Grammar and Composition Grammar Practice Workbook Teacher’s Annotated Edition Grade 12 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.Permission is granted to reproduce material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use;and be provided to students,teachers,and families without charge;and be used solely in conjunction with Writer’s Choice.Any other reproduction,for use or sale,is prohibited without written permission ofthe publisher. Printed in Canada. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus,Ohio 43240 ISBN 0-07-823365-8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 079 04 03 02 01 00 ii Contents Unit 10 Parts of Speech 10.1 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10.2 Pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 10.3 Action Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 10.3 Linking Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 10.4 Adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 10.5 Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 10.6 Prepositions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 10.7–8 Conjunctions and Interjections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Unit 11 Parts of the Sentence 11.1–4 Subjects and Predicates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 11.5 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 11.5 Object Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11.5 Subject Complements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Unit 12 Phrases 12.1 Prepositional Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 12.2 Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 12.3 Participles and Gerunds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 12.3 Infinitives:Phrases and Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 12.4 Absolute Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Unit 13 Clauses and Sentence Structure 13.1–4 Clauses and Sentence Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 13.5 Adjective Clauses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 13.6 Adverb Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 13.7 Noun Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 13.8 Four Kinds of Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 13.9 Sentence Fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 13.10 Run-on Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Unit 15 Verb Tenses,Voice, and Mood 15.1–3 Verbs:Principal Parts and Tense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 15.4–5 Verb Tenses and Forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 15.6–7 Compatibility of Tenses and Voice ofVerbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Unit 16 Subject-Verb Agreement 16.2–3 Subject-Verb Agreement I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 16.4–6 Subject-Verb Agreement II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 iii Contents Unit 17 Using Pronouns Correctly 17.1 Case of Personal Pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 17.2–3 Pronouns with Appositives and Thanand As . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 17.4 Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 17.5 Whoand Whomin Questions and Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 17.6–7 Pronoun Agreement and Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Unit 18 Using Modifiers Correctly 18.1–2 Making Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 18.3–4 Double and Incomplete Comparisons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 18.7 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Unit 20 Capitalization 20.1 Capitalization:Sentences and I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 20.2–3 Capitalization:Proper Nouns and Adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Unit 21 Punctuation,Abbreviations, and Numbers 21.1–3 Period,Exclamation Point,Question Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 21.4 The Colon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 21.5 The Semicolon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 21.6 Commas and Compound Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 21.6 Commas and Coordinate Adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 21.6 Commas and Nonessential Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 21.6 Commas:Titles,Addresses,Direct Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 21.6 Proper Use of Commas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 21.7–8 The Dash and Parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 21.11 Quotation Marks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 21.12 Italics (Underlining) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 21.13 The Apostrophe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 21.14–15 The Hyphen and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 iv Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date................................ 10.1 Nouns Key Information A noun is a word that names a person, a place, An abstract noun names an idea, a quality, or a thing, or an idea. a characteristic. A common noun is a general name. liberty freshness dedication man religion document Singular nouns name one person, place, thing, or idea. Plural nouns name more than one. A proper noun names someone or something particular. A collective noun names a group. Andrew Jackson Buddhism league tribe class the Declaration of Independence The possessive form of a noun indicates pos- A concrete nounnames an object that occupies session, ownership, or the relationship between space or that can be recognized by the senses. two nouns. wall juice sun a mouse’s tail the mice’s tails (cid:2) A. Identifying Nouns Underline all the nouns in the sentences below. 