Second Edition Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English A detailed approach to the grammar, usage and composition Aamir Shehzad (cid:1) Eight years of research brings out this professional and very practical course consisting of 800 pages. (cid:1) The book is like no other in Pakistan as it explains basic and advanced concepts of the English grammar in Urdu. (cid:1) The approach of the book is simple and unique, making you an expert in English. Rahbar Publishers Urdu Bazar, Karachi, Pakistan. Transline (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6) Grammar of Spoken (cid:10) (cid:9) (cid:11) (cid:8)(cid:5)(cid:12)(cid:1) (cid:13)(cid:1)(cid:14)(cid:5)(cid:1)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:5)(cid:1)(cid:17)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:1) (cid:5)(cid:20) and Written English (cid:21)(cid:5)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:1) (cid:23) Aamir Shehzad First Published: 2016 Second reprint: 2018 Published by: Rahbar Publishers Pakistan. Karachi: Nosheen Centre, Urdu Bazar, Karachi. 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The author The author of this book, Aamir Shehzad, is an MBA in marketing. His areas of interests include entrepreneurship, singing, mysticism, Iqbaliyaat, religious studies and learning foreign languages. Email: [email protected] Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English Aamir Shehzad CONTENTS PAGE 1. English Alphabet 001 1.1: Alphabet 001 1.2: Voiced Consonants 002 1.3: Unvoiced/ Voiceless Consonants 002 1.4: Pronunciation of letters 003 Exercise 1.0 003 2. Pronouns and Simple Sentences 004 2.1: Pronouns 004 2.2: Basic/Nominal and Verbal Sentences 004 2.3: Absolute Possessive Pronouns 006 Exercise 2.0 007 3. Genitives or Possessives 008 3.1: The s-Genitive and the of-Genitive 008 3.2: Uses of the s-Genitive 009 4. Question Words 011 4.1: Question Words 011 4.2: Usage Formula 011 Exercise 4.0 012 5. Verbs 013 5.1: Introduction 013 5.2: Regular Verbs 013 5.3: Pronunciation of‘d’/’ed’ 013 5.4: Pronunciation of‘s’/’es’ 014 5.5: Irregular Verbs 015 5.6: Forms of Irregular Verbs 015 5.7: Forms of Regular Verbs 019 5.8: Formation of –ing form 039 5.9: Special Pronunciation of ‘ed’ 041 5.10: Singular and Plural Helping Verbs 042 Exercise 5.0 043 6. Subject, Verb and Object 044 6.1: The Subject 044 6.2: The Verb 044 6.3: The Object 045 Exercise 6.0 045 7. The Verb “be” 046 7.1: Introduction 046 7.2: Structures with “be” 046 7.3: Conversation with “be” 050 Exercise 7.0 051 Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad 8. Tenses 052 8.0: Tenses (Introduction) 052 8.1: Present Indefinite Tense 055 8.2: Present Continuous Tense 065 8.3: Present Perfect Tense 069 8.4: Present Perfect Continuous Tense 073 8.5: Past Indefinite Tense 077 8.6: Past Continuous Tense 080 8.7: Past Perfect Tense 082 8.8: Past Perfect Continuous Tense 085 8.9: Future Indefinite Tense 087 8.10: Future Continuous Tense 091 8.11: Future Perfect Tense 093 8.12: Future Perfect Continuous Tense 095 8.13: Tense Simplification 097 9. Time in English 099 9.1: About Time 099 9.2: About Days and Dates 100 9.3: Calendars in Pakistan 101 Exercise 9.0 103 10. Modal Verbs 104 10.1: Can 104 10.2: Could 109 10.3: May and Might 112 10.4: Should and Ought to 119 10.5: Must 122 10.6: Need 125 10.7: Shall 127 10.8: Will 128 10.9: Would 129 11. Contractions 133 11.1: Pronoun + HV 133 11.2: Verb + not 133 11.3: Other Common Contractions 133 12. Conjugation of Verbs 134 12.1: Conjugation of “go” 134 12.2: Conjugation of “come” 135 12.3: Conjugation of “break” 136 12.4: Conjugation of “go” with Modals 137 12.5: Conjugation of “pay” with Modals 137 12.6: Conjugation of “teach” 138 12.7: Conjugation of “invite” 139 13. Abbreviations 140 13.1: Abbreviations 140 13.2: Acronyms 141 13.3: Clipping 142 13.4: Blending 142 Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad 14. The Passive Voice 143 14.0: The Passive Voice 143 14.1: Present Indefinite 147 14.2: Present Continuous 148 14.3: Present Perfect 148 14.4: Past Indefinite 149 14.5: Past Continuous 149 14.6: Past Perfect 149 14.7: Future Indefinite 150 14.8: Future Perfect 150 14.9: An Important Note 150 14.10: Kinds of Passive 154 (1) The Indirect Passive 154 (2) Passive with Modal Verbs 154 (3) Passive of Imperatives 155 (4) Passive with ‘get’ 156 (5) Passive with Infinitive 156 (6) Passive with ‘being’ 158 (7) Passive with ‘having been’ 158 (8) Passive for Reporting 159 (9) Passive with ‘there’ 160 14.11: Verbs with No Passive 160 14.12: Prepositional Verbs in Passive 160 Exercise 14.0 161 15. Counting and Numbers 163 15.1: Counting up to Hundred 163 15.2: Counting above Hundred 163 15.3: The Number System 164 15.4: Fractional Numbers 166 15.5: Measurements/ Quantities 166 15.6: Spoken Calculations 167 15.7: Use of ‘times’ 167 15.8: Use of ‘half’ 168 15.9: Hyphen in Numbers 169 Exercise 15.0 169 16. Spelling Rules 170 24 Different rules defined, including British and American verb spelling differences. 170-176 17. Singulars and Plurals 177 17.1: Number in Verbs/Tenses 177 17.2: Basic Rules 178 17.3: Special Points 179 17.4: Plural of Some Special Words 184 18. Gender 185 18.1: Some Important Rules 185 18.2: Masculine/Famine Words 186 18.3: Animals and Their Babies 189 Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad 19. English Usage 190 19.1: About to 191 19.2: Ago and Before 192 19.3: Ahead, behind, back 193 19.4: All and whole 193 19.5: All right or alright? 194 19.6: All together and , altogether 194 19.7: Also, as well and too 195 19.8: Although, though, but, however, yet 195 19.9: Alternate and Alternative 196 19.10: As if, as though and like 196 19.11: Awake, awaken, woke, asleep 197 19.12: Be supposed to 197 19.13: Become, get, go, grow, turn 198 19.14: Before and after for place 198 19.15: Before and after in clauses 198 19.16: Before, in front of, opposite 199 19.17: Below and under 199 19.18: Beside and besides 200 19.19: Big, large and great 200 19.20: Either 201 19.21: Either of 201 19.22: Had better 202 19.23: Happen to 203 19.24: Have/Has and Have got/Has got 203 19.25: Hear and listen 209 19.26: Home and house 210 19.27: How to and Learn to 210 19.28: Just 210 19.29: Kind of, sort of, type of 211 19.30: Let 212 19.31: Likely 212 19.32: Look, see, watch 213 19.33: Many, much, more, most 213 19.34: More of, much of, a lot of 215 19.35: Neither 216 19.36: Not only…but also 217 19.37: Rather 217 19.38: Same to you and same here 218 19.39: Say and tell 219 19.40: Seem 219 19.41: Since 220 19.42: So 221 19.43: Such 222 19.44: Suggest 223 19.45: Take (for time) 223 19.46: This, That and It 224 19.47: Too 225 Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad 19.48: Until and till 226 19.49: Used to 226 19.50: Wait and await 227 19.51: Want to 228 19.52: What, which, who, whose 229 19.53: Whether and if 230 20. Parts of Speech (Introduction) 231 20.1: Introduction to the Noun 231 20.2: Introduction to the Pronoun 232 20.3: Introduction to the Verb 232 20.4: Introduction to the Adjective 233 20.5: Introduction to the Adverb 233 20.6: Introduction to the Preposition 237 20.7: Introduction to the Conjunction 238 20.8: Introduction to the Interjection 239 20.9: Order of Words in English 240 21. The Noun 244 21.1: Uses of the Noun 244 21.2: Kinds of Nouns 246 21.3: