences Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; St. George’s University, Grenada, West Rolfe Birch MChir, FRCPS(Glasg), Formerly Specialty Tutor for Paediatric Indies; FRCS(Ed), FRCS(Eng) Surgery Professor Retired Consultant in Charge Royal College of Surgeons of England Centre of Anatomy and Human War Nerve Injury Clinic, Defence Medical London, UK Identification Rehabilitation Centre, Surrey; Editor for Paediatric Anatomy University of Dundee, Dundee, UK Retired Head, Peripheral Nerve Injury Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Ariana L Smith MD Richard Tunstall BMedSci, PhD, Hospital; Associate Professor of Urology PGCLTHE FHEA Professor in Neurological Orthopaedic Director of Pelvic Medicine and Head of Clinical Anatomy and Imaging Surgery, University College of London Reconstructive Surgery Warwick Medical School London, UK Penn Medicine, Perelman School of University of Warwick, UK; Medicine University Hospitals Coventry and Patricia Collins BSc, PhD, FHEA University of Pennsylvania Health System Warwickshire NHS Trust Professor of Anatomy Philadelphia, PA, USA Coventry, UK; Anglo-European College of Chiropractic Visiting Professor of Anatomy Bournemouth, UK Jonathan D Spratt St George’s University, Grenada, West Editor for Embryology and Development MA(Cantab), FRCS(Eng), FRCR Indies; Editor for Surface Anatomy Clinical Director of Diagnostic Radiology Alan R Crossman BSc, PhD, DSc City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Professor Emeritus Foundation Trust Alan J Wein MD, PhD(Hon), FACS University of Manchester Sunderland, UK; Founders Professor and Chief of Manchester, UK Former Anatomy Examiner for the Royal Urology College of Surgeons of England and Director, Urology Residency Program Michael Gleeson MD, FRCS, Royal College of Radiologists Penn Medicine, Perelman School of Editor for Imaging Anatomy Medicine FRACS, FDS University of Pennsylvania Health Professor of Skull Base Surgery University College London Mark D Stringer BSc, MS, FRCP, System Philadelphia, PA, USA The National Hospital for Neurology and FRCS, FRCS(Ed), FRACS Neurosurgery Professor of Paediatric Surgery London, UK Christchurch Hospital; Caroline B Wigley BSc, PhD Honorary Professor of Anatomy University of Exeter Medical School University of Otago Exeter, UK Dunedin, New Zealand Editor for Cell and Tissue Microstructure Gray’s Anatomy © 2016, Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved. Get the most out of your Forty-First Edition Forty-first edition published 2016 Fortieth edition published 2008 Included in your purchase is a rich variety of BONUS electronic content, to supplement and enhance the printed book. First edition JW Parker & Son 1858 Look out for this icon , indicating where there is related further The right of Susan Standring, Neel Anand, Rolfe Birch, Patricia Collins, electronic text, images, tables, labelled imaging or video material. Alan R Crossman, Michael Gleeson, Girish Jawaheer, Ariana Smith, In addition, you can access 24 ‘Gray’s Commentaries’, especially Jonathan D Spratt, Mark D Stringer, R Shane Tubbs, Richard Tunstall, written (electronic only) articles on new and emerging topics related to Alan J Wein and Caroline B Wigley to be identified as authors of this anatomy. 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ISBN: 978-0-7020-5230-9 978-0-7020-6306-0 978-0-7020-6851-5 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publishers, Editors or Contributors for any loss or injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book. It is the COVER IMAGE responsibility of the treating practitioner, relying upon independent expertise and knowledge of the patient, to determine the best treatment Reconstruction of the short and long connections of the hand region in and method of application for the patient. Every effort has been made the living human brain using advanced diffusion tractography developed to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to