Goyal’s IIT FOUNDATION COURSE CHEMISTRY CLASS 9 By A. Ramakrishna Principal ‘Johnson Foundation Schoo! Hyderanad GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN New Delhi GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS Sales & Registered Office HAUG. Chan Buna. Pohngare, Nex Delhi 116056 Vous Row SAU. Phen s2USBAGSS BISSILE 1S punt nigga seem Administrative Offee PLAS, Serbo A3, Nae USEF ALR Prone * H120-2830050. Fux + OLN 383000 Branches Abmedabaal: UL, Shop Nel Dev Cale, Cap Mie Krrhae Celt, Jay Sosiey Road Opy. Se Mary's Scheel, Govincead. Tanger, Manes. Stoeco SS44, Mba 9250000 Chennal 5 Mo. £8 Nex; §7 Od, Ha CHT Rag Sil Min ol, Wandin, Chaamie O2048 ean EN honey | 1424122757, Fax No. O8L24322777 fomakati + Bishsp Plata, Col. J. Ai Read. Labheokin (Guvaha ~ 781001 Assam}. Phone * 0360-2735337 Hyderabad + FTL, Fint Root, Agmee! Chanbe 59-121, Ring Rothi Reed. Hydeaad Telefax» 23211332 Kochi Cyomtes eves, Moplossny Rua. Wail BO, Kochi = S82010 Kersh Phone + 09697030566 Kolkata 1 Mo, 20K Zad Flee Foran Towers, 64-8, ‘ohacya Tupdlsh Cherdru Bose ‘Road ‘Rockit - 780014) Phone 2 0322262689 Showrooms Neng 1 168° S544 Gram ar. fd Mose Barwon par Reng» S6U 021, Phung £ ONA23320855 Toe Ma, 203, Zare, MP. Maga, hopabate gi: MP. Telefax * O785-€271971 Lweknoy 1 B28, SeowzB. Mckunayis, Opposie RAC Maia Gu LLaskzon «228 Ue, Phone + 0522-2320841 Pans Nene Ken Apmires Pla Ne 2-4. seta toe Mae War Vevey Sar, De Tanks La, Pn nay Py ARTE hops 1 Reserva tedden 20U4 Printed & Meee by Roshan Fal Gosal fr tija Wetice Makaneh, New De i Preface In today’s competiive word, stusenls need to tackle corpettive exams in oder to feneure a suocesstul career, This can he achieved only by having a thorough knowledge of the subject which wil help them ta stengthen the application of the fundamental eancepis and enhance their prabiam salving skis The “IT Foundation Series Chemistry" books for classes 6 lo 10 ara designed 10 provide a solid base to the students who aspire to undertake the IIT and other campetitve exams for entrance to engineering instlutions after Glass 12. k wil also ensure ther excellent peiformance in all ether simiar competitive exams with ease The distinction teaturas of this serles ara 1 The syllabus goes beyond ine usual school syllabus la cover a wider agpedt ol the subject. 1 Textbook and Practice Material are present in a single book, 1A concise description of each topic with important concepts, datinition ancl words, 1 Important points al the and of each enapler giving brie! summary ol the concapis learned in the chapter. 1 Objective and subjective Questions in each chapter based on the latest examination pattern, 1 Challenging questions’problams solved far encauraging tha students to came up wilh solutions ol mora tough questionerproblams on their own 1 Challenging questionsiprablems solved for encouraging the students to come up ‘with selufons of more tough questians:problems on theit ov 1 Exercises for practice with Simple Problems, Concaptual Problems, Multiple Gholee Guestions, Numarteal Problems, Paragraph Quesilons, Assertion and Reasoning Questions, ele. as asked in tha IIT entrance exams. The seties hope to serve as a selt-leaming Wit to the students which will give them the confidence to take up any entrance exam as a challenge. Any queriesisuggestions regarding the subject matter can be sent to the publisher. We will etiva our bast to solve theca quetias and incorporate and suggestions given lous — Author Contents CHAPTER 1 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures mnkrocuelion «Compounds atom 4 # Naning of Corr pounds water 2 Mixtures Cassitication of Matter 1 & Classification of Mistures Pure Substances 2 «Separation of Mixtures laments 2 « Dilferences berween Symbols vf Elements 2 Compounds and Mixtures