GRAMMATICAL COHESION IN THE ENGLISH TO ARABIC TRANSLATION OF POLITICAL TEXTS REEM A. M. LULU FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2013 GRAMMATICAL COHESION IN THE ENGLISH TO ARABIC TRANSLATION OF POLITICAL TEXTS RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF: MASTER OF LINGUISTICS REEM ADIB MOHAMMED LULU 2013 UNIVERSITI MALAYA ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION Name of Candidate: REEM ADIB MOHAMMED LULU (I.C/Passport No: 2493068) Registration/Matric No: TGC100027 Name of Degree: MASTER OF LINGUISTICS Title of Project Paper/Research Report/Dissertation/Thesis (“this Work”): GRAMMATICAL COHESION IN THE ENGLISH TO ARABIC TRANSLATION OF POLITICAL TEXTS Field of Study: TRANSLATION I do solemnly and sincerely declare that: (1) I am the sole author/writer of this Work; (2) This Work is original; (3) Any use of any work in which copyright exists was done by way of fair dealing and for permitted purposes and any excerpt or extract from, or reference to or reproduction of any copyright work has been disclosed expressly and sufficiently and the title of the Work and its authorship have been acknowledged in this Work; (4) I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the making of this work constitutes an infringement of any copyright work; (5) I hereby assign all and every rights in the copyright to this Work to the University of Malaya (“UM”), who henceforth shall be owner of the copyright in this Work and that any reproduction or use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of UM having been first had and obtained; (6) I am fully aware that if in the course of making this Work I have infringed any copyright whether intentionally or otherwise, I may be subject to legal action or any other action as may be determined by UM. Candidate‟s Signature Date Subscribed and solemnly declared before, Witness‟s Signature: Date Name: DR.KAIS A. KADHIM Designation: SUPERVISOR ii ABSTRACT Cohesive markers help to relate words and sentences together in the text. Also, it makes the whole text united and meaningful resulting from their functions in linking the sentences. While translating from the SL to the TL, the translator may not translate the whole cohesive markers or translate them incorrectly which affect the communicative meaning of the SL. Thus, many studies have analyzed different texts at different languages by using one of the translation theories to find the better strategy of translating such cohesive markers. In this study, the researcher will make use of Halliday and Hasan (1976) model of cohesion to find the frequency of cohesive markers used in both texts, Arabic and English texts, the source texts are taken from The New York Times and The Washington Post online articles, their translated Arabic versions are taken from the online Arabic newspaper, namely, Asharq Al-Awsat. Also, the study will adopt Nida‟s translation techniques (1964) to identify the translation techniques used to translate English grammatical cohesive markers into Arabic text. The results showed that, Arabic texts used more grammatical cohesive devices than English text. The incidences of references and conjunctions are greater in Arabic text than in English text. However, the incidences of ellipsis and substitution are more in English text than in Arabic. Moreover, the three techniques of Nida are appeared in analysis, besides, two new techniques are appeared in this study. By identifying the translation techniques used in translating the cohesive markers, the translators or the linguists will be aware of these techniques. Keywords: Translation, Cohesion, texture, technique, References, Substitution, Ellipsis, Conjunction iii ABSTRAK Penanda Wacana membantu untuk mengaitkan perkataan dengan ayat di dalam teks. Ia juga menjadikan keseluruhan teks bersatu, berkesinambungan dan memberi makna, hasil daripada fungsi mereka dalam menghubungkan ayat. Ketika menterjemahkan daripada SL kepada TL, penterjemah mungkin tidak menterjemahkan keseluruhan penanda wacana atau salah menterjemah yang boleh menjejaskan makna komunikatif SL tersebut. Oleh itu, banyak kajian telah menganalisa teks yang berbeza dalam pelbagai bahasa dengan menggunakan salah satu teori penterjemahan untuk mencari strategi yang lebih baik untuk menterjemah penanda wacana tersebut. Dalam kajian ini, penyelidik akan menggunapakai model wacana Halliday dan Hasan (1976) untuk mencari kekerapan penanda wacana yang digunakan dalam kedua-dua teks, Arab dan Inggeris, teks-teks sumber diambil daripada artikel dalam talian The New York Times dan The Washington Post , versi Arab yang diterjemahkan adalah diambil daripada akhbar dalam talian Arab, iaitu, Asharq Al-Awsat. Selain itu, kajian akan mengamalkan teknik-teknik terjemahan Nida (1964) untuk mengenal pasti teknik-teknik terjemahan yang digunakan untuk menterjemahkan penanda wacana tatabahasa teks Bahasa Inggeris ke dalam teks Bahasa Arab. