COLLECTED WORKS OF BERNARD LONERGAN GRACE AND FREEDOM: OPERA TIVE GRA CE IN THE THOUGHT OF ST THOMAS AQUINAS edited by Frederick E. Crowe and Robert M. Doran Published for Lonergan Research Institute of Regis College, Toronto by University of Toronto Press Toronto Buffalo London COLLECTED WORKS OF BERNARD LONERGAN VOLUME 1 GRACE AND FREEDOM: OPERATIVE GRACE IN THE THOUGHT OF SSTT tThHoOmMAAsS AQAQUUININaASS www.utppublishing.com © Bernard Lonergan Estate 2000 Printed in Canada ISBN 08020-4799-8 (cloth) ISBN 0-8020-8337-4 (paper) Reprinted 2005 Printed on acid-free paper Requests for permission to quote from the Collected Works of Bernard Lonergan should be addressed to University of Toronto Press. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Lonergan, BernardJ.F. (BernardJoseph Francis), 1904-1984 Collected works of Bernard Lonergan Partial contents: v. i. Grace and freedom: operative grace in the thought of St. Thomas. Aquinas / edited by Frederick E. Crowe and Robert M. Doran. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8020-4799-8 (v. i: bound) ISBN 0-8020-8337-4 (v. i: pbk.) l. Theology-20th century. 2. Catholic Church, i. Crowe, Frederick E. n. Doran, Robert M., 1939- . HI. Lonergan Research Institute, iv. Title. 6x891.L595 1988 230 088-093328-3 The Lonergan Research Institute gratefully acknowledges the generous contribution of the MALLINER CHARITABLE FOUNDATION, which has made possible the production of this entire series. The Lonergan Research Institute gratefully acknowledges the financial assistance of the JESUITS OF HALIFAX toward the publication of this volume of the Collected Works of Bernard Lonergan. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial support for its publishing activities of the Government of Canada through the Book Pub- lishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP). Contents General Editors' Preface to Collected Works of Bernard Lonergan, FREDERICK E. CROWE AND ROBERT M. DORAN / xiii Editors' Preface, FREDERICK E. CROWE / xvii PART ONE: GRACE AND FREEDOM OPERATIVE GRACE IN THE THOUGHT OF ST THOMAS AQUINAS I-i Historical Background / 3 1 St Augustine's De Gratia et Libero Arbitrio / 4 2 St Anselm / 9 3 Peter Lombard / 11 4 The Transition / 14 5 Conclusion / 20 1-2 The General Movement of Aquinas's Thought / 21 1 The Unity of Gratia Gratum Faciens / 22 2 The Ambiguities of Gratia Gratis Data / 24 3 Gratia Operans in the Three Great Commentaries / 26 4 The Multiplicity of Gratia Gratum Faciens / 35 5 Gratia Operans in the De Veritate / 37 6 Gratia Operans in the Summa Theologiae / 40 7 Conclusion / 42 vi Contents 1-3 Habitual Grace as Operans et Cooperans / 44 1 The General Nature of Habits / 45 2 Habitual Grace as Gratia Sanans / 49 3 The Infused Habit as a Premotion / 58 4 Conclusion / 64 1-4 St Thomas's Theory of Operation / 66 1 The Idea of Causation / 67 2 Causation in Time / 73 3 Aristotelian Premotion and Thomist Application / 75 4 The Essence of the Idea of Application / 79 5 Universal Instrumentality / 82 6 The Analogy of Operation / 86 7 Conclusion / 90 1-5 Divine Transcendence and Human Liberty / 94 1 The Freedom of the Will / 94 2 Divine Action on the Will / 98 3 The Possibility of Contingence / 104 4 The Possibility of Sin /in 5 Conclusion / 116 1-6 Actual Grace as Operans et Cooperans / 119 1 Gratia Cooperans in the De Veritate / 119 2 Gratia Praeveniens in the Contra Gentiles / 121 3 Conversion / 124 4 The Definition of Gratia Operans / 128 5 Actus Interior et Exterior / 132 Concluding Summary / 143 PART TWO: GRATIA OPERANS A STUDY OF THE SPECULATIVE DEVELOPMENT IN THE WRITINGS OF ST THOMAS OF AQUIN Preface / 153 Introduction / 155 The Robert Mollot Collection vii Contents II-i The Form of the Development / 162 1 The Content of Speculative Theology / 163 2 Elements in Speculative Theology / 164 2.1 Theorems/ 164 2.2 Terms / 165 2.3 The Dialectical Position / 166 2.4 Technique/ 166 3 Phases in the Development of Theological Speculation / 168 3.1 The Preliminary Phase / 169 3.2 Initial and Final Dialectical Positions / 171 3.3 Intermediate Phases from Developing Technique / 172 3.3.1 The Development of Philosophy / 172 3.3.2 Developing Technique and the Dialectical Position / 173 3.3.3 The Theorem and Developing Technique / 175 3.4 Intermediate Phases from Developing Theorems / 178 3.4.1 The Set of Cognate Theorems / 179 3.4.2 The Relation of Cognate Theorems / 179 3.4.3 The Order of the Development of the Theorems / 179 4 General Antecedents of the Development in St Thomas's Doctrine on Operative Grace / 181 4. i The Seventh Phase / 182 4.2 The Sixth Phase / 183 4.3 The Fifth Phase/ 184 4.4 The Fourth Phase / 184 4.5 The Third Phase / 185 4.6 The Second Phase / 187 4.7 The First Phase/ 188 4.8 Conclusion / 190 5 The Methodological Conclusion / 191 II-2 The Data of the Inquiry / 193 i St Augustine's De Gratia et Libero Arbitrio / 193 /. I The Occasion and Character of the Work / 194 1.2 Outline of the Work / 196 1.2.1 Free Will/ 196 1.2.2 Grace and the Pelagians / 197 1.2.3 Divine Mastery / 198 1.2.4 The Mystery/ 199 1.3 The Meaning of the Term 'Grace' / 200 Collected Works of Bernard Lonergan viii Contents 1.4 Operative and Cooperative Grace / 201 2 St Anselm / 205 2.1 The Character of His Thought / 205 2.2 His Position on Prevenient and Subsequent Grace / 207 3 Peter Lombard / 209 3.1 The Period/ 209 ^.2 The Context of Sententiae, 2, d. 26, on Prevenient and Subsequent Grace / 21O 3.3 The Doctrine of Sententiae, 2, d. 26, on Gratia Operans / 212 4 St Albert the Great / 216 4.1 The Historical Position / 216 4.2 Terminology with Regard to Grace / 217 4.3 St Albert on Gratia Operans / 218 5 St Thomas's Commentary on the Sentences / 222 6 St Thomas in the De Veritate / 229 6.1 Antecedents / 229 6.2 The Change/ 231 6.3 The Cause of the Change / 232 6.4 Grace as Operative and Cooperative / 233 7 From the De Veritate to the Prima Secundae / 236 1.I The Definition of Pelagianism / 236 7.2 The Prima Gratia in the De Veritate and the Contra Gentiles / 239 7.3 The Preparation for Grace in the Commentary on the Sentences and the De Veritate / 240 7.4 Quaestiones Quodlibetales, q. I, a. 7 [q. 4, a. 2] / 241 7.5 The Significance of Romans g. 16 / 244 8 Summa Theologiae, 1-2, q. ill, a. 2 / 245 9 Summary / 250 II-3 The First Subsidiary Investigation: The Idea of Operation in St Thomas / 252 1 Posse Agere, Actu Agere / 253 1.1 Actio in the Early Period / 254 1.2 The Aristotelian Position / 261 1.3 Terminology / 267 1.3.1 Actio qua Actio / 267 1.3.2 Actio, Energeia / 269 1.3.3 Actio, Operatio, Motus / 271 1.3.4 Actio Media / 273 The Robert Mollot Collection ix Contents 1.3.5 Historical Note / 274 2 Physical Premotion / 277 3 Application / 280 3.1 Application May Mean Physical Premotion / 281 3.2 Application Does Mean Physical Premotion / 281 5.5 Application and Providence / 285 4 Virtus Instrumentalis / 287 4. i The Nature of the Instrument / 288 4.2 The Hierarchic Ground for Universal Instrumentality / 290 4.3 77&glntentio of De Potentia, q. 5, a. 7, ad 7m / 291 5 The Degrees of Causality / 297 5.1 Magis Movet / 297 5.2 Vehementius Imprimit / 298 5.5 Immediatio Virtutis / 299 6 The Theory of Cooperation / 303 6. i The Issue Defined / 303 6.2 Deus Operatur in Omni Operante / 304 6.2.1 The Direct Statement: God Operates in All Operation / 305 6.2.2 The Indirect Statement: Unless God Moves, the Creature Cannot Act / 309 6.2.3 Conclusion / 312 6.3 Grace as Cooperative / 313 7 Summary and Conclusions / 314 II-4 The Second Subsidiary Investigation: Divine Operation in the Will / 316 1 The Idea of Liberty / 317 2 The Possibility of Liberty / 322 2.1 Divine Foreknowledge and Human Liberty / 322 2.1.1 The Elimination of Anthropomorphism / 323 2.1.2 The Reconciliation of Divine Foreknowledge and Human Liberty / 325 2.1.3 The Difference between Divine Foreknowledge of Good and of Evil / 328 2.2 Divine Transcendence and Human Liberty / 334 2.2.1 Divine Transcendence / 334 2.2.2 Ad Modum Libert / 337 2.2-3 Deus Causa Peccati / 339 Collected Works of Bernard Lonergan x Contents 2.3 Logical Summary / 345 3 Transition from the Modern Viewpoint / 348 4 The General Theory of the Need of Operative Grace / 350 4. i The Theory of Impeccability / 350 4.2 The Need of Habits of Operation / 351 4.3 The Need of Grace / 352 5 Special Theory of the Need of Operative Grace / 355 5.1 The Law of Psychological Continuity / 355 5.2 The Impotence of the Sinner / 357 5.2.1 The Position in the Commentary on the Sentences, / 357 5.2.2 De Veritate, q. 24, aa. 11-12 / 358 5.2.3 The Psychological Theory of the Need of Grace / 360 5.2.4 The Maintenance of the Psychological Theory / 363 5.3 The Need of Grace to Prepare for Justification / 364 5.4 The Need of Further Grace after Justification: The Grace of Perseverance / 366 5.5 Conclusion / 367 6 The Motion and Control of the Will / 368 6.1 Different Theories of the Will / 368 6.2 External Premotion / 370 6.3 Internal Premotion / y]\ 6.4 Change of Will/ 373 6.5 The First Mover and the Liber De Bona Fortuna / 374 6.6 The Necessity of Premotion in the Will / 378 6.7 Special Cases of Premotion within the Will / 380 6.8 The Grace of Perseverance / 381 7 Conclusion / 382 II-5 Interpretation of St Thomas's Articles on Gratia Operans / 384 1 The Position of the Commentary on the Sentences / 384 2 The Position of the De Veritate / 386 3 The Position of the Prima Secundae: Habitual Grace as Operative / 390 3.1 Development in the Analysis of Justification / 391 3.2 Justification as a Premotion / 394 5.5 The Free Act in Justification / 401 4 The Position of the Prima Secundae: Actual Grace as Operative / 404 4. i The Theory of Actual Grace / 404 4.2 Operative Grace and Instrumentality / 406 The Robert Mollot Collection