1. When Alfred Nobelwas born in Stockholmin 1833,his fatherhad a reputationas an inventor. 2. Like his father,Alfredtaught himself much of what he learned,and by the timehe was a young man,his knowledgewas extraordinary. 3. In his family’sfactory,which produced munitionsfor the Russian army,Alfredbecame fascinated by explosives. 4. When the endof the Crimean Warbrought a reversalto the clan’sfortunesand one of his brotherswas killed in an accidentinvolving explosives,Nobelwent to the United States. c. nies, In 5. eHxep lwoodrek ceadu lsoinngg tarnadg ehdaireds ltiok ep rthoed uocnee atnh aetx hpalods ikvielle(ddy hnias myoituen) gtehsatt bwrootuhlder n.ot accidentally a p m 6. Throughout his life,Nobelwanted to encourage positive instead of destructive forces. o C Hill 7. He gave generously to many worthwhile causesand helped finance young people’s w- educations. a Gr Mc 8. After his death,Nobel’sfortunewas used to establish a seriesof annual Nobel Prizes he awarded by committeein the fieldsof physics,chemistry,physiologyor medicine, T © literature,and peace. ht g yri (cid:2) B. Using Nouns p o C From the sentences above,list four examples of each of the following. Possible answers are given. 1. (proper nouns) __A_lf_re_d_ _N_o_b_e_l,_S_t_o_ck_h_o_l_m_,_C_r_im__ea_n_ _W_a_r_,_U_n_it_e_d_ S_t_a_te_s________________________ 2. (collective nouns) __cl_a_n_,_se_r_ie_s_,_c_o_m_m_i_t_te_e_,_a_rm__y________________________________________ 3. (concrete nouns)__f_a_th_e_r,_i_n_v_en_t_o_r,_b_r_o_th_e_r_s_,e_d_u_c_a_t_io_n_s___________________________________ 4. (abstract nouns) __re_p_u_t_at_i_on_,_k_n_o_w__le_d_g_e_,_tr_a_g_e_di_e_s,_p_e_a_c_e_________________________________ 5. (possessive nouns)__f_a_m_i_ly_’s_,_c_la_n_’s_,_p_e_o_p_le_’s_,_N_o_b_e_l_’s_____________________________________ Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook,Grade 12,Unit 10 1 Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date................................ 10.2 Pronouns Key Information Pronouns take the place of nouns, words act- The leg itself was broken. ing as nouns, or other pronouns. Personal pro- Indefinite pronouns refer to persons, places, nouns refer to specific people or things. or things in a more general way than nouns do. She sold them to us. Each of the major harbors along the Personal pronouns that indicate possession or Atlantic seaboard has a unique character. ownership are possessive pronouns. They take Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, the place of the possessive forms of nouns. and those) point out specific persons, places, My worry is yours, too. things, or ideas. Reflexive pronouns refer to nouns or other Interrogative pronouns (who, whom, whose, pronouns and indicate that the same persons or which, and what) form questions. things are involved. Relative pronouns begin subject-verb groups The gave themselves a treat. called subordinate clauses. Relative pronouns include who, whom, whose, which, that, what, Intensive pronouns add emphasis to other whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever. nouns or pronouns. (cid:2) Identifying Pronouns Underline all the pronouns in the sentences below.Above each pronoun,identify it as Per.(personal),Poss.(possessive),Ref.(reflexive),Inten.(intensive),Dem.(demonstrative), Inter.(interrogative),Rel.(relative),or Ind.(indefinite). Rel. Per. 1. The evil thatmen do lives after them.—Shakespeare Ref. 2. Adversity introduces a person to himself.—Anonymous Per. Poss. 3. Youcan tell the ideals of a nation by itsadvertisements.—Douglas c. Ind. Per. Ind. n 4. Nonepreaches better than the ant,and shesays nothing.—Franklin es, I Per. Inten. ni 5. The only thing wehave to fear is fear itself.—Franklin Roosevelt pa m Per. Rel. Poss. o 6. HewhofleeDse fmr.omR etlr.ial confessReesf .hisguilt.—Syrus Hill C 7. God helps thosewhohelp themselves.—Sydney w- a Inter. Gr 8. Whatis history but a fable agreed upon?—Napoleon Mc Per. Rel. e h 9. Helaughs best wholaughs last.—English proverb T © 10. Logic is logic.TDehma.t’sInadll. IPesr.ay.—Holmes ht g Ind. Ind. Poss. yri 11. Have a place for everything,and have everythingin itsplace.—Anonymous op C Ind. Rel. 12. Allthatis not prose passes for poetry.—Crabbe Ind. Rel. Poss. 13. Not allare free whoscorn theirchains.—Lessing Inter. Per. 14. Art! Whocomprehends her?—Beethoven Per. Ref. 15. The only question is:“Is ittrue in and for itself?”