reproduce copy- by the NatBrainLab (www.natbrainlab.com). The connections of the hand right material. However, if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the region resemble a ‘poppy flower’ with a green stem representing the long Publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the projection fibres and four red ‘petals’ connecting the precentral cortex to first opportunity. postcentral and premotor cortices. This network is important for motor The Publisher learning and execution of reaching and grasping hand movements (see chapter 25). (Image courtesy of Dr Marco Catani, originally published in Catani M, Dell’Acqua F, Vergani F, et al; Short frontal lobe connections of the human brain. 2012 Cortex 48:273–91.) The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests CONTENTS Preface ix Video 1.5.1 – Diagnostic histopathology by electron microscopy Video 1.5.2 – Serial block face scanning electron microscopy Preface Commentary (SBFSEM) Roland A Fleck The continuing relevance of anatomy in current surgical practice and research R Shane Tubbs SECTION 2: EMBRYOGENESIS Acknowledgements x Contributors xi Section Editor: Patricia Collins Historical introduction 8 Preimplantation development 163 A brief history of Gray’s Anatomy Alison Campbell, Patricia Collins Ruth Richardson 9 Implantation and placentation 171 Anatomical nomenclature xvi Eric Jauniaux, Graham J Burton Bibliography of selected titles xviii 10 Cell populations at gastrulation 181 Patricia Collins SECTION 1: CELLS, TISSUES AND SYSTEMS 11 Embryonic induction and cell division 189 Patricia Collins Section Editor: Caroline B Wigley 12 Cell populations at the start of organogenesis 193 Patricia Collins 1 Basic structure and function of cells 4 13 Early embryonic circulation 200 Abraham L Kierszenbaum Patricia Collins 2 Integrating cells into tissues 28 14 Pre- and postnatal development 205 Caroline B Wigley Patricia Collins, Girish Jawaheer 3 Nervous system 42 15 Development of the limbs 218 Helmut Kettenmann Cheryll Tickle 4 Blood, lymphoid tissues and haemopoiesis 68 Andrew JT George Commentaries 5 Functional anatomy of the musculoskeletal 2.1 Human anatomy informatics system 81 Jonathan BL Bard, Paul N Schofield Michael A Adams 2.2 An evolutionary consideration of pharyngeal development 6 Smooth muscle and the cardiovascular and Anthony Graham, Victoria L Shone lymphatic systems 123 Videos Jeremy PT Ward 7 Skin and its appendages 141 Video 8.1 – Human in vitro fertilization and early development Alison Campbell John A McGrath, Joey E Lai-Cheong Video 9.1 – Ultrasound features of the maternal placental blood Commentaries flow Eric Jauniaux 1.1 Fluorescence microscopy in cell biology today Video 14.1 – Ultrasound features of the fetus at 26 weeks Dylan M Owen Jonathan D Spratt, Patricia Collins 1.2 Stem cells in regenerative medicine Jonathan M Fishman, Paolo De Coppi, Martin A Birchall 1.3 Merkel cells SECTION 3: NEUROANATOMY Ellen A Lumpkin 1.4 Metaplasia Section Editor: Alan R Crossman Jonathan MW Slack, Leonard P Griffiths, David Tosh 1.5 Electron microscopy in the twenty-first century 16 Overview of the nervous system 227 Roland A Fleck 1.6 The reaction of peripheral nerves to injury Alan R Crossman, Richard Tunstall Rolfe Birch 17 Development of the nervous system 238 Videos Zoltán Molnár 18 Ventricular system and subarachnoid space 271 Video 1.1 – Mitosis in a cell with fluorescently-labelled chromosomes and microtubules Jacob Bertram Springborg, Marianne Juhler Jonathon Pines, Daisuke Izawa v CONTENTS 19 Vascular supply and drainage of the brain 280 Special Senses Paul D Griffiths 37 External and middle ear 624 20 Spinal cord: internal organization 291 Michael Gleeson Monty Silverdale 38 Inner ear 641 21 Brainstem 309 David N Furness Duane E Haines 39 Development of the ear 658 22 Cerebellum 331 Susan Standring Jan Voogd 40 Development of the eye 661 23 Diencephalon 350 Jane C Sowden Ido Strauss, Nir Lipsman, Andres M Lozano 41 Orbit and