Grammatical Analysis of the Lao Ch’i-ta With an English Translation of the Chinese Text by Svetlana Rimsky Korsakoff Dyer This book was published by ANU Press between 1965–1991. This republication is part of the digitisation project being carried out by Scholarly Information Services/Library and ANU Press. This project aims to make past scholarly works published by The Australian National University available to a global audience under its open-access policy. Grammatical Analysis of the L ao C h ’i-ta With an English Translation of the Chinese Text by Svetlana Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs: New Series No. 3 Faculty of Asian Studies Australian National University, Canberra 1983 First published in Australia 1983 Set up and printed at The Australian National University Printery c Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University, 1983 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism, or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act no part may be reporduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be made to the publisher. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Dyer, Svetlana Rimsky-Korsakoff, 1931— Grammatical analysis of the Lao ch'i-ta with an English translation of the Chinese text. Bibliography Includes index ISBN 0 909879 18 4. 1. Lao ch'i-ta. 2. Chinese language - Grammar. I. Australian National University. Faculty of Asian Studies. II. Title. (Series: Faculty of Asian Studies monographs. New series.) 495.15 Cover design by ANU Graphic Design Distributed for the ANU Faculty of Asian Studies by the Australian National University Press, Canberra ACT, Australia 2600 TO MY PARENTS V TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xvii PREFACE xix INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. LAO CH'I-TA £ ^ 1 1.1.1. The Definition of the Lao Ch 'i-ta 1 1.1.2. The Authorship and Date of Publication of the Lao Ch 'i-ta 3 1.1.3. The Meaning of the Title "Lao Ch'i-ta" 5 1.1.4. The Language of the Lao Ch 'i-ta 6 1.1.5. Lao Ch 'i-ta in other Languages 8 1.2. THE REVISED EDITIONS OF THE LAO CH'l-TA 9 1.2.1. Nogoltae Xnhae ^ 11 1.2.2. Pak t 'ongsa ^ ji§_ 4^- 13 1.2.3. Pak t' ongsa 'onhae £ h jj|_-fj^- 13 1.2.4. Pak t'ongsa chimnan i l l - ^ ' N°9oltae chimnan ^ and Tanjahae Jp. ^ 13 1.2.5. Powy&k Nogoltae, Pak t 'ongsa pomnye ^ .ft 15 * 1.2.6. Nogoltae sinsXk Jit ^ 15 1.2.7. Pak t'ongsa sinsok 21 1.2.8. Sins6k Nogoltae 'Snhae ^ l^pf 21 1.2.9. Chunggan Nogoltae 22 1.2.10. Chunggan Nogoltae Xnhae ^ 24 1.2.11. Keishökaku sösho ^ f^j (Kyujanggak ch'on gso) 26 1.2.12. The New Collected Edition of the Lao Ch 'i-ta yen- chie, P’u T'ung-shih yen-chie and other Relevant Works 26 vi 1.2.13. The Index to the P'u T'ung-shih yen-chie and the Lao Ch'i-ta yen-chie entitled Boku tsüji genkai, Rökittai genkai goi sakuin iff) 27 1.2.14. The Relationship of the Various Texts 27 PART I. THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE LAO CH'I-TA CHAPTER ONE. PRONOUNS 34 1.1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS 35 1.1.1. ft*\ , ^ ft] 36 1.1.2. tzg - ft] - 40 1.1.3. 41 1.2. GENERAL PRONOUNS - |j , fjj \ , %'\ 44 1.2.1. I ^ — U 44 1.2.2. ^.j and other Pronouns Meaning "Others" 45 1.2.3. Pronouns for "Each" and "Every" 47 1.3. