Praise for Gray Hat Hacking: The Ethical Hacker’s Handbook, Fourth Edition “In the ever-changing world of information security, the Gray Hat Hacking books have proven a reliable resource for timely and relevant information. A definite recommendation for anyone looking for a crash course in the field.” —Pedram Amini Founder, OpenRCE and the Zero Day Initiative “The fourth edition of Gray Hat Hacking brings even more invaluable knowledge to print. This book is a must read for anyone who wants to keep up with the high-paced world of information security.” —David D. Rude II Lead Security Researcher and Senior Security Analyst, FusionX LLC. “This book provides deep insights from true wizards in the field of ethical hacking and penetration testing. The lavish illustrations, clear descriptions, and step-by-step descriptions are invaluable in building an understanding of some seriously powerful hacking techniques.” —Ed Skoudis SANS Institute Fellow Copyright © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. 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THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill Education has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. Dedicated to Shon Harris I first met Shon in 2001 at a CISSP bootcamp. Honestly, I had just heard of CISSP a couple of months prior and signed up for a bootcamp in San Mateo, California. I was studying at the Naval Postgraduate School and the course was close, so off I went with no clue what I was in for. The CISSP certification is not an easy certification to obtain, to say the least. There is a mountain of information to absorb and recite in a six-hour exam! Lucky for me, Shon was my instructor at the CISSP bootcamp. Very quickly I came to respect Shon for her broad level of knowledge and skill in teaching what could easily be a mundane subject. The week was fun, and she kept it moving with insightful stories and examples. During the lunch sessions, I started to pick her brain about writing a book. I was impressed with the CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide and simply wanted to know about the process of writing a book. I must have made some sort of impression on her with my questions because within a few months she sent me an e-mail saying, “Hey, I remember you expressed interest in writing and I was wondering if you would like to help me on a new book project I have….” I was floored. After all, I had no experience in writing at that level before, and it was truly an honor to be asked by Shon to help. By this time, Shon had published several books already and had established quite a reputation in the field. The project we began that day eventually became the first edition of Gray Hat Hacking: The Ethical Hacker’s Handbook. The rest, as they say, is history. From that book, there have been several other projects, including subsequent editions and a separate book called Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) Implementation. Each time I worked with Shon, I was amazed at her wide range of knowledge and the ease with which she explained complex topics. She was truly gifted in that area, and we are all the beneficiary of that gift which she so gladly shared. Our field has become very complex and difficult to start as a career. During my career, many people have asked how I got started and how they should get started. I always direct them to Shon’s books as a starting point. The CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide alone has served myself and countless others as an endless resource, full of timeless truths. It has been assuring to have a copy on my shelf and now on my Kindle. I have referred back to it many times, and I am sure I will continue to do so. In late 2007, I had just retired from the Marine Corps and was looking for what I wanted to do with the rest of my life. Right on cue, Shon contacted me and asked if I wanted to help her with a job she was working on with a large retailer in the Chicago area. I flew out to her hometown in San Antonio, Texas, and we put together a plan, which eventually grew to include five personnel and lasted some six years. At that client, we met many good friends, including Jeff Comstock and Casey Knodel, both of whom I am sure echo my sentiments that it was good working with Shon. This one client helped me establish my business, which eventually grew in size and was sold last year. Therefore, I owe a great deal to Shon, both personally and professionally. Quite simply, I don’t think I would be where I am in this field without Shon having been there and helping along the way. Recently, I was able to share that with Shon, and I am grateful that I had the opportunity before she passed. I consider it a blessing to have crossed paths with Shon and to have worked with her on several projects. I remain proud to have called her my friend. I will miss her dearly, and I am sure I speak for the other authors and many others who would say: thanks, we love you and will not forget the kindness and generosity you showed us. Allen Harper Ethical hacker and friend of Shon Harris EVP of Tangible Security, Inc. En memoria a Fernando Regalado Juarez, mi guía, el que gracias a su visión y doble jornada de trabajo me dio una carrera profesional y este libro es el resultado de su esfuerzo. No pude darte este libro en persona, pero sé que te alegraras en el cielo papito. — Daniel Regalado To my best friend