accessory visual apparatus 666 24 Basal ganglia 364 John G Lawrenson, Ronald H Douglas Tipu Aziz, Erlick AC Pereira 42 Eye 686 25 Cerebral hemispheres 373 Ronald H Douglas, John G Lawrenson Guilherme C Ribas Commentaries Commentary 4.1 Surgery of the skull base 3.1 The resting human brain and the predictive potential Juan C Fernandez-Miranda of the default mode network 4.2 The role of three-dimensional imaging in facial Stefano Sandrone anatomical assessment Vikram Sharma, Bruce Richard Videos 4.3 Anatomy of facial ageing Bryan C Mendelson, Chin-Ho Wong Video 18.1 – Interactive 3D rotation of the subarachnoid space Video 18.2 – Interactive 3D rotation of the ventricles and Videos cisterns Jose C Rios Video 28.1 – 3D surface rotation of the sella turcica in the Video 19.1 – Rotational angiography of an intracranial aneurysm horizontal plane Paul D Griffiths Video 28.2 – 3D surface rotation of the sella turcica in the multiaxial plane Video 28.3 – 3D surface rotation of the sella turcica in the SECTION 4: HEAD AND NECK vertical plane Michael D Luttrell Video 30.1 – Pan-facial fractures Section Editor: Michael Gleeson Video 30.2 – Postoperative cranio-orbital imaging Video 30.3 – A comminuted zygomatic fracture (plus Le Fort I) 26 Head and neck: overview and surface pattern anatomy 404 Video 30.4 – A comminuted zygomatic fracture pattern – post Michael Gleeson, Richard Tunstall reduction Simon Holmes Head and Neck Video 32.1 – Temporomandibular joint arthroscopy 27 External skull 416 demonstrating intracapsular anatomy of the joint Gary Warburton Sue Black Video 32.2 – Endoscopic anatomy of the infratemporal and 28 Intracranial region 429 pterygopalatine fossae Juan C Fernandez-Miranda Carl H Snyderman, Juan C Fernandez-Miranda Video 4.2.1 – 3D anatomical imaging of the face 29 Neck 442 Vikram Sharma John C Watkinson, Michael Gleeson 30 Face and scalp 475 SECTION 5: BACK Simon Holmes Upper Aerodigestive Tract Section Editor: Neel Anand 31 Oral cavity 507 43 Back 710 Barry KB Berkovitz Eli M Baron, Richard Tunstall 32 Infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae 44 Development of the back 751 and temporomandibular joint 534 Bodo EA Christ, Martin Scaal Barrie T Evans 45 Spinal cord and spinal nerves: gross 33 Nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses 556 anatomy 762 Claire Hopkins Eli M Baron 34 Pharynx 571 Stephen McHanwell Commentary 35 Larynx 586 5.1 Minimally invasive surgical corridors to the lumbar Stephen McHanwell spine Y Raja Rampersaud 36 Development of the head and neck 605 Gillian M Morriss-Kay vi CONTENTS SECTION 6: PECTORAL GIRDLE AND Commentaries UPPER LIMB 7.1 Technical aspects and applications of diagnostic radiology Section Editor: Rolfe Birch Jonathan D Spratt 7.2 Endobronchial ultrasound 46 Pectoral girdle and upper limb: overview and Natalie M Cummings surface anatomy 776 Videos Rolfe Birch, Richard Tunstall Video 52.1 – Animation of the pattern of contraction of the early 47 Development of the pectoral girdle and heart tube upper limb 794 Antoon FM Moorman Cheryll Tickle 48 Shoulder girdle and arm 797 SECTION 8: ABDOMEN AND PELVIS Simon M Lambert 49 Elbow and forearm 837 Section Editor (Abdomen): Mark D Stringer Leela C Biant Section Editors (Pelvis): Ariana L Smith and Alan J Wein 50 Wrist and hand 862 59 Abdomen and pelvis: overview and surface Alistair C Ross anatomy 1033 Commentaries Mark D Stringer, Ariana L Smith, Alan J Wein, 6.1 Injuries of the supraclavicular brachial plexus Richard Tunstall Rolfe Birch 60 Development of the peritoneal cavity, 6.2 Nerves at risk from musculoskeletal injury gastrointestinal tract and its adnexae 1048 Rolfe Birch Patricia Collins 6.3 Thoracic outlet syndromes Rolfe Birch 61 Anterior abdominal wall 1069 Michael J Rosen, Clayton C Petro, Mark D Stringer Videos 62 Posterior abdominal wall and retroperitoneum 1083 Video 46.1 – Upper limb surface anatomy Alexander G Pitman, Donald Moss, Mark D Stringer Rolfe Birch Video 50.1 – Movements of the hand 