CHAPTER 2 Symbols, Formulae and Equations Review at Important Concepts 40+ Writing and Balan Chemical ‘Chemeal Symbols 1” Equations Meaning Conveyed by Symbols 4a # Special Symbols used in Chemical Elements are Maule up of Atoms 15 Equation Lectronic Configuration of Elernents + Moaning of Balanced Chercal [Bohr-Bury Au es) 5 Equations Valence Electrons 47 Signifiuance of Numbers used in a tans ara ther Forme a Chemical Equation Modern Congept af Valency 20 Alone Number ana Mass Number Radical 2G Atomic Weight of an Llement CCherncal Formula 21 Molecular Welght at 2 Camzound Chemical Equations ~ Rearecencing + Simple Calculations hasea or Chemical Reactions me Chemical Fowmnalse and Faions CHAPTER 3 Gaseous State and Gas Laws Introduction 55 Boyle's Law (16021 Physical Propertias uf Gases By & Aqueous Tension Measurable Provertles of Gases 35 Charles’ Law (1787) Arwalute Scale of Temperature oF + deal Gas Ewation Ke'vin eae BE Gay Lansad’s Law of Combining Kinetic Theory of Gases a Volumes Gas Laws 37a Avogadto’s Law ‘CHAPTER 4 Atomic structure Introduction 434 thw Discharge Tube Experiments Daltons Atomic Model, 1808 a = Discovery of Clectron av a “+ Canal Rays ~ Discovery at Provan a7 Wtherfora’s Atomic Model, 2921 so 4 Disxweery of Nustran «¢ Bolv’s Atomic Madel (1913) 5 «+ Fundamental parces Pretent in 4 Sume Impartent Poin-s to Remercher 3 the Atom ae @ les of Electronic Cantiguration + Atome Models 28 «Properties of atom 3 HAPTER S Perlodic Classification + Introcustion SR» ner: Gases (or Noble Gunes} = Importance of Classtying Elemente. 38 Pavindcty Dobercinr Teas, 1829, 5S « Pariadic Properties + Nowland's taw of Uetaves, 2868 ‘© Electronic Configuration af Elemants. 6? Meyer's clssitiation (2869, German} .. $8 # Atomic Properties sa 4 Merdsne’s Classification = Atomic Radius @ (4860, Russion) on SD Henle Hains + Modern Perini Table 8 « lonisation Energy + Special Names of Some Groups > Electron Atfniy (affinity Laeigyd x In the Periodic Table » Electronegatviny n types of Clemants © Metalic Character ” 4 Representative Elements 2» Nonmetalle Character 3 + Transition flements » Summary ef General Trends tn 4 Finer Transition Elements 83 Atomic Prapartias CHAPTER 5 Cheniical Bonding 7851 Introduction 5» Lome Compounds and Covalent + Ghertcal Bond ez Compounds u 19 Redistribution in Chemical ++ Coordinate Covalent Bane (Dative Bond “A * Tonic bows, Kossel, 18:5 Van der Waal’ Forces 2: © Covalent Bond, 1916, Lewis «= Bond Pairs and tone Pais a ‘+ Clastticrion of Covalent Bonds CHAPTER? Chemical Kinetics 2402 ‘= Introduction 2 fewarnal Energy, Activation Energy ard ‘= Reversible and reversible chemical Teshold Eure Reactions 82» Energy Changes in s Chemical Reaction ‘+ Retes of 2 Chemical Reaction 52 w Fifort nf Catnyst on Reaction Paths Path of a Chemical Rearton 92» Factors affecting Reaction fates Callison Theory 96» Law ef Mass Action (Rate Lawh Reaction Mechanisins CHAPTER 8 Chemical Equiliblum 084111 + reroaiction 103 Stale af Chemical Equriorium 3 = Reversible and lveversble Changes... 103 = Dynamic Nature of Chemical +60 + Forward Reaction and Backsuaed Resctions 108 “Graphical Representation of ‘+ Significance of Equiiium Constant. 196 lersveribie Reactions 102g Le Chatafer’s Principle 108 ‘Graphicon Representation af the tects af Ch 3 ‘© Eeeets of Changing Phsial ‘Stale of Chemical Eaulibrien ana Conditions of a Chemical Equilibrium .. 