Countable and Uncountable Nouns 249 21.4: Determiners, Premodifiers/Postmodifiers 252 21.5: The Noun Phrase 256 21.6: Compound Nouns 258 22. The Pronoun 259 22.1: Kinds of Pronouns 259 22.2: Demonstrative Pronouns 259 22.3: Personal Pronouns 259 22.4: Possessive Pronouns 262 22.5: Reflexive / Emphatic Pronouns 263 22.6: Indefinite Pronouns 266 22.7: Relative Pronoun 268 22.8: Interrogative Pronouns 273 22.9: Compound Relative Pronoun 273 22.10: Reciprocal Pronoun 274 23. The Verb 275 23.1: Introduction 275 23.2: Kinds of Verbs 276 23.3: Transitive Verbs 276 23.4: Intransitive Verbs 278 23.5: Ambitransitive Verbs 279 23.6: Linking Verbs / Copular Verbs / Verbs of Incomplete Predication 279 23.7: Helping Verbs/Auxiliaries (do, is, am) 280 23.8: Modal Verbs (can, could, may, should) 280 23.9: Non-Progressive Verbs / Stative Verbs 281 23.10: Finite and Non-Finite Verbs (Gerund, Participle, Infinitive) 282 23.11: Regular Verbs 282 23.12: Irregular Verbs 283 23.13: Special Points 283 Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad 24. The Adjective 284 24.1: Degrees of Adjectives 284 24.2: Formation of Degrees 285 24.3: Use of Comparatives 288 24.4: Use of Superlatives 291 24.5: Positions of Adjectives 293 24.6: Important Point: Adjectives 294 24.7: Attributive and Predicative Uses 296 24.8: Adjective Patterns 296 24.9: Kinds of Adjectives 297 24.10: Adjective Phrases and Clauses 297 24.11: Suffices of Adjectives 298 24.12: Compound Adjectives 298 25. The Adverb 299 25.1: Kinds of Adverbs 299 25.2: Position of Adverbs 300 25.3: Difference between Adverbs and Preposition 302 26. The Preposition 304 26.0: Prepositions 304 26.1: Preposition of Time 305 26.2: Prepositions of Place 308 26.3: Kinds of Prepositions 309 26.4: Combinations with Prepositions 309 26.5: Useful Expressions with Prepositions 316 26.6: Prepositions for Directions 323 26.7: Positions of Prepositions 324 26.8: Expressions Without Prepositions 324 26.9: Usage of Prepositions 325 26.10: About 325 26.11: Above 325 26.12: Across 326 26.14: Along 326 26.13: Around 327 26.15: At 327 26.16: By 328 26.17: Down 329 26.18: For 329 26.19: From 330 26.20: In 331 26.21: Into 332 26.22: Of 333 26.23: Off 334 26.24: On 336 26.25: Onto 338 26.26: Out 339 26.26: Out of 339 26.27: Over 340 26.28: To 342 Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad 26.29: Under 343 26.30: Up 344 26.31: Through 345 26.32: With 346 26.33: Meaning of Preposition 347 27. The Conjunction 348 27.1: Classes of Conjunctions 348 27.2: Coordinating Conjunctions 348 27.3: Subordinating Conjunctions 350 27.4: Correlative Conjunctions 351 27.5: Errors with Conjunctions 351 28. The Interjection 352 28.1: The Introduction 352 28.2: Uses of Interjections 352 29. Collocations 355 29.1: Adverb + Adjective 356 29.2: Adverb + Present Participle (-ing form) 357 29.3: Adverb + Past Participle (3rd form) 358 29.4: Adjective + Noun 359 29.5: Adverb + Verb 360 29.6: Verb + Noun 360 29.7: Verb + Adjective 366 29.8: Verb + -ing form 368 29.9: Verb + Past Participle 368 29.10: Verb + Preposition 369 29.11: Adjective + Preposition 369 29.12: Past Participle + Preposition 370 30. Structures 371 79 Structures Explained 371 31. Word Formation 390 31.1: Nouns and Verbs 390 31.2: Nouns and Adjectives 393 31.3: Adjectives and Verbs 396 31.4: Prefixes and Suffixes 396 32. Synonyms and Antonyms 398 32.1: Synonyms 398 32.2: Antonyms 399 32.3: How to Form Antonyms 400 33. Easily Confused Words 402 33.1: Homophones and Homographs 402 33.2: Paroxysm 403 33.3: Homonyms 403 33.4: Heteronyms 403 33.5: Capitonyms 404 33.6: Oronyms 404 33.7: Confusing Words 404 Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad