ALEX DAMATO How GPS Data Helps Fight Wildfires and Other Disasters THE INDUSTRY’S MOST TRUSTED TECHNICAL RESOURCE SINCE 1990 CONTINUOUS EVOLUTION What’s New With GNSS Receivers? + PROTECTING SMART GRIDS FROM PNT CYBERATTACKS SEPTEMBER 2022 | Vol 33 | No 9 GPSWORLD.COM 2019 2022 SEPTEMBER VOL. 33 NO. 9 GPSWORLD.COM CH COVER STORY C N avigation 26 CONTINUOUS EVOLUTION What Is New with GNSS Receivers? byMatteo Lucio GNSS receivers face the same old challenges, plus increased interference. However, compared with just a few years ago, they benefit from new signals, many more satellites, a panoply of options for corrections, and improved integration with inertial navigation systems. This month’s cover story highlights what has changed “inside the box” to improve the accuracy and resilience of GNSS receivers for surveying, mapping and a variety of other applications. 32 SEPTENTRIO'S STELLAR 2022 byTracy Cozzens Th o ASSURED PNT ssap h o 14 Can Smart Grids Be Protected l/iStock/G from PNT Cyberattacks? etty Im ag e by Nino De Falcis s P lu s/G etty Im ag ON THE COVER es A surveyor in Kazakhstan uses a CHC Navigation i50 GNSS receiver on a pole with a tablet computer. | SEPTEMBER 2022 WWW.GPSWORLD.COM GPS WORLD 3 2022 SEPTEMBER OPINIONS AND DEPARTMENTS 6 FIRSTFIX 1100 SSYYSSTTEEMMOOFFSSYYSSTTEEMMSS 42 SEEN&HEARD AAssLLaauunncchhLLoooommss,,TThhrreeaattffrroommLLiiggaaddooRReettuurrnnss FY2023NDAAIncludesNationalGuard 3DMapsSolveAccidents•BeiDouEnables ByMatteoLuccio TTiimmiinnggBBaacckkuupp••IITTUUIIssssuueessIInntteerrffeerreennccee HypersonicFlight•DroneMappingAids Warning•2SOPSUnderNewCommand Education•NavigatingwithMuons 8 EDITORIALADVISORY 12 GUESTCOLUMN BCcggwMoorreenimOcaatsNpttthAeeeaelssrlbtteafRswdteftiDoetrraoenannkstnQ,hgandwteerhsh&oMdsoat?hfAtigeGicsrrPhctSuuh?arrbWreeeeehnlrGatSltN,ywiJSstuShiitleeseks LLDB3Riiiffys4OeeassAsaatURvvleiirennNsExggSDGGDPPEUaSSATTmPeeaccRhhtnnCooollHooggyyiinnNNaattuurraall 42 tropicalpixsingapore/iStock/Getty Im MMiittiiggaattiinnggIInntteerrffeerreennccee ages Plus LAUNCHPAD MARKETWATCH 20 OEM 36 OEM 39 MAPPING 22 MAPPING 37 MOBILE 40 DEFENSE 23 SURVEYING 38 SURVEYING 41 MACHINE CONTROL 24 MACHINE CONTROL U 24 MOBILE 40 .S. Air Fo rce 25 SIMULATORS NEWSLETTER EXCERPT Drones on Mars and in Afghanistan BYTony Murfin CONTRIBUTING EDITOR, AUTONOMOUS ARENA N ASA and the European Space with wheels, one on each of the four Perseverance, with the two sample- Agency (ESA) have been cook- landing legs, to enable movement on carrying helicopters acting as backup, ing up a way to get some of the ground. if needed.. Mars back to Earth, so that samples They will also be fitted with a device Meanwhile, Here on Earth… Drones can be analyzed in detail... which is capable of picking up and led the news Aug. 1, when President Because Ingenuity has proven reli- carrying a sample tube. Since the pro- Biden announced the killing of Ayman able and capable of traveling signifi- totype drone helicopter was designed al-Zawahiri in Kabul, Afghanistan. cant distances, NASA and ESA have to be as light as possible, this infers a Al-Zawahiri topped the U.S. 9/11 decided that two new helicopter drones substantial increase in lift capacity wanted list, and his removal was all will become part of the return mission. will be required. The original mission about the offensive use of drones... They will be based on the successful included a sample-collection rover, Ingenuity design, but will be fitted but this task will now be assigned to Read the full column at gpsworld.com/opinions. | 4 GPS WORLD WWW.GPSWORLD.COM SEPTEMBER 2022 TTiimmee ffoorr aa nneeww PPNNTT aaddvveennttuurree LLeeaarrnnmmoorree FIRST FIX As Launch Looms, WWW.GPSWORLD.COM Threat from Ligado Returns EDITORIAL Vice President of Content Marty Whitford T [email protected] | 216-706-3766 Editor-in-Chief Matteo Luccio he new LightSquared and post a link to it on our website [email protected] | 541-543-0525 business plan and the new (www.gpsworld.com) as soon as it Senior Editor Tracy Cozzens [email protected] | 541-255-3334 FCC rules significantly is available. Staff Editor Diane Sofranec [email protected] | 216-706-3793 expand the terrestrial transmission Digital Media Specialist Marie Emerick increasing the potential for interference [email protected] | 216-706-3747 Welcome Penny Axelrad Art Director Courtney Townsend to GPS receivers,” the U.S. departments [email protected] | 216-363-7931 of Defense and Transportation (DOD I am very pleased to announce that Prof. CONTRIBUTING EDITORS