Grade 12 Biology A Foundation for Implementation GRADE 12 BIOLOGY A Foundation for Implementation 2011 Manitoba Education Manitoba Education Cataloguing in Publication Data Grade 12 biology : a foundation for implementation [electronic resource] Includes bibliographic information ISBN: 978-0-7711-4828-6 1. Biology—Study and teaching (Secondary)—Manitoba 2. Biology—Curricula. 3. Biology—Study and teaching (Secondary)—Manitoba. I. Manitoba Education. 570.0712 Copyright © 2011, the Government of Manitoba, represented by the Minister of Education. Manitoba Education School Programs Division Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Every effort has been made to acknowledge original sources and to comply with copyright law. If cases are identified where this has not been done, please notify Manitoba Education. Errors or omissions will be corrected in a future edition. Sincere thanks to the authors, artists, and publishers who allowed their original material to be used. 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Grade12 BioloGy• Contents C ontents List of Appendices v Acknowledgements ix Introduction 1 Background 1 Vision for Scientific Literacy 1 Goals for Canadian Science Education 2 Beliefs about Learning, Teaching, and Assessing Science 2 Changing Emphases in Science 3 Processes That Engage Students in Science Learning 5 Section 1: Manitoba Foundations for Scientific Literacy 1 The Five Foundations 3 The Nature of Science and Technology 4 Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment (STSE) 6 Scientific and Technological Skills and Attitudes 9 Essential Science Knowledge 12 The Unifying Concepts 13 Kindergarten to Grade 10 Science and Grade 11 Biology Topic Chart 15 Section 2: Enhancing Student Learning in Grade 12 Biology 1 Science and the Learning Process 3 Planning with the End in Mind 9 Instruction 14 Assessment 20 Section 3: Document Organization 1 Document Organization and Format 3 Guide to Reading the Learning Outcomes and the Document Format 3 Sample Two-Page Layout 12 Grade 12 Biology Part 1: Genetics Unit 1: Understanding Biological inheritance 1 Specific Learning Outcomes 3 Principles of Inheritance 4 Autosomal Inheritance 12 Atypical Inheritance 18 Sex-Linked Inheritance 24 Using Pedigrees 28 Genetic Testing 32 Genetic Variability 40 Chromosome Mutations 44 Unit 1 Appendices 49 iii Contents • Grade12 BioloGy Unit 2: Mechanisms of inheritance 1 Specific Learning Outcomes 3 Discovering the Structure of DNA 4 DNA Structure 12 DNA Replication 18 Protein Synthesis 22 Gene Mutation 28 Investigating Applications of Gene Technology in Bioresources 32 Investigating Applications of Gene Technology in Humans 42 Unit 2 Appendices 53 Part 2: Biodiversity Unit 3: evolutionary Theory and Biodiversity 1 Specific Learning Outcomes 3 Defining Evolution 4 The Historical Context 8 Darwin’s Theory 14 Adaptation 18 Natural Selection 22 Effects of Natural Selection 28 Artificial Selection 32 Population Genetics 36 Mechanisms for Genetic Variation 42 Speciation 46 Convergent and Divergent Evolution 50 Pace of Evolutionary Change 56 Unit 3 Appendices 63 Unit 4: organizing Biodiversity 1 Specific Learning Outcomes 3 Defining Biodiversity and Species 4 Classifying Organisms 12 Determining Evolutionay Relationships 18 Domains of Life 24 Investigating Evolutionary Trends 30 Unit 4 Appendices 37 Unit 5: Conservation of Biodiversity 1 Specific Learning Outcomes 3 Maintaining Biodiversity 4 Conservation Strategies 12 Monitoring Biodiversity 22 Investigating a Conservation Issue 28 Unit 5 Appendices 35 General Appendices 1 Bibliography 1 iv Grade12 BioloGy• Contents List of Appendices Unit 1 appendices Appendix 1.1: The Story of Gregor Mendel (BLM) Appendix 1.2: Mendel’s Publication—Creative Writing Assignment (BLM) Appendix 1.3: Student Lab Skills (Teacher Background) Appendix 1.4A: Lab Skills Checklist—General Skills (BLM) Appendix 1.4B: Lab Skills Checklist—Thinking Skills (BLM) Appendix 1.5: Scientific Inquiry (BLM) Appendix 1.6A: Feedback Form for Designing an Experiment (Plan) (BLM) Appendix 1.6B: Rating Scale for Experimental Design and Report (BLM) Appendix 1.7A: Genetics Problems 1 (BLM) Appendix 1.7B: Genetics Problems 1 (Answer Key) Appendix 1.8A: Genetics Problems 2 (BLM) Appendix 1.8B: Genetics Problems 2 (Answer Key) Appendix 1.9A: Genetics Problems 3 (BLM) Appendix 1.9B: Genetics Problems 3 (Answer Key) Appendix 1.10A: Using Pedigree Analysis to Solve a Genetic Mystery (BLM) Appendix 1.10B: Using Pedigree Analysis to Solve a Genetic Mystery (Answer Key) Appendix 1.11: Bioethical Dilemmas—Scenarios (BLM) Appendix 1.12: Decision Making (Teacher Background) Appendix 1.13: Collaborative Process—Assessment (BLM) Appendix 1.14: Self-Assessment of Listening Skills (BLM) Appendix 1.15: Letter to the Editor—Writing Assignment (BLM) Appendix 1.16: Concept Frame (BLM) Unit 2 appendices Appendix 2.1: Mutation (Teacher Background) Appendix 2.2A: Biological Drawing (BLM) Appendix 2.2B: Rating Scale for Biological Drawing (BLM) Appendix 2.3A: Microscope Skills Checklist (Teacher Background) Appendix 2.3B: Microscope Skills Checklist (BLM) Appendix 2.4: Point and Frameshift Mutations (BLM) Appendix 2.5: Designing a Genetically Modified Food Crop (BLM) Appendix 2.6A: Gene Technology Presentation (BLM) Appendix 2.6B: Gene Technology Presentation Outline—Graphic Organizer (BLM) Appendix 2.6C: Gene Technology Presentation (Teacher Background) Appendix 2.6D: Assessment Rubric for Gene Technology Presentation (BLM) Appendix 2.7: Debating Skills Rubric (BLM) Appendix 2.8A: Microthemes (Teacher Background) Appendix 2.8B: Microthemes—First Draft Checklist (BLM) Appendix 2.8C: Microthemes—Final Draft Assessment (BLM) Appendix 2.9: Gene Technology Microtheme Assignment (BLM) v Contents • Grade12 BioloGy Unit 3 appendices Appendix 3.1: The Nature of Science—Evolution (Teacher Background) Appendix 3.2A: Evolution Survey (BLM) Appendix 3.2B: Evolution Survey (Teacher Background) Appendix 3.3: The Story of Charles Darwin (BLM) Appendix 3.4: Postcards from the Beagle—Creative Writing Assignment (BLM) Appendix 3.5A: Natural Selection Simulation (BLM) Appendix 3.5B: Natural Selection Simulation (Teacher Background) Appendix 3.6: Adaptation (Teacher Background) Appendix 3.7: Natural Selection in a Candy Dish (Teacher Background) Appendix 3.8A: Natural Selection in Legocarnivora (BLM) Appendix 3.8B: Natural Selection in Legocarnivora (Answer Key) Appendix 3.9: Effects of Selection on Variation (Teacher Background) Appendix 3.10A: Investigating Variation (BLM) Appendix 3.10B: Investigating Variation (Answer Key) Appendix 3.11A: Where Did All the Four-Leaf Clovers Go?—Case Study (BLM) Appendix 3.11B: Where Did All the Four-Leaf Clovers Go?—Case Study (Answer Key) Appendix 3.12A: Population Genetics Calculations (BLM) Appendix 3.12B: Population Genetics Calculations (Answer Key) Appendix 3.13A: Using the Hardy-Weinberg Principle Equation— Investigation (BLM) Appendix 3.13B: Using the Hardy-Weinberg Principle Equation— Investigation (Answer Key) Appendix 3.14A: Population Bottlenecks and Endangered Species—Case Study (BLM) Appendix 3.14B: Population Bottlenecks and Endangered Species—Case Study (Answer Key) Unit 4 appendices Appendix 4.1: Definition of a Species (Teacher Background) Appendix 4.2A: Peer Assessment (Teacher Background) Appendix 4.2B: Guidelines for Peer Assessment (BLM) Appendix 4.3: The Changing Nature of Classification (Teacher Background) Appendix 4.4: Species and Systematics—Demonstration (Teacher Background) Appendix 4.5: Categorical Reasoning in Biology (BLM) Appendix 4.6: The Three Domains of Life (Teacher Background) vi Grade12 BioloGy• Contents Unit 5 appendices Appendix 5.1: Conserving Biodiversity—KWL Chart (BLM) Appendix 5.2: Values Clarification (BLM) Appendix 5.3A: Riparian Zone Assessment (Teacher Background) Appendix 5.3B: Riparian Zone Assessment (BLM) Appendix 5.4A: Fieldwork Skills Checklist—General Skills (BLM) Appendix 5.4B: Fieldwork Skills Checklist—Thinking Skills (BLM) Appendix 5.5A: Take a Stand (Teacher Background) Appendix 5.5B: Take a Stand—Scenarios Appendix 5.6A: Investigating Population Size (BLM) Appendix 5.6B: Investigating Population Size (Answer Key) Appendix 5.7: Co-constructing Assessment Criteria with Students (Teacher Background) Appendix 5.8: Checklist for Creating Visuals (BLM) Appendix 5.9: Oral Presentation—Observation Checklist (BLM) General appendices Appendix 6: Scientific Communication Appendix 7: Research Appendix 8: Assessment Appendix 9: Developing Assessment Rubrics in Science Appendix 10 Assessment Rubrics Appendix 11: General and Specific Learning Outcomes vii Contents • Grade12 BioloGy viii