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa, teks Bahasa Arab lebih menggunakan penanda wacana tatabahasa berbanding teks Bahasa Inggeris. Kejadian rujukan dan kata hubung adalah lebih besar dalam teks Bahasa Arab berbanding dalam teks Bahasa Inggeris. Walau bagaimanapun, insiden elipsis dan penggantian adalah lebih banyak dalam teks Bahasa Inggeris berbanding dalam Bahasa Arab. Tambahan pula, ketiga-tiga teknik Nida muncul dalam analisis, selain daripada dua teknik baru muncul dalam kajian ini. Dengan mengenal pasti teknik-teknik penterjemahan yang digunakan dalam menterjemahkan penanda wacana, para penterjemah atau pakar linguistic akan lebih mengetahui teknik teknik ini. Petunjuk: Terjemahan, perpaduan, tekstur, teknik, Rujukan, Penggantian, Elipsis, Kata Hubung iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank Allah for giving me the strength and courage to accomplish this work. I am grateful to the Ministry of Higher Education in Malaysia who financially supported me during my study-time. My thanks extend to the faculty of languages and linguistics for both teaching staff (including my supervisor) and administrators. I would like to express my sincere thanks to my parents for their love, support, blessings and encouragement to complete my study outside my country Finally, my deepest gratitude is extended to my fiance Hussein who has stood by me in times of need and to whom I owe my life for his constant love and support. v TABLE OF CONTENT Subject Page TITLE PAGE ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION ii ABSTRACT iii ABSTRAK iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Problem statement 2 1.2 Objectives of the study 3 1.3 Research questions 4 1.4 Significance of the study 4 1.5 Scope and limitation of the study 4 1.6 Definition of terms 5 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction 9 2.1 Theoretical Background 9 2.1.1 Cohesion and coherence significance 9 2.1.2 Cohesion in Arabic 11 2.1.3 Cohesion in English 15 2.1.3.1 Common types of cohesion 16 2.2 Previous studies 17 2.3 Cohesion shifts in translation 28 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction 35 3.1 Data collection 35 3.2 Theories used 36 3.2.1 Halliday and Hasan (1976) Model 36 3.2.2 Nida‟s (1964) translation techniques 39 3.3 Data analysis and procedures 41 3.4 Framework 42 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS 4.0 Introduction 43 4.1 Frequencies of grammatical cohesive devices 44 4.1.1 Text One 44 4.1.2 Text Two 50 4.1.3 Text Three 54 4.1.4 Text Four 58 4.1.5 Text Five 63 4.1.6 Text Six 68 4.1.7 Text Seven 72 4.2 Translation techniques used to translate grammatical cohesive devices 75 vi 4.2.1 Alteration 76 4.2.1.1 Personal reference 76 4.2.1.1.1 Alteration of a subject noun pronoun by an object noun pronoun 76 4.2.1.1.2 Alteration of a noun pronoun by a possessive pronoun 78 4.2.1.1.3 Alteration of a possessive pronoun by a noun 79 4.2.1.1.4 Alteration of a noun pronoun by a noun 80 4.2.1.1.5 Alteration of a noun pronoun by a demonstrative reference 81 4.2.1.1.6 Alteration of a number 83 4.2.1.1.7 Alteration of a pronoun type 84 4.2.1.2 Demonstrative reference 85 4.2.1.2.1 Alteration by changing „a scale of proximity‟ 85 4.2.1.2.2 Alteration by a noun 86 4.2.1.2.3 Alteration of a demonstrative reference‟s type 86 4.2.1.2.4 Alteration by a pronoun 87 4.2.1.2.5 Alteration of a number 88 4.2.1.3 Comparative reference 90 4.2.1.3.1 Alteration by superlative 90 4.2.1.3.2 Alteration by synonym 90 4.2.1.4 Substitution 91 4.2.1.4.1 Alteration by a noun or a pronoun 91 4.2.1.4.2 Alteration by Ellipsis 92 4.2.1.4.3 Alteration by clarification 93 4.2.1.5 Ellipsis 94 4.2.1.5.1 Alteration by Substitution 94 4.2.1.6 Conjunction 95 4.2.2 Subtraction 95 4.2.2.1 Personal reference 95 4.2.2.2 Demonstrative reference 96 4.2.2.3 Comparative reference 96 4.2.2.4 Conjunction 98 4.2.3 Addition 99 4.2.3.1 Ellipsis 99 4.2.4 Sustaining 101 4.2.4.1 Personal reference 101 4.2.4.2 Demonstrative reference 101 4.2.4.3 Comparative reference 102 4.2.4.4 Substitution 102 4.2.4.5 Ellipsis 103 4.2.4.6 Conjunction 104 4.2.5 Mix technique 104 4.2.5.1 Alteration and Addition 104 4.2.5.2 Addition and Sustaining 106 CHAPTER FIVE: FINDINGS & CONCLUSION 5.0 Introduction 108 5.1 Summary of Results According to Research Questions 108 5.1.1 Research Question 1 108 vii 5.1.2 Research Question 2 109 5.2 Discussion 110 5.3 Contribution 110 5.4 Conclusion 113 5.5 Recommendations 113 References 115 Appendices 119 Appendix A (1) 119 Appendix A (2) 136 Appendix B (1) 147 Appendix B (2) 163 Appendix C 195 viii LIST OF TABLES Table (2.1) the independent personal pronouns in Arabic adopting from Ryding 12 (2005: 298-299) Table (2.2) Possessive pronoun suffixes in Arabic adopting from Ryding 13 (2005: 301) Table (2.3) The object pronoun suffixes in Arabic adopting from Ryding 13 (2005: 305-306) Table (2.4) Demonstrative pronouns in Arabic adopting from Ryding 14 (2005: 315) Table (3.1): Personal references in English (Halliday and Hassan 1976:38) 37 Table (3.2): Demonstrative references (Halliday and Hasan 1976:38) 37 Table (3.3): Comparative reference in English (Halliday and Hasan 1976:39) 38 Table (3.4): Substitution forms in English (Halliday and Hasan 1976:141) 38 Table (4.1) The frequency of grammatical cohesive devices in text (1) 44 Table (4.2) The frequency of grammatical cohesive devices in text (2) 50 Table (4.3) The frequency of grammatical cohesive devices in text (3) 54 Table (4.4) The frequency of grammatical cohesive devices in text (4) 58 Table (4.5) The frequency of grammatical cohesive devices in text (5) 63 Table (4.6) The frequency of grammatical cohesive devices in text (6) 68 Table (4.7) The frequency of grammatical cohesive devices in text (7) 72 Table (5.1) the suggested model for translating grammatical cohesive 112 devices from English into Arabic language ix