and DOT) wrote to the Federal Penina “Penny” Axelrad has joined GPS Innovation Richard Langley | [email protected] Professional OEM & UAV Tony Murfin | [email protected] Communications Commission in 2011 World’s Editorial Advisory Board. GeoIntelligence William Tewelow | [email protected] Survey Tim Burch & Dave Zilkoski | after the FCC granted the company Penny is a University of Colorado (CU) [email protected] & [email protected] permission to offer broadband via its Distinguished Professor in the Ann and BUSINESS satellite and base station networks to HJ Smead Department of Aerospace Publisher Marty Whitford [email protected] | 216-706-3766 a wide variety of mobile broadband Engineering Sciences. She received her Associate Publisher Mike Joyce partners. The move — heralded by B.S. and M.S. degrees in Aeronautical [email protected] | 216-706-3723 Senior Account Manager Todd Miller supporters as hastening the advent of and Astronautical Engineering from [email protected] | 216-706-7921 4G services across the country, especially MIT and her Ph.D. in Aeronautics and Account Manager Nick Hartman [email protected] | 216-675-6000 in underserved communities — sent Astronautics from Stanford University. Vice President of Marketing Michelle Mitchell [email protected] | 216-363-7922 shockwaves across the GNSS/PNT She has been a member of the faculty at Event Manager Allison Blong community, which opposed the plan CU since 1992, serving as primary advisor [email protected] | 216-363-7936 Marketing & Sales Manager, Buyers Guide Emily Adkins forcefully for the threat it posed to GPS. for 25 Ph.D. graduates and many M.S. and [email protected] | 216-675-6006 Reborn in December 2015 as Ligado undergraduate research students. PUBLISHING SERVICES Networks, the company obtained the Penny has been active in research Manager, Production Services Chris Anderson [email protected] | 216-978-5341 FCC’s unanimous approval in April 2020 on GPS and PNT technology and Senior Audience Development Manager Antoinette Sanchez-Perkins [email protected] | 216-706-3750 for the use of spectrum near the L-bands applications for aircraft, spacecraft and Audience Marketing Manager Hillary Blaser used by GPS for its 5G network. It is remote sensing, as well as estimation of [email protected] | 216-440-0411 Reprints & Permissions Wright’s Reprints scheduled to launch its first deployment at satellite orbits and attitude, since 1985, [email protected] the end of September. Nearly all the federal co-authoring more than 60 journal Circulation/Subscriber Services [email protected] | USA: 847-513-6030 government, including DOD and DOT, papers and 130 conference papers. She NORTH COAST MEDIA LLC as well as most manufacturers of GNSS has served as principal investigator or 1360 East 9th St, Tenth Floor Cleveland, OH 44114, USA receivers, are very strongly opposed. On co-investigator on grants and contracts President & CEO Kevin Stoltman September 9, the National Academies totaling $17 million. She is a Fellow of the [email protected] | 216-706-3740 Vice President of Finance & Operations Steve Galperin of Science, Engineering and Medicine’s Institute of Navigation and the American [email protected] | 216-706-3705 Committee to Review FCC Order 20-48 Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Vice President of Content & Publisher Marty Whitford [email protected] | 216-706-3766 will release its independent evaluation and a member of the National Academy Vice President of Graphic Design & Production Pete Seltzer of the issue, as mandated by the 2021 of Engineering. Since 2013 she has served [email protected] | 216-706-3737 Vice President of Marketing Michelle Mitchell National Defense Authorization Act. as a member of the National Space-Based [email protected] | 216-363-7922 The study, begun in May 2021, Positioning, Navigation and Timing MANUSCRIPTS:GPS World welcomes unsolicited articles but cannot be held responsible for considered three issues: (PNT) Advisory Board. their safekeeping or return. Send to: 1360 East 9th St., Tenth Floor, IMG Center, Cleveland, OH 44114, USA. Every precaution is taken to ensure accuracy, but publishers cannot accept responsibility for 1. Which of two prevailing proposed I overlapped with Penny at MIT the accuracy of information supplied herein or for any opinion expressed. REPRINTS:Reprints of all articles are available (500 minimum). Contact [email protected], Wright’s approaches for evaluating harmful in the mid-1980s. Now, nearly 40 Media, 2407 Timberloch