VERSION 1 CAPS VERSION 1 CAPS EVERYTHING SCIENCE GRADE 12 GRADE 12 BY S R E E PHYSICAL SCIENCEs T PHYSICAL SCIENCEs N U L O WRITTEN BY VOLUNTEERS WRITTEN BY VOLUNTEERS V Y B N E T T I R W THIS TEXTBOOK IS AVAILABLE 2 ON YOUR MOBILE 1 E D A R G Everything Science s E EVERYTHING SCIENCE C N This book is available on web, mobi and Mxit. Read, check solutions and practise intelligently at www.everythingscience.co.za E I C S L A C I S Y H P EVERYTHING SCIENCE GRADE 12 PHYSICAL SCIENCES VERSION 1 CAPS WRITTEN BY VOLUNTEERS COPYRIGHT NOTICE Your freedom to legally copy this book You are allowed and encouraged to copy any of the Everything Maths and Everything Science textbooks. You can legally photocopy any page or even the entire book. You can download it from www.everythingmaths.co.za and www.everythingscience.co.za, read it on your phone, tablet, iPad, or computer. You can burn it to CD, put on your flash drive, e-mail it around or upload it to your website. The only restriction is that you have to keep this book, its cover, title, contents and short-codes unchanged. This book was derived from the original Free High School Science Texts written by volunteer academics, educators and industry professionals. Everything Maths and Everything Science are trademarks of Siyavula Education. For more information about the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY-ND 3.0) license see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/ AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Siyavula Education Siyavula Education is a social enterprise launched in 2012 with capital and support from the PSG Group Limited and the Shuttleworth Foundation. The Everything Maths and Science series is one of the titles developed and openly released by Siyavula. For more information about the writing and distribution of these or other openly licensed titles: www.siyavula.com [email protected] 021 469 4771 Siyavula Authors Dr Mark Horner; Dr Kate Davies; René Toerien Siyavula and DBE team Bridget Nash; Ewald Zietsman; Megan Beckett; Jayanthi SK Maharaj (Veena); Morongwa Masemula; Prof Gilberto Isquierdo; Karen Kornet; Mosala Leburu; Dr Kevin Reddy; Enoch Ndwamato Makhado; Clive Mhaka; TE Luvhimbi; Dr Colleen Henning; Gregory Hingle Siyavula and Free High School Science Text contributors Dr Mark Horner; Dr Samuel Halliday; Dr Sarah Blyth; Dr Rory Adams; Dr Spencer Wheaton Iesrafeel Abbas; Sarah Abel; Taskeen Adam; Ross Adams; Tracey Adams; Dr Rory Adams; Andrea Africa; Wiehan Agenbag; Ismail Akhalwaya; Matthew Amundsen; Ben Anhalt; Prashant Arora; Bianca Bôhmer; Amos Baloyi; Bongani Baloyi; Raymond Barbour; Caro-Joy Barendse; Katie Barry; Dr Ilsa Basson; Richard Baxter; Tara Beckerling; Tim van Beek; Lisette de Beer; Jessie Bester; Mariaan Bester; Jennifer de Beyer; Dr Sarah Blyth; Sebastian Bodenstein; Martin Bongers; Dr Thinus Booysen; Ena Bosman; Janita Botha; Pieter Botha; Gareth Boxall; Stephan Brandt; Hannes Breytenbach; Alexander Briell; Wilbur Britz; Graeme Broster; Craig Brown; Michail Brynard; Richard Burge; Jan Buys; George Calder-Potts; Biddy Cameron; Eleanor Cameron; Mark Carolissen; Shane Carollisson; Richard Case; Sithembile Cele; Alice Chang; Faith Chaza; Richard Cheng; Fanny Cherblanc; Lizzy Chivaka; Dr Christine Chung; Dr Mareli Claasens; Brett Cocks; Zelmari Coetzee; Roché Compaan; Willem Conradie; Stefaan Conradie; Deanne Coppejans; Rocco Coppejans; Tim Craib; Dr Andrew Craig; Tim Crombie; Dan Crytser; Jock Currie; Dr Anne Dabrowski; Laura Daniels; Gareth Davies; Mia de; Tariq Desai; Sandra Dickson; Sean Dobbs; Buhle Donga; William Donkin; Esmi