Mike Lester who is insightful, kind, fun-loving, and fiercely loyal. Thanks for helping me through tough times, Mike! — Shon Harris To my brothers and sisters in Christ, keep running the race. Let your light shine for Him, that others may be drawn to Him through you. — Allen Harper To all those who have served in and sacrificed for the U.S Armed Forces. — Chris Eagle To Jessica, the most amazing and beautiful person I know. — Jonathan Ness To my family and friends for their unconditional support and making this life funny and interesting. — Branko Spasojevic To my dad, whose guidance, support, and encouragement have always been a push in the right direction. — Ryan Linn To my lovely wife, LeAnne, and daughter, Audrey, thank you for your ongoing support! — Stephen Sims ABOUT THE AUTHORS Daniel Regalado, aka Danux, is a Mexican senior malware and vulnerability researcher at FireEye and a former reverse engineer for Symantec. With more than 12 years in the security field, he has received several certifications such as CISSP, ISO 27001 Lead Author, OSCP, OSCE, and CREA, giving him the penetration testing and reverse engineering skills needed when dissecting Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs). He likes to give talks about his research; his most recent talk was presented at BsidesLV 2014. He also enjoys documenting interesting findings on his personal blog at danuxx.blogspot.com. Shon Harris was the CEO and founder of Logical Security, as well as an author, educator, and security consultant. She was a former engineer with the U.S. Air Force Information Warfare unit and published several books on different disciplines within information security. Shon was also recognized as one of the top 25 women in information security by Information Security Magazine. Allen Harper, CISSP, PCI QSA, is the executive vice president of Tangible Security, Inc. and lives in North Carolina. He retired from the Marine Corps after 20 years and a tour in Iraq. Prior to Tangible, he owned and operated a company, N2 Net Security, Inc. Additionally, he has served as a security analyst for the U.S. Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, and Computer Security Incident Response Center (CSIRC). He regularly speaks and teaches at events such as InfraGard, ISSA, Black Hat, and Techno. Chris Eagle is a senior lecturer in the Computer Science Department at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in Monterey, California. A computer engineer/scientist for 29 years, his research interests include computer network attack and defense, computer forensics, and reverse/anti-reverse engineering. He can often be found teaching at Black Hat or spending late nights working on capture the flag at Defcon. Jonathan Ness, CHFI, is a lead software security engineer in Microsoft’s Security Response Center (MSRC). He and his coworkers ensure that Microsoft’s security updates comprehensively address reported vulnerabilities. He also leads the technical response of Microsoft’s incident response process that is engaged to address publicly disclosed vulnerabilities and exploits targeting Microsoft software. He serves one weekend each month as a security engineer in a reserve military unit. Branko Spasojevic is a security engineer at Google. Before that he worked as a reverse engineer for Symantec where he analyzed various threats and APT groups. Ryan Linn, CISSP, CSSLP, MCSE, CCNP-Security, OSCE, has more than 15 years of experience in information security. He has worked as a technical team leader, database administrator, Windows and UNIX systems administrator, network engineer, web application developer, systems programmer, information security engineer, and is currently a managing consultant doing network penetration testing. Ryan has delivered his research about ATM security, network protocol attacks, and penetration testing tactics at numerous conferences, including Black Hat, Defcon, DerbyCon, Shmoocon, and SecTor to name a few. He is also an open source project contributor for projects such as Metasploit, Ettercap, and the Browser Exploitation Framework. Stephen Sims is a senior instructor and course author with the SANS Institute. He has written multiple courses on penetration testing, exploit development, and reverse engineering, and currently lives in the San Francisco Bay Area working as a consultant. He regularly speaks internationally at conferences and organizations ranging from RSA and OWASP AppSec to the ThaiCERT and Australian Information Security Association (AISA). Previously, Stephen spent many years working as a security architect and engineer at various Fortune 500 companies. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and not of the U.S. government, the Microsoft Corporation, or any other Company mentioned herein. About the Technical Editors Rudolph Araujo is a director of product marketing at FireEye, where he focuses on defining the messaging and go-to-market strategies for the various FireEye security products and services. Rudolph has many years of software development experience on UNIX and Windows. Prior to joining FireEye, he was a director of professional services at McAfee. As part of that role, he led McAfee and Foundstone Professional Services in a number of regions, including, most recently, the Western United States. He was also responsible for leading the software and application security service lines and led some of the