Place, The Woodlands, TX 77380.SUBSCRIBER SERVICES:To subscribe, change your address, and all other services, e-mail [email protected] or call 847- interference is most effective to years later, I look forward to her 513-6030.LIST RENTAL: Contact 800-529-9020, Brahm Schenkman, bschenkman@inforefinery. com, The Information Refinery, Inc. PERMISSIONS:Contact northcoastmedia@wrightsmedia. mitigate the risk of harm. contributions to this magazine. com, Wright’s Media, 2407 Timberloch Place, The Woodlands, TX 77380.INTERNATIONAL LICENSING:E-mail [email protected] OFFICE AND 2. The potential for harmful OFFICE OF PUBLICATION:1360 East 9th St., Tenth Floor, IMG Center, Cleveland, OH 44114, USA. GPS WORLDdoes not verify any claims or other information appearing in any interference from Ligado to mobile of the advertisements contained in the publication and cannot take any responsibility for any losses or other damages incurred by readers in reliance on such content. The opinions expressed satellite services — such as Iridium. by GPS World’s contributors are theirs and do not necessarily reflect the policy or position of this magazine or of its publisher, North Coast Media. 3. The feasibility and practicality of Published monthly the remedies proposed by the FCC. Matteo Luccio|EDITOR-IN-CHIEF We will summarize the report [email protected] | 6 GPS WORLD WWW.GPSWORLD.COM SEPTEMBER 2022 n D evelo p g i s D e e D p l o y FASTER Only Spirent gives you the accuracy and assurance you need to deploy your PNT solution faster Precise and powerful simulation Spirent’s open and rich API, is essential for PNT developers software-defined architecture, to save time and capital: & ultra-low latency deliver new technology can be tested for the greatest realism resilience under every condition, for complex configurations from unintentional interference that test multi-sensor and to navigation warfare. multi-system engines. SpirentFederal.com Spirent.com/PNT US Gov/Defense Global EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Tony Agresta Nearmap Miguel Amor Hexagon Positioning Intelligence NEWEAB Compared to MEMBER Penina Axelrad the other three University of Colorado GNSS constellations, Thibault Bonnevie SBG Systems what is currently Alison Brown the greatest NAVSYS Corporation Ismael Colomina strength of GPS? GeoNumerics “ What is its greatest I would submit that the Clem Driscoll greatest strength of GPS is C.J. Driscoll & Associates weakness? its ubiquity. GPS really is John Fischer everywhere – worldwide Orolia and accepted. It is a trusted and free Bernard Gruber continuous source, backed by the integrity Northrop Grumman of the United States, and used for location, navigation, tracking, mapping and timing Ellen Hall in myriad applications. Spawned and “I’ll second Bernie’s Spirent Federal Systems integrated applications that rely on GPS are comments and add that the Jules McNeff well into the high billions of dollars! As they nearly universal trust in GPS, Overlook Systems Technologies say, ‘When you’re on top, people will be despite the protestations Terry Moore gunning for you.’ In the case of GPS, I would that it is operated by the military, is a University of Nottingham offer that that is its greatest weakness – result of decades of openness regarding overreliance without a backup for those its operation and improvement. Rare Mitch Narins users that should have one.” Strategic Synergies faults are acknowledged and repaired, and planned civil modernizations, though Bradford W. Parkinson sometimes delayed, are developed with Stanford Center for Position, Navigation and Time civil collaboration and are fully and Stuart Riley publicly documented. Its success and Trimble consistency have made it a target, which would be a significant weakness but for Jean-Marie Sleewaegen Septentrio “On strengths, it is very a growing awareness of the need for simple: reliability, consistency, complementary PNT sources to sustain the Michael Swiek stability and transparency.” value it has created.” GPS Alliance Julian Thomas Racelogic Ltd. Greg Turetzky Consultant 8 GPS WORLD WWW.GPSWORLD.COM | SEPTEMBER 2022 NCS NOVA GNSS RF Constellation Simulator New NCS Release V2.8 New Features: • Galileo E1-B Open Service Navigation Message Authentication Capability • Public OS-NMA User ICD 1.0 compliant • GPS cross-authentication support • OS-NMA events testing capability • Public key renewal & revocation events • TESLA key chain renewal & revocation events • RF Interference Capability • AWGN, CW, Pulsed and Chirp interferer types • Spoofi ng Capability Extension • Assignment of two users to one RF output www.ifen.com FFFooorrrAAAmmmeeerrriiicccaaasss FFFooorrrEEEMMMEEEAAA&&&AAAPPPAAACCC IIIFFFEEENNNIIInnnccc... IIIFFFEEENNNGGGmmmbbbHHH +++111444111555---666222777---000999777111 +++444999888111222111222222333888222000 sssaaallleeesss---uuusss@@@iiifffeeennn...cccooommm sssaaallleeesss@@@iiifffeeennn...cccooommm SYSTEM Policy and System Developments SYSGPST GLOENASSM BeiDouS Galileo OF FY2023 NDAA PNT expert Pat Diamond said the Guard’s concerns and Includes National efforts are well justified. “Precision timing is a seriously weak link for everyone in the United States, including critical Guard Timing Backup infrastructure and organizations like the National Guard,” he said. “If GPS timing was not available for some reason, land mobile radios, common operational pictures, the ability to Oby Dana Goward navigate, plus command-and-control systems would suffer greatly, potentially being completely degraded. It’s outstanding n July 14, the U.S. House passed its version that the Guard has realized this and seems to be moving out. of the National Defense Authorization Act All the power to them.” (NDAA) for fiscal year 2023, which begins Additional PNT-related mentions in the report: Oct. 1. The report released with the legislation GPS Disruption & RF-Based Alternatives. Most of Congress’ contains several provisions of interest for attention has been focused on defense rather than civil dis- the GPS and positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) ruptions. Over the years, it has tasked the Department of communities. Perhaps most intriguingly, it indicates the Defense (DOD) with a wide variety of briefings and actions National Guard is considering a program to ensure it has one including reporting on threats to GPS, how DOD will oper- or more sources of time independent from GPS. ate in GPS-denied environments, progress (or lack thereof) in OCX and M-code, and development of alternative PNT National Guard and Nationwide Alternative Timing systems. In the 2023 NDAA, Congress focuses on alternate At the end of a section “Collaboration on positioning, navigation capabilities as opposed to full PNT. navigation, and timing research,” the House report reveals that Army MAPS Program. The Army’s Mounted Assured PNT the National Guard is concerned about relying entirely on GPS System (MAPS) is focused on ground vehicles. The program for timing and seems to have begun to address that shortfall. includes M-code and other GNSS and inertial sensors. The It requires a report no later than February 2023 on the Army has produced and fielded about 1,000 Gen 1 MAPS Guard’s “Nationwide Integration of Time Resiliency for units, but with the Army operating 225,000 ground vehicles, Operations (NITRO) effort.” The report should address, Congress expressed concern with the pace and asked for a among other things, mission need, capability gaps, estimated briefing on the program by December 2023. costs and how the department is collaborating with other Autonomy Software for PNT-Denied Environments. Another federal, state and local entities. interesting PNT-related provision is a requirement for DOD The budget item for NITRO cites malicious cyberattacks to “Report on autonomy software for Next Generation Air that can impact command-and-control systems. It says Dominance.” It describes a developing Air Force strategy for the Guard’s ability to support civil authorities and critical using piloted and unpiloted aircraft alongside each other. The infrastructure is at risk if not mitigated with resilient time. software “could enable the continued operational capability of systems in positioning, navigation and timing-denied LOUISIANA NATIONAL environments.” The Navy and Marine Corps are developing GUARD SOLDIERS take a similar concept. uard/Staff Sgt. Jessica Prestenbach trainiMnpgisa saritts siCniap mdpeip,m SMohaleiytl ib1o5yn., ATcttThio mhhMene eeufS er esHetrtnhes-ouanePtu lceataei’ssscnde scvg oBea vlmrneielsgdlripois sarinlenoa cotynioifo n notnghcf iie lrst ee NhadpleD mow rA2oitt0 Ashht2 ac3htdhea r aNsntt ab oDoientfA e yttnAohe t fep i bhlaSeeasedessn, n iaany tsrtee eoo.t l feWl taapowsrh ee.bi dslees. G nal my Natio DFoaunnad Gaotiwona r(drn istf pnrde.osirdge) natn odf at hmee Rmebsielire onft tNhaev Pigraetsioidne nant’ds NTiamtiionnga l Ar Space-based Positioning, Navigation and Timing Advisory Board. U.S. | 10 GPS WORLD WWW.GPSWORLD.COM SEPTEMBER 2022