Democratic and Popular R epublic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Oran Faculty of Letters, L anguages and Arts Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages MAGISTER THESIS OPTION : SOCIOLINGUISTICS Grammatical Aspects o f Algerian Arabic/French Intra-sentential Code-switching SUPERVISED BY: SUMITTED BY : Dr. BENHATTAB MENDAS DJAMILA ABDELKADER LOTFI JURY Pr. Yacine Rachida Professeur Président University of Oran Dr. Benhattab Abdelkader Lotfi MCA rapporteur University of Oran Dr. Lakhdar Barka Ferida MCA Examiner Unievrsity of Oran 2012-2013 1 I dedicate this modest research to my Parents for teaching me strength to overcome obstacles To my sisters and brothers for their love and support To my husband for his emotional support To my parents and sisters in law for providing a familial atmosphere And to my daughters for sharing their time with this thesis. 2 I am bereft of words with which to thank my supervisor Dr. BENHATTEB LOTFI for accepting to supervise this research work. I am very grateful to him for the valuable help and guidance he provided during the accomplishment of this work. My gratitude goes to Dr. BENALI MOHAMED for teaching me and for his encouragements and I wish him a prompt recovery I owe a great debt of gratitude for Pr. YACINE RACHIDA for reading my dissertation. I cordially thank Dr LAKHDAR BARKA FERIDA for accepting to read my work. THANK YOU FOR ALL MY TEACHERS 3 List of abbreviations: 1/2/3PL: first, second or third person plural. 1/2/3PR: first, second or third person present. 1/2/3SG: first, second or third person singular. AA: Algerian Arabic. Adj: adjective. Adv: adverb. ART: article. Aux: auxiliary CA: Classical Arabic. COMP: complimentizer. COP: copula CP: complement phrase or projection of complementizer. CS: Codeswitching. DEF: definite article. DEM : demonstrative. Det: determiner. Dual : a dual suffix. EL: embedded language. F: French. FAgr : feminine agreement. FUT : future. GB: government and binding. INDF: indefinite article. INFL: inflection IP: inflectional phrase. 4 MA: Maroccan Arabic. ML: matrix language. MLF: matrix language frame model. MSA: monolingual structure approach. O: object. PLAgr : plural agreement. PLF: plural feminine. Post: postposition PPart: past participle PR: present PRD: predicate adjective Pre: preposition PRF: present feminine Pro: progressive Q: quantifier. S: subject. SA: Standard Arabic. SGF: singular feminine. Spec: specifier. suff: suffix. V: verb. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication.………………………………………………………………………..I Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………II List of abbreviations……………………………………………………………..III Table of contents………………………………………………………………...VI Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..V Résumé de la thèse…………………………………………………………….....IV ثحبلا صخلم……………………………………………………………………….IIV General Introduction................................................................................................1 Chapter one: Methodological and theoretical considerations of the study 1.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………….7 1.2. The sociolinguistic situation in Algeria………………………………………7 1.3. Methodological considerations of the study...................................................11 1.3.1. The informants of the study and data collection.............................................11 1.3.2. The conditions of obtaining the corpus...........................................................13 1.3.3. Transcription of the data in the study.............................................................14 1.3.4. The approach advocated in the study..............................................................15 1.4. Code-switching: problematic definition and terminological dispute………..17 1.4.1. Distinguishing code-switching from borrowing…………………………….20 1.4.1.1. Monolingual vs. bilingual speakers and the status of foreign words……21 1.4.1.2. Morphological integration………………………………………………22 1.4.1.3. Frequency………………………………………………………………..25 1.4.1.4. Time depth and phonological and morphological integration…………..28 1.5. Structural approaches to CS…………………………………………………32 6 1.5.1. Surface-based or linear approach to code-switching……..............................32 1.5.1.1. Particular grammatical constraints………………………………………32 1.5.1.2. The equivalence-based approach; (Poplack 1980, 1981 and Poplack and associates, 1981, 1988, 1990, 1994)…………………………………….34 1.5.1.2.1. The Equivalence Constraint......................................................................34 1.5.1.2.2. The free morpheme constraint…………………………………………..39 1.5.1.2.3. Polack’s strategies to overcome criticism……………………………….42 1.5.1.2.4. Criticism to Poplack’s linear approach………………………………….45 1.5.2. Grammar-based approaches to code-switching……………………………..46 1.5.2.1. Woolford (1983) phrase structure congruence model..............................47 1.5.2.2. The syntactic government constraint on code switching (Discuillo, Muysken and Singh, 1986).......................................................................49 1.5.2.2.1. Criticisms and counter-examples to the government model.....................51 1.5.2.3. The Functional Head Constraint: Belazi, Rubin and Torbio (1994).........52 1.5.2.3.1. Criticisms and counter-examples to the Functional Head Constraints.....54 1.5.2.4. Null Theory of Code Switching: Mahootian (1993), Mahootian and Santorini (1995, 1996)……………………………………......................56 1.5.2.5. MacSwan’s (1999, 2000) minimalist Approach to code switching…….59 1.5.2.5.1. Criticisms to MacSwan’s (2000, 2005) minimalist approach…………..60 1.5.3. Insertion-based approaches to code-switching……………………………..63 1.5.3.1. Joshi’s closed class item constraint (1985)……………………………..63 1.5.3.1.1. Criticisms and counter-examples to Joshi’s constraint…………………64 1.6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..65 Chapter two: Analyzing French insertions into Algerian Arabic grammatical frame within the framework of the MLF model of Code-Switching 2.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………….67 2.2. Myers-Scotton’s (1993b, 1997, 2002) Matrix Language Frame Model…….68 2.2.1. The unit of analysis in setting the structural constraints of CS……………...69 7 2.2.2. The definition of the Matrix language……….