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS: ii[_ ^ AND ^ ^ 47 CHAPTER TWO. TIME WORDS 51 2.1. TIME NAMES 51 2.1.1. The Four Seasons 51 2.1.2. Time Names for Individual Years, Months, Days of the Month and Hours 52 2.2. RELATIVE TIME WORDS 57 2.2.1. Relative Time Words which Refer to the Past 57 2.2.2. Relative Time Words which Refer to the Present 59 2.2.3. Relative Time Words which Refer to the Future 60 CHAPTER THREE. MEASURES 62 3. 1. CLASSIFIERS 62 vii 3.2. GROUP MEASURES 68 3.3. PARTITIVE MEASURES 69 3.4. CONTAINER MEASURES 73 3.5. STANDARD MEASURES 74 3.6. MEASURES FOR VERBS OFA CTION 78 CHAPTER FOUR. COVERBS 80 4.1. PREPOSITIONS AND COVERBS 80 4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF THE COVERBS ACCORDING TO THEIR CLASS MEANING 82 4.2.1. Place Where (Prepositions) 82 4.2.2. Interest and Benefit 84 4.2.3. Purpose, Reason and/or Cause 85 4.2.4. Manner 86 4.2.5. Comparison 86 4.3. COVERBS (PRETRANSITIVES) AND 86 4.3.1. The Pretransitive -^0 87 4.3.2. The Usage of ^ in the Lao Ch'i-ta 88 4.3.2.1 . -noun-verb 88 4.4. THE VERSATILE ^ : AS A COVERB AND AS A VERB 90 4.4.1. ^ as a Coverb and as a Link Verb 90 4.4.1. 1. When ^ means "to let" = Modern Chinese 90 4.4.1.2. When ^ means "to use, to hold" = Modern Chinese |^] or ^ 91 4.4.1.3. When 7^ TT'eans "to give, for" = Modern Chinese ife 92 4.4.1.4. When ^ means "who should, whose turn it is to" = Modern Chinese 92 4.4. 1.5. When ^ means "to need, to take" (in time) = Modern Chinese 92 viii 4.4.1.6. When 7g means "to cause" = Modern Chinese 92 4.4.2. 7^ as a Verb 93 CHAPTER FIVE. ADVERBS 95 5.1. FORMAL PROPERTIES OF ADVERBS 95 5.2. ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS 96 5.3. CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS 98 5.3.1. Adverbs of Scope and Quantity 98 5.3.2. Adverbs of Negation 99 5.3.3. Adverbs of Time 102 5.3.4. Adverbs of Contingency 104 5.3.5. Adverbs of Degree 110 5.3.6. Adverbs of Manner 111 5.3.7. Interrogative Adverbs 118 5.4. REPEATED ADVERBS 122 CHAPTER SIX. CONJUNCTIONS 124 6.1. DEFINITION 124 6.2. TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS 124 6.3. PREPOSITIONAL CONJUNCTIONS 125 6.4. SINGLE CONJUNCTIONS 126 6.5. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS 127 CHAPTER SEVEN. VERBS 129 7.1. INTRODUCTION: CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS 129 7.2. INTRANSITIVE VERBS 130 7.2.1. Intransitive Verbs ofA ction 130 7.2.2. Intransitive Quality Verbs (Adjectives) 131 7.2.2.1. Stative verbs 132 7.2.2.2. Adjectives 134 7.2.3. Status Verbs 137 ix 7.3. TRANSITIVE VERBS 137 7.3.1. Transitive Verbs of Action 138 7.3.2. Transitive Quality Verbs 140 7.3.3. Classificatory Verbs 140 7.3.4. Auxiliary Verbs 142 7.3.5. Link Verbs 144 146 CHAPTER EIGHT. PARTICLES 8.1. PARTICLES, SUFFIXES, AND INTERJECTIONS 146 8.1.1. Interjections 146 8.2. PARTICLES: DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION 147 8.3. LIST OF PARTICLES 150 * 8.3.1. 152 8.3.2. ßf 154 8.3.2.1. as an A-or-B particle 154 8.3.2. 1.1. as a particle for enumeration 155 8.3.2. 1.2. jj&j'p as a final particle in a yes-or-no question 156 8.3.2. 1.3. The A ) B fat] structure 156 8.3.2.2. m as a question-plus-exclamation final particle 157 8.3.2. 2.1. as a final particle in a simple rhetorical question 158 8.3.2. 2.2. as a final particle in a sarcastic rhetorical question 159 8.3.3. 159 4L 8.3.3.1. as a final particle 160 8.3.3. 1.1. The final particle -JL indicating "simple exclamation" 161 8.3.3. 1.2. The final particle ^ indicating "exclamation-plus-emphasis" 162 8.3.3. 1.3. The final particle jfc- in the structure j<47_> /}C 162 8.3.3. 1.4. The final particle in the structure ij^rz • • • 163 4L 8.3.3.2. as a phrase particle 164