63 Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity 1098 Rolfe Birch Paul H Sugarbaker Video 50.2 – Wrist block: surface anatomy Dominic Harmon Gastrointestinal Tract 64 Abdominal oesophagus and stomach 1111 Hugh Barr, L Max Almond SECTION 7: THORAX 65 Small intestine 1124 Simon M Gabe Section Editor: Jonathan D Spratt 66 Large intestine 1136 51 Thorax: overview and surface anatomy 898 Peter J Lunniss Jonathan D Spratt, Richard Tunstall Abdominal Viscera 52 Development of the thorax 905 67 Liver 1160 Andrew Bush (lungs), Patricia Collins (thoracic walls), J Peter A Lodge Antoon FM Moorman (heart) 68 Gallbladder and biliary tree 1173 53 Chest wall and breast 931 Mark D Stringer Thomas Collin, Julie Cox 69 Pancreas 1179 Lungs and Diaphragm Mohamed Rela, Mettu Srinivas Reddy 54 Pleura, lungs, trachea and bronchi 953 70 Spleen 1188 Horia Muresian Andy Petroianu 55 Diaphragm and phrenic nerves 970 71 Suprarenal (adrenal) gland 1194 Marios Loukas Nancy Dugal Perrier Heart and Mediastinum Urogenital System 56 Mediastinum 976 72 Development of the urogenital system 1199 Horia Muresian Patricia Collins, Girish Jawaheer, Richard M Sharpe 57 Heart 994 73 True pelvis, pelvic floor and perineum 1221 Marios Loukas John OL Delancey 58 Great vessels 1024 74 Kidney and ureter 1237 Marios Loukas Thomas J Guzzo, Drew A Torigian vii CONTENTS 75 Bladder, prostate and urethra 1255 Commentaries Serge Ginzburg, Anthony T Corcoran, Alexander Kutikov 9.1 Nerve biomechanics 76 Male reproductive system 1272 Kimberly S Topp 9.2 Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the pelvis Marc Goldstein, Akanksha Mehta Andry Vleeming, Frank H Willard 77 Female reproductive system 1288 9.3 Articularis genus Lily A Arya, Nadav Schwartz Stephanie J Woodley Commentaries Videos 8.1 The neurovascular bundles of the prostate Video 78.1 – Lower limb surface anatomy Robert P Myers Rolfe Birch 8.2 Real-time microscopy of the upper and lower Video 84.1 – Ankle block: surface anatomy gastrointestinal tract and the hepatobiliary–pancreatic Dominic Harmon system during endoscopy Martin Götz Index 1453 Videos Bonus imaging collection Video 63.1 – Surgical exploration of the peritoneal cavity Paul H Sugarbaker Section 2 Video 75.1 – Laparoscopic view of bladder filling and emptying 2.1 Human oocyte undergoing fertilization, cell division, in relation to the rectovesical pouch blastocyst development and hatching in vitro Video 75.2 – Laparoscopic view of anterior abdominal wall and ligaments Section 3 Serge Ginzberg, Anthony T Corcoran, Alexander Kutikov 3.1 MRI head: axial T2-weighted 3.2 MRI head: coronal T2-weighted SECTION 9: PELVIC GIRDLE AND 3.3 MRI head: sagittal T2-weighted LOWER LIMB Section 4 4.1 CT neck: axial post-IV contrast Section Editor: R Shane Tubbs 4.2 CT neck: coronal post-IV contrast 78 Pelvic girdle and lower limb: overview and Section 7 surface anatomy 1316 7.1 CT chest, abdomen and pelvis: axial post-IV contrast Nihal Apaydin, Richard Tunstall 7.2 CT chest, abdomen and pelvis: coronal post-IV contrast 79 Development of the pelvic girdle and 7.3 CT chest, abdomen and pelvis: sagittal post-IV contrast lower limb 1334 Section 8 Cheryll Tickle 80 Pelvic girdle, gluteal region and thigh 1337 8.1 MRI male pelvis: axial T1-weighted Mohammadali M Shoja Section 9 81 Hip 1376 9.1 MRI male pelvis: coronal T1-weighted Donald A Neumann Eponyms 82 Knee 1383 Brion Benninger Historical bibliography 83 Leg 1400 Robert J Spinner, Benjamin M Howe References cited in earlier editions, up to and including the thirty-eighth edition 84 Ankle and foot 1418 Anthony V D’Antoni viii PREFACE ‘Anatomy is the basis of medical discourse.’ As a general rule, the orientation of diagrams and photographs (Hippocrates, De locis in homine 2) throughout the book has been standardized to show the left side of the body, irrespective of whether a lateral or medial view is presented, and Looking through an almost complete set of the previous editions of transverse sections are viewed from below to facilitate comparison with Gray’s Anatomy, I am struck by the marked difference in size between clinical images. Clinicopathological examples have been selected where the first and fortieth editions. That progressive increase in girth has the pathology is either a direct result, or a consequence, of the anatomy, occurred pari passu with ground­breaking advances in basic science and or where the anatomical features are instrumental in the diagnosis/ clinical medicine over the past 155 years. Anatomy has become a far treatment/management of the condition. Wherever possible, the photo­ wider discipline than Henry Gray, Henry van Dyke Carter or any of their micrographs illustrate human histology and embryology; non­human students could have envisaged. Fields such as cell biology, molecular sources are acknowledged in the captions. genetics, neuroanatomy, embryology and bioinformatics either had not In an ideal world, anatomical terminology would satisfy both anat­ emerged or were in their infancy in 1858. Techniques that today inform omists and clinicians. For the avoidance of doubt, the same word our view of the internal landscape of the body – such as specialized should be agreed and used for each structure that is described, whether types of light and electron microscopy; imaging modalities, including in the anatomy laboratory or the clinic. In the real world, this goal is X­rays, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and ultra­ achieved with varying degrees of success; alternative terms (co)exist and sonography; the use of ‘soft’ perfusion techniques and frozen­thawed, may (and frequently do) confuse or frustrate. Currently, Terminologia unembalmed cadavers for dissection­based studies; and the advances Anatomica (TA)1 is the reference source for the terminology for macro­ in information technology that enable endoscopic and robotic surgery scopic anatomy; the text of the forty­first edition of Gray’s Anatomy is and facilitate minimally invasive access to structures previously consid­ almost entirely TA­compliant. However, where terminology is at vari­ ered inaccessible – were all unknown. As each development entered ance with, or, more likely, is not included in, the TA, the alternative mainstream scientific or clinical use, the new perspectives on the body term that is chosen either is cited in the relevant consensus document it afforded, whether at submicroscopic or macroscopic level, filtered or position paper – e.g. ‘European Position Paper on the Anatomical into the pages of Gray’s Anatomy: for example, the introduction of X­ray Terminology of the Internal Nose and Paranasal Sinuses’2 and the Inter­ plates (twenty­seventh edition, 1938) and electron micrographs (thirty­ national Interdisciplinary Consensus Statement on the ‘Nomenclature second edition, 1958). of the Veins of the Lower Limbs’3 – or enjoys widespread clinical usage: In the Preface to the first edition, Henry Gray wrote that ‘This Work for example, the use of attitudinally appropriate terms in cardiology is intended to furnish the Student and Practitioner with an accurate view of (see Chapter 57). The continued use of eponyms is contentious.4 Pro­ the Anatomy of the Human Body, and more especially the application of this ponents of their retention argue that some eponyms are entrenched in science to Practical Surgery.’ We remain true to his intention. An appropri­ medical language and are (therefore) indispensable, that they facilitate ate knowledge of clinically relevant, evidence­based anatomy is an communication because their use is so pervasive and that they serve to essential element in the armamentarium of a practising clinician; remind us of the humanism of medicine. Detractors argue that eponyms indeed, ‘If anything, the relevance of anatomy in surgery is more impor­ are inherently inaccurate, non­scientific and often undeserved. In this tant now than at any other time in the past’ (Tubbs, in Preface Com­ edition of Gray’s