……………………………...72 2.2.3. The MLF model……………………………………………………………..73 2.2.3.1. The Matrix-Embedded language hierarchy……………………………..74 2.2.3.2. The structural constituents in intra-sentential CS.....................................75 2.2.3.3. Content/ system morpheme opposition………………………………….78 2.2.4. The 4-M model……………………………………………………………...78 2.2.4.1. Model of language production and the abstract level model……………80 2.2.4.2. Content morphemes……………………………………………………..81 2.2.4.3. System morphemes……………………………………………………...81 2.2.4.3.1. Early System morphemes……………………………………………….82 2.2.4.3.2. Late system morphemes…………………………………………………83 2.2.4.3.2.1. Bridge system morphemes…………………………………………..83 2.2.4.3.2.2. Outsider late system morphemes……………………………………84 2.3. French insertions in AA structure…………………………………………...85 2.3.1. Mixed constituents (ML+EL constituents)………………………………….86 2.3.1.1. Internal EL islands......................................................................................86 2.3.1.2. Mixed noun phrases: Code switching within noun phrases.......................87 2.3.1.2.1. Code switching within noun phrases; The insertion of French nouns or internal NPs into AA frame......................................................................88 2.3.1.2.1.1. Definite articles...................................................................................88 2.3.1.2.1.2. Indefinite articles................................................................................89 2.3.1.2.1.2.1. Zero marking ()...........................................................................89 2.3.1.2.1.2.2. The indefinite article ( -)...................................................90 2.3.1.2.1.3. Demonstratives...................................................................................92 2.3.1.2.1.4. Possessives..........................................................................................94 2.3.1.2.1.5. Quantifiers..........................................................................................96 2.3.1.2.1.5.1. Numerals.......................................................................................99 2.3.1.2.1.5.2. The quantifier ()...................................................................... 2.3.1.2.1.5.3. The quantifiers () and ()........................................99 2.3.1.2.1.6. AA Attributive adjectives modifying inserted French nouns...........101 2.3.1.2.2. Code switching within noun phrases: the insertion of French Adjectives into AA frames........................................................................................102 8 2.3.1.2.2.1. The insertion of French Attributive adjectives.................................102 2.3.1.2.2.2. The insertion of French predicative adjectives.................................104 2.3.1.3. Mixed prepositional phrases; Code switching within prepositional phrases.....................................................................................................106 2.3.1.4. Mixed verb phrases; Code switching within verbal constituents............107 2.3.1.4.1. The insertion of French verb stems into an AA frames..........................107 2.3.1.4.2. The insertion of French adverbs into AA frames....................................111 2.3.1.5. Mixed constituents recapitulation...........................................................114 2.3.2. The blocking hypothesis and the formation of EL islands…………...........114 2.3.2.1. EL islands………………………………………………………..........115 2.3.2.1.1. The insertion of noun phrases as EL islands...........................................116 2.3.2.1.1.1. The insertion of French noun phrases into AA frames (articles+nouns).................................................................................116 2.3.2.1.1.2. The insertion of French noun phrases into AA frames (possessives+nouns)..........................................................................118 2.3.2.1.1.3. The insertion of French noun phrases into AA frames (Quantifiers+Nouns).........................................................................119 2.3.2.1.1.4. The insertion of French noun phrases into AA frames (Nouns+Adjectives) and EL word-order..........................................121 2.3.2.1.1.5. The insertion of French noun phrases into AA frames (Noun+Noun complement)…………………………………...…………………..124 2.3.2.1.2. The insertion of adjective phrases as EL islands....................................125 2.3.2.1.3. The insertion of prepositional phrases as EL islands..............................125 2.4. Conclusion....................................................................................................128 9 Chapter three: Analyzing AA insertions into French matrices and a trial test of the MLF principles against the present data. 3.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………..131 3.2. AA insertions into French Matrix Structures………………………………132 3.2.1. Mixed constituents: the insertion of AA Single Morphemes into French Matrix Frames……………………………………………………………..133 3.2.2. EL Islands: the insertion of AA Constituents into French Matrix Frames……………………………………………………………………133 3.2.2.1. The insertion of AA Noun Phrases into French Matrix Frames………………………………………………………………….133 3.2.2.2. The insertion of AA Prepositional Phrases into French Matrix Frames…………………………………………………………………135 3.2.3. Possible problematic cases for the Matrix Language Hypothesis when French is the Matrix Language.................................................................................136 3.2.4. AA insertions into French Matrix Structures recapitulation……………….142 3.2.5. Overview Table.............................................................................................143 3.3. The Uniform Structure Principle..................................................................146 3.3.1. Uniform Structure Principle and AA word-order.........................................146 3.3.2. Uniform Structure Principle and AA Sub-categorization Requirements......148 3.4. Congruence………………………………………………………………...151 3.4.1. Congruence and Definite Articles………………………………………….152 3.4.2. Congruence and Numerals…........................................................................158 3.4.3. Congruence and Possessives.........................................................................161 3.4.4. Congruence and Demonstratives..................................................................163 3.4.5. Congruence and Uniform Structure Principle recapitulation........................164 3.5. Challenges to the CP analysis in the case of Discourse Markers.................165 3.5.1. Arabic Discourse Emphatic Pronouns..........................................................167 3.5.2. Complementizers, Discourse Markers and CP analysis...............................174 10