Dreyer; Matthew Duddy; Christel Durie; Fernando Durrell; Dr Dan Dwyer; Frans van Eeden; Kobus Ehlers; Alexander Ellis; Tom Ellis; Charl Esterhuysen; Andrew Fisher; Dr Philip Fourie; Giovanni Franzoni; Sanette Gildenhuys; Olivia Gillett; Ingrid von Glehn; Tamara von Glehn; Nicola Glenday; Lindsay Glesener; Kevin Godby; Dr Vanessa Godfrey; Terence Goldberg; Dr Johan Gonzalez; Saaligha Gool; Hemant Gopal; Dr Stephanie Gould; Umeshree Govender; Dr Ilse le Grange; Heather Gray; Lynn Greeff; Jaco Greyling; Martli Greyvenstein; Carine Grobbelaar; Suzanne Grové; Dr Tom Gutierrez; Brooke Haag; Kate Hadley; Alex Hall; Dr Sam Halliday; Asheena Hanuman; Dr Melanie Dymond Harper; Ebrahim Harris; Dr Nicholas Harrison; Neil Hart; Nicholas Hatcher; Jason Hayden; Laura Hayward; Dr William P. Heal; Pierre van Heerden; Dr Fritha Hennessy; Dr Colleen Henning; Anna Herrington; Shaun Hewitson; Millie Hilgart; Grant Hillebrand; Gregory Hingle; Nick Hobbs; Chris Holdsworth; Dr Benne Holwerda; Dr Mark Horner; Robert Hovden; Mfandaidza Hove; Jennifer Hsieh; George Hugo; Dr Belinda Huntley; Laura Huss; Prof Ed Jacobs; Hester Jacobs; Stefan Jacobs; Rowan Jelley; Grant Jelley; Clare Johnson; Francois Jooste; Dominic Jordan; Luke Jordan; Cassiem Joseph; Tana Joseph; Corli Joubert; Dr Fabian Jutz; Brian Kamanzi; Clare Kampel; Herman Kamper; Dr Lutz Kampmann; Simon Katende; Natalia Kavalenia; Rabia Khan; Dr Setshaba D Khanye; Nothando Khumalo; Paul Kim; Lizl King; Mariola Kirova; Jannie Kirsten; Melissa Kistner; James Klatzow; Dr Jennifer Klay; Andrea Koch; Grove Koch; Paul van Koersveld; Bishop Komolafe; Dr Timo Kriel; Lara Kruger; Sihle Kubheka; Andrew Kubik; Luca Lategan; Dr Jannie Leach; Nkoana Lebaka; Dr Marco van Leeuwen; Dr Tom Leinster; Ingrid Lezar; Annatjie Linnenkamp; Henry Liu; Pamela Lloyd; Dr Kevin Lobb; Christopher Loetscher; Linda Loots; Michael Loseby; Bets Lourens; Chris Louw; Amandla Mabona; Malothe Mabutho; Stuart Macdonald; Dr Anton Machacek; Tshepo Madisha; Batsirai Magunje; Dr Komal Maheshwari; Dr Erica Makings; Michael Malahe; Dr Peter Malatji; Masoabi Malunga; Shanaaz Manie; Masilo Mapaila; Adriana Marais; Paul Maree; Bryony Martin; Nicole Masureik; Jacques Masuret; John Mathew; Dr Will Matthews; Chiedza Matuso; Thulani Mazolo; Stephen McBride; JoEllen McBride; Abigail McDougall; Kate McGrath; Ralf Melis; Nikolai Meures; Margaretha Meyer; Riana Meyer; Dr Duncan Mhakure; Filippo Miatto; Jenny Miller; Rossouw Minnaar; Abdul Mirza; Colin Mkhize; Mapholo Modise; Carla Moerdyk; Tshwarelo Mohlala; Relebohile Molaoa; Marasi Monyau; Asogan Moodaly; Jothi Moodley; Robert Moon; Calvin Moore; Bhavani Morarjee; Talitha Mostert; Gabriel Mougoue; Kholofelo Moyaba; Nina Gitau Muchunu; Christopher Muller; Helgard Muller; Johan Muller; Caroline Munyonga; Alban Murewi; Kate Murphy; Emmanuel Musonza; Tom Mutabazi; David Myburgh; Johann Myburgh; Kamie Naidu; Nolene Naidu; Gokul Nair; Vafa Naraghi; Bridget Nash; Eduan Naudé; Polite Nduru; Tyrone Negus; Theresa Nel; Annemarie Nelmapius; Huw Newton- Hill; Buntu Ngcebetsha; Towan Nothling; Tony Nzundu; Jacquin October; Thomas O’Donnell; Dr Markus Oldenburg; Marieta Oliver; Riaz Omar; Helena Otto; Adekunle Oyewo; Dr Jaynie Padayachee; Poveshen Padayachee; Dr Daniel Palm; Masimba Paradza; Clare Patrick; Quinton Paulse; Dave Pawson; Justin Pead; Nicolette Pekeur; Carli Pengilly; Roseinnes Phahle; Seth Phatoli; Joan Pienaar; Petrus Pieterse; Sirika Pillay; Jacques Plaut; Johan du Plessis; Tabitha du Plessis; Jaco du Plessis; Barry Povey; Andrea Prinsloo; David Prinsloo; Joseph Raimondo; Sanya Rajani; Prof. Sergey Rakityansky; Alastair