Anatomy, synonyms and eponyms are given in paren­ mentary, which accompanies this volume). theses on first usage of a preferred term and not shown thereafter in the In my Preface to the fortieth edition, I intimated that the book was text; an updated list of eponyms remains available in the e­book for quite literally in danger of breaking its binding if any more pages were reference purposes. added. In order to avoid this unfortunate occurrence, the forty­first I offer my sincere thanks to the editorial team at Elsevier, initially edition contains a significant amount of material that is exclusively under the leadership of Madelene Hyde and latterly of Jeremy Bowes, electronic, in the form of 77,000 words of additional text, 300 artworks for their guidance, professionalism, good humour and unfailing and tables, 28 videos and 24 specially invited commentaries on topics support. In particular, I thank Poppy Garraway, Humayra Rahman as diverse as electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy; the Khan, Wendy Lee, Joanna Souch, Julie Taylor, Jan Ross and Louise Cook, neurovascular bundles of the prostate; stem cells in regenerative medi­ for being at the end of a phone or available by e­mail whenever I needed cine; the anatomy of facial ageing; and technical aspects and applica­ advice or support. tions of diagnostic radiology. In keeping with the expectation that I dedicate my work on the forty­first edition of Gray’s Anatomy to the anatomy should be evidence­based, the forty­first edition contains memory of my late husband, Guy Standring. many more references in the e­book than could be included in the thirty­ninth and fortieth printed editions. Susan Standring Neel Anand, Rolfe Birch, Pat Collins, Alan Crossman, Michael January 2015 Gleeson, Ariana Smith, Jonathan Spratt, Mark Stringer, Shane Tubbs, Alan Wein and Caroline Wigley brought a wealth of scholarship and experience as anatomists, cell biologists and clinicians to their roles as Section Editors. I thank them for their dedication and enthusiastic support, in selecting and interacting with the authors in their Sections and for meeting deadlines, despite the ever­increasing demands on 1Terminologia Anatomica (1998) is the joint creation of the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) and the Member Associations of the Interna­ their time from university and/or hospital managers. Pat Collins, tional Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA). Girish Jawaheer, Richard Tunstall and Caroline Wigley worked closely 2Lund VJ, Stammberger H, Fokkens WJ et al 2014 European position paper on the with many authors to update the text and artworks for organogenesis, anatomical terminology of the internal nose and paranasal sinuses. Rhinol Suppl paediatric anatomy, evidence­based surface anatomy and microstruc­ 24:1–34. ture, respectively, across Sections 3 to 9. Jonathan Spratt acted as both 3Caggiati A, Bergan JJ, Gloviczki P et al; International Interdisciplinary Consensus a Section Editor (thorax) and an indefatigable ‘go to’ for sourcing Committee on Venous Anatomical Terminology 2005 Nomenclature of the veins images throughout the book; in the latter capacity, he has produced of the lower limb: extensions, refinements, and clinical application. J Vasc Surg a superb collection of additional labelled images, available in the 41:719–24. e­book (see Bonus imaging collection). Over a hundred highly experi­ 4Amarnani A, Brodell RT, Mostow EN 2013 Finding the evidence with eponyms. JAMA Dermatol 149:664–5; Fargen KM, Hoh BL 2014 The debate over eponyms. Clin enced anatomists and clinicians contributed text, often extensively Anat 27:1137–40; Lo WB, Ellis H 2010 The circle before Willis: a historical account revised from the previous edition, and/or artworks, original micro­ of the intracranial anastomosis. Neurosurgery 66:7–18; Ma L, Chung KC 2012 In graphs or other images to individual chapters. defense of eponyms. Plast Reconstr Surg 129:896e–8e. ix