—Hegel 2 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook,Grade 12,Unit 10 Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date................................ 10.3 Action Verbs Key Information A verb is a word that expresses action or a The cat trailed us home. (Us is the direct state of being. An action verb tells what some- object.) one or something does. An intransitive verb is an action verb that is The dog caught the ball in its teeth. not followed by a word that answers the ques- How she yearned to own such an animal. tions what? or whom? A transitive verb is an action verb that is The cat trailed behind us. (Behind us tells followed by a word or words (known as the where.) direct object) that answer the questions what? or whom? (cid:2) Identifying Transitive and Intransitive Action Verbs Underline the action verbs in the sentences below.Write A-T above each action verb that is transitive and A-I above each one that is intransitive.(Some sentences contain more than one action verb.) T 1. Many people regardpolo as a sport only for the rich. I 2. The game probably originatedin Persia,now Iran,sometime between the sixth and second centuries B.C. I 3. It then spreadto Turkey,India,Tibet,China,and Japan. T 4. In the nineteenth century British army officers in India frequently playedthe game. T 5. James Gordon Bennett,a U.S.newspaper publisher,importedpolo to the United States from England. T 6. Enthusiasts in the United States first playedthe sport indoors. c. T nies, In 7. Eouvetdno toord avyer ssoiomne. polo players preferthe indoor or arena version ofthe game to the pa I T m 8. In indoor polo three players playon each team;teams of four playthe outdoor game. o C T Hill 9. In tournament play,players havehandicaps. w- T I a 10. Polo players ridefast and nimble horses,and they ridewith a tight knee-grip and Gr Mc tight reins. e T h T 11. Generally the players owna string of several polo ponies. © ht 12. The ponies often reqTuirea year of special training. g yri T op 13. The players of one team hita rubber ball through their opponents’goal posts. C I 14. They hitfrom the saddle with flexible,long-handled mallets. T 15. The game includesfour or six periods,or chukkers,each 7 1/2 minutes long. Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook,Grade 12,Unit 10 3 Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date................................ 10.3 Linking Verbs Key Information A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of These verbs can also be used as action verbs. a sentence (often a noun or pronoun) with a To determine whether a verb is used as an word or expression that identifies or describes action or a linking verb, substitute seem for the subject. the verb. If seem can be substituted, the verb is probably a linking verb. The most common linking verb is be in all its forms, including am, is, are, was, were, will be, LINKING: The crowd stayed calm. has been, and was being. (Seemed makes sense.) ACTION: The crowd stayed on the street. Other verbs that can function as linking verbs (Seemed cannot be substituted.) are look, grow, feel, remain, appear, seem, sound, become, taste, stay, and smell. (cid:2) Identifying Linking Verbs Each sentence below contains two underlined verbs.Decide which of the two is a linking verb, and write it in the space provided. __a_p_p_e_a_r_e_d_________ 1. In 1817 a young man who appearedadventurous arrivedon a volcanic island in the South Atlantic. __f_e_lt______________ 2. William Glass felthappy there,and he marrieda local girl,Maria. __s_e_e_m_e_d___________ 3. In time,William and Maria hadsixteen children,all of whom seemedcon- tent with their life on the island. __b_e_c_a_m_e___________ 4. William,who becamerespected on the island,stayedon Tristan da Cunha until his death in 1853. __r_e_m_a_i_n_e_d_________ 5. Meanwhile,many other seafaring men choseCorporal Glass’s island for a home,since it remaineda calm and peaceful place to live. c. n __a_r_e______________ 6. Some of the people who liveon Tristan da Cunha today aredescendants of es, I Glass and of the other seafaring settlers. ni a p m __w__a_s_____________ 7. More than a hundred years after William Glass died,his island home again o C wasfamous. Hill w- __s_o_u_n_d_e_d__________ 8. In 1961 a new volcano soundedthreatening to the 264 islanders,who a Gr broadcastan SOS. Mc e __s_t_a_ye_d____________ 9. They stayedcalm until the H.M.S.Leopard,responding to their SOS, Th © arrivedto carry them to England. ht g __g_r_e_w_____________10. After two years in England,most of the islanders grewtired of life there and yri p o requestedtransportation back to their island. C 4 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook,Grade 12,Unit 10 Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date................................ 10.4 Adjectives Key Information An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or Positive Comparative Superlative pronoun by limiting its meaning. good better best old horse leisurely stroll rigid more rigid most rigid second class tragic play high higher highest federal law some money Articles are the adjectives a, an, and the. A and this aim those coats an are called indefinite articles. The is called a few quarrels definite article. Possessive pronouns and nouns are considered Proper adjectives are formed from proper adjectives because they modify nouns. nouns and begin with capital letters. our teacher their music African continent Canadian border Kim’s bike Finnish winters Japanese cars Most adjectives have different forms to indicate their degree of comparison. (cid:2) A. Identifying Adjectives Underline each word that is used as an adjective in the sentences below.