Ramlakan; Thinus Ras; Dr Matina J. Rassias; Ona Rautenbach; Dr Jocelyn Read; Jonathan Reader; Jane Reddick; Robert Reddick; Dr Matthew Reece; Chris Reeders; Brice Reignier; Razvan Remsing; Dr Liezel Retief; Adam Reynolds; Laura Richter; Max Richter; Sean Riddle; Dr David Roberts; Christopher Roberts; Helen Robertson; William Robinson; Evan Robinson; Christian Roelofse; Raoul Rontsch; Dr Andrew Rose; Katie Ross; Karen Roux; Dr Maritha le Roux; Jeanne-Mariè Roux; Karen Roux; Mark Roux; Bianca Ruddy; Heinrich Rudman; Nitin Rughoonauth; Katie Russell; Steven Sam; Jason Avron Samuels; Rhoda van Schalkwyk; Christo van Schalkwyk; Dr Carl Scheffler; Nathaniel Schwartz; Duncan Scott; Helen Seals; Relebohile Sefako; Sandra Serumaga-Zake; Paul Shangase; Cameron Sharp; Ian Sherratt; Ryman Shoko; Dr James Short; Cho Hee Shrader; Roger Sieloff; Brandon Sim; Bonga Skozana; Bradley Smith; Greg Solomon; Zamekile Sondzaba; Nicholas Spaull; Margaret Spicer; Hester Spies; Dr Andrew Stacey; Dr Jim Stasheff; Mike Stay; Nicol Steenkamp; Nicky Stocks; Dr Fred Strassberger; Mike Stringer; Stephanie Strydom; Abdulhuck Suliman; Bianca Swart; Masixole Swartbooi; Ketan Tailor; Tshenolo Tau; Tim Teatro; Ben Thompson; Shen Tian; Xolani Timbile; Dr Francois Toerien; René Toerien; Liezel du Toit; Nicola du Toit; Dr Johan du Toit; Robert Torregrosa; Jimmy Tseng; Theresa Valente; Alida Venter; Pieter Vergeer; Rizmari Versfeld; Nina Verwey; Mfundo Vezi; Mpilonhle Vilakazi; Katie Viljoen; Adele de Villiers; Daan Visage; Wetsie Visser; Alexander Volkwyn; Kosma von Maltitz; Dr Karen Wallace; John Walmsley; Duncan Watson; Helen Waugh; Leandra Webb; Dr Dawn Webber; Michelle Wen; Dr Rufus Wesi; Francois Wessels; Wessel Wessels; Leandi van der Westhuizen; Neels van der Westhuizen; Sabet van der Westhuizen; Dr Alexander Wetzler; Dr Spencer Wheaton; Vivian White; Mark Whitehead; Dr Gerald Wigger; Harry Wiggins; Heather Williams; Wendy Williams; Julie Wilson; Timothy Wilson; Andrew Wood; Emma Wormauld; Dr Sahal Yacoob; Jean Youssef; Ewald Zietsman; Johan Zietsman; Marina van Zyl EVERYTHING SCIENCE When we look outside at everything in nature, look around us at everything manufactured or look up at everything in space we cannot but be struck by the incredible diversity and complexity of life; so many things, that look so different, operating in such unique ways. The physical universe really contains incredible complexity. Yet, what is even more remarkable than this seeming complexity is the fact that things in the physical universe are knowable. We can investigate them, analyse them and under- stand them. It is this ability to understand the physical universe that allows us to trans- form elements and make technological progress possible. If we look back at some of the things that developed over the last century ñ space travel, advances in medicine, wireless communication (from television to mobile phones) and materials a thousand times stronger than steel we see they are not the consequence of magic or some inexplicable phenomena. They were all developed through the study and systematic application of the physical sciences. So as we look forward at the 21st century and some of the problems of poverty, disease and pollution that face us, it is partly to the physical sciences we need to turn. For however great these challenges seem, we know that the physical universe is know- able and that the dedicated study thereof can lead to the most remarkable advances. There can hardly be a more exciting challenge than laying bare the seeming complexity of the physical universe and working with the incredible diversity therein to develop prod- ucts and services that add real quality to peopleís lives. Physical sciences is far more wonderful, exciting and beautiful than magic! It is every- where. SPONSOR This textbook was developed with corporate social investment funding from MMI Holdings. Well structured, impactful Corporate Social Investment (CSI) has the ability to contribute positively to nation building and drive positive change in the communities. MMI’s commitment to social investment means that we are constantly looking for ways in which we can assist some of South Africa’s most vulnerable citizens to expand their horizons and gain greater access to life’s opportunities. This means that we do not view social investment as a nice to have or as an exercise in marketing or sponsorship but rather as a critical part of our contribution to society. The merger between Metropolitan and Momentum was lauded for the complementary fit between two companies. This complementary fit is also evident in the focus areas of CSI programmes where Metropolitan and Momentum together cover and support the most important sectors and where the greatest need is in terms of social participation. HIV/AIDS is becoming a manageable disease in many developed countries but in a country such as ours, it remains a disease where people are still dying of this scourge unnecessarily. Metropolitan continues to make a difference in making sure that HIV AIDS moves away from being a death sentence to a manageable disease. Metropolitan’s other focus area is education which remains the key to economic prosperity for our country. Momentum’s focus on persons with disabilities ensures that this community is included and allowed to make their contribution to society. Orphaned and vulnerable children are another focus area for Momentum and projects supported ensure that children are allowed to grow up safely, to assume their role along with other children in inheriting a prosperous future. EVERYTHING MATHS & SCIENCE The Everything Mathematics and Science series covers Mathematics, Physical Sciences, Life Sciences and Mathematical Literacy. The Siyavula Everything Science textbooks The Siyavula Everything Maths textbooks DIGITAL TEXTBOOKS READ ONLINE Watch this textbook come alive on the web. In addition to all the content in this printed copy, the online version is also full of videos, presentations and simulations to give you a more comprehensive learning experience. www.everythingmaths.co.za and www.everythingscience.co.za CHECK YOUR ANSWERS ONLINE OR ON YOUR PHONE Want the answers? View the fully worked solutions to any question in this textbook by entering its shortcode (4 digit combination of letters and numbers) into the search box on the web or mobi sites. www.everythingmaths.co.za and www.everythingscience.co.za or m.everythingmaths.co.za and m.everythingscience.co.za from your cellphone. MOBILE & TABLET MOBI You can access this whole textbook on your mobile phone. Yes, the whole thing, anytime, anywhere. Visit the mobi sites at: m.everythingmaths.co.za and m.everythingscience.co.za MXIT Don’t stress if you haven’t got a smart phone. All Mxit users can read their Everything Series textbooks on Mxit Reach too. Add Everything Maths and Everything Science as Mxit contacts or browse to the books on Mxit Reach. mxit>tradepost>reach>education> everything maths or everything science DOWNLOAD FOR TABLETS You can download a digital copy of the Everything Series textbooks for reading on your PC, tablet, iPad and Kindle. www.everythingmaths.co.za and www.everythingscience.co.za