(Include articles and proper adjectives.) 1. TheSahel can support asmallpastoralpopulation. 2. Nomadicherders,who subsisted on marginalresources,followed rains north into drier areas during therainyseason and retreated to greenersouthernpastures during dryspells. 3. When theAfricannations gained theirindependence in the1950sand 1960s,they began to receive foreignaid,which included newstrains of manycrops like cotton and peanuts that could tolerate ashortseason. c. n es, I 4. Agriculturalproduction overran lands that were once pastures. ni pa 5. When agriculture strips theland of itsprotectivevegetativecover,therelentlessaction of m o thewind can carry away thebaresoil,and thedesert advances. C Hill w- (cid:2) B. Using Adjectives a Gr Mc On a separate sheet of paper,rewrite the exercise below.Complete your paragraph by using an he appropriate adjective from the words given below the exercise. T ht © The (1) __fa_m__o_u_s__________ Chinese philosopher Confucius lived from about 551to about g pyri 497 B.C.This period was an (2) __u_n_q_u_ie_t__________ time in Chinese history.The (3) o C __q_u_a_r_r_el_s_o_m_e______ barons caused continual wars.The weak (4) __c_en_t_r_a_l__________ government was unable to maintain peace.Confucius thought that China should try to recapture the (5) __p_e_a_ce_f_u_l_________ and prosperous order of the past.A famous saying of Confucius is “Learning without thought is fruitless labor;thought without learning is (6)__p_e_r_il_o_u_s_________.” quarrelsome central peaceful highest unquiet unbiased famous perilous Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook,Grade 12,Unit 10 5 Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date................................ 10.5 Adverbs Key Information An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an Adverbs tell when, where, how, and to what adjective, or another adverb by making its degree or to what extent. meaning more specific. They see her often. (when) Saul carefully arranged the flowers. Rob is asleep downstairs. (where) (modifies verb arranged) Rita drove carefully. (how) Midori was very careful. (modifies adjective Anu hardly visits anymore. (to what careful) degree) Pavlik left quite hastily. (modifies adverb Negative adverbs include the word not, the hastily) contraction -n’t, or other negative words. The lawn is scarcely green. (cid:2) A. Identifying Adverbs Underline the adverbs in the sentences below.Above the adverb write the word(s) each adverb modifies,and identify the part of speech of the word(s) modified by writing V (verb),Adj. (adjective),or Adv.(adverb).(The number of adverbs in each sentence is given in parentheses.) 1. Until the end of the nineteenth century,most New Englanders depended almostentirely on wood for their fuel needs.(2) almost,entirely,adverb;entirely,depended,verb 2. Meals were usuallycooked with wood,and homes were ordinarilyheated the same way.(2) usually,cooked,verb;ordinarily,heated,verb 3. When gas,oil,and electricity became cheap and plentiful,they effectivelyreplaced wood as the principal form of producing heat.(1) effectively,replaced,verb 4. Now,as fossil fuels are becoming more scarce,some people are again turning to fuels ofthe past.(3) Now,are turning,verb;more,scarce,adjective;again,are turning,verb 5. Evidently,wood is an exceedingly attractive alternative,for about half the homes in New c. n England are already using wood for some of their heat.(3) es, I Evidently,is,verb:exceedingly,attractive,adjective;already,are using,verb ni a (cid:2) B. Using Adverbs mp o C In the sentences below,fill in each blank with the kind of adverb indicated in parentheses. Hill Reread your completed sentences to make sure they make sense. Possible answers are given w- a Gr 1. It __o_n_c_e____________ seemed impossible to watch a live broadcast from overseas. Mc (when) he T © 2. In 1964 Syncom III enabled Americans to see the Tokyo Olympics without actually being ht g __t_h_e_r_e___________.(where) yri p o 3. __T_o_d_a_y___________ ,we have become quite familiar with global television and telephone C transmissions that depend on satellites.(when) 4. Plans to expand the capabilities of satellites are going __e_x_tr_e_m_e_l_y________ well. (to what degree) 5. __S_o_o_n____________,viewers may be able to dial an area code on their television sets and select a program from Paris,Beijing,Sydney,or almost any other city.(when) 6 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook,Grade 12,Unit 10