108 CCharaeterisirs of Chemical ‘= Application of Le ChatelierCrinciple C7 elisa 105 Types of Coemical Equlibtur 106 > ‘Some Specific Heastons and 7 aw of Chemical Equilibrium tavourable Conditions ica {Law of Mass Action 106 CHAPTER 9 Metallurgy vas nvoduction 112.» Reduction af are to Pure Metal Charactersties of Heals "2 (Extraction of etal 1 Choracterstles of Hon-metals 112 @ Purifeation and Refining of Metals. ME ccurrence 112 etallrgy ul Alum alam storllray 483 (Halls Process) 16 Steps in Metallurgy 415 «Metallurgy of Iron 13 Dressing and Concerteation of Ore 1d « Metallurgy of Zn a2 Ccanwelsor of re ina Oxide Es Alloys 1a Corrosion A Speval Diseussion 122 cHapTER 10 Study of Group IA Element—Hydrogen Innradctien 19 Hydrogen aot = Hydrogen Geeurence 236 «Chemical Properties of Mydrogen Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen .. 125 «Test for hydrogen Industrlol Manufacture of Hydregun 127 ‘Uses of Hydrogen Physical Properties of liydrogen 128 CHAPTER II Study of Group IVA Element—Carbon and its Oxides #150 Invodvetion 1a Carbon 138 «Combustion 10 Occurrence 1S & Oxides of Carbon xt Aliatropes of Carbon 435» Carbon Monanide ry Crystalline allotropes 1832 Corbon Diowide 188 Asrorpheus AFotropes "57 Fires and Fre Fringuishers 148 Fuels 153 CHAPTER 12 Study of Group VA Element —Nitrogen and its compounds 151470 letreductin to Nisrogen $1» Chemical Eroperties of Ntronen 153 ‘Occurrence of Nitrogen 451 Test for Nitrogen 18a Seneral Methods of Proparation of Ouse 1m nitrozen + « . Compounds of Nitrogen 184 Laboratory Preparation of Mitvogen =. 352 1+ Armmocia and Ammonium Hydroxide .. 155, Uses af Armmonim Hydroxide 159 Industrial Preparation of Ammonis . by Heber's Pracess 155+ Ammonium Saks 160 Physical Properties of Amameonia Gas |. 157» Uses of Ammonium Salts +60 Chemical >ropertes of Ammonia Gas = 157» Nitric Acid 1 Chemical Proaertes af Aumonium + adustial Manufacture of dione (re,O#) 458 Nite Aeld by Ostwads Process. 162 “est for Ammanium Hydroxide 458 CHAPTER 13, Study of Group VIA Element—Oxygen a1-180 » Introduetion to Oxygen L171 «Physical Propestes of Onygen Ws Occurrence 171 Chemical Properties af Oxygen 173 > General Methods of Preparation Test tar Oxygen 195 of Oxygen 471 & Uses of Oxygen 175 Laboratory Preparation of Owygen 171 # using of on 178 Industrial Preparation of Oxygen... 772 ‘cHapren ta Study of Group VIA Element—Sulphur and its compounds 181-199 Intreduction to Sulphor 481» Chemical Properties of Sulphur Occurrence vm Dioxide 187 Industrial Cxtracton of Sulphur 181» Test for Sulphur Dioxide a8 Sulphur Exhibies allotropy 12 © Uses of Sulphur Dioxide 188 Physical Proneties cf Sulphur 182 + Introduction to Sulphuric Acid 188 Chemical Propertles of Sulphur 4185 General Methods of Preparation. 189 Uses of Sulphur 186» Contazt Process ~ dustrial Invroducion Suiphu: Oloxide 198 Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid 189 Gonetol Methods af Preparaion taj «—«=«® (Physical Properties of Sulphuric Acid ... 190 Laboratory Preparation of Sulphur Chemical properties of Sulphuric Acid 190 Dioxide 186 © Tesls for Sulphuric Acid .. 192 Physical Properties of Suiphur Uses of Sulphuric Ald 192 Gionide 487 tydrogen Suphice ts CHAPTER 15, Study of Group VIA Element—chiorine 200-208 Introduction t3 Chlorine 200. « Physical Properties uf Chlorine 21 Laboratory Preparation of CMerine 200 « Chemicat Propels of Chiting 202 Manufacture of ClBorine 201 «Uses of Chorine 208 Series Content Natuce of Matter Pera and Mixed Subtstumces Elements, Cemmonnds aad Mixtuves Blesents Compounde asl Mixtures halve oo Mattor Symbels, Forunlay and Hyualions awe of Chemical Combination tome Stmture Aeclow of Heat ow ushoemation of Svbstanose yabols, Formulae and Eqaatisms Typer of Chemceal Changes Atomic Stistnee Perinlis Clavfe Chonissi Houdtns Water and Tle Constinvente Tydrngen lements, Compeuals and Misturee Stable, Furanulae and Teguatione Caeser State and Ge Law Beni: Structure Pesiodic Callison Chetuteal Huading Chernin, Chessieal yeilbrisen Periodic Table Oheaseal Bu ading Alles Taeth Motals Metals and Nise ingy Dida aud Fae i Class! Beane wow 3 Stady of Group Symbol and betula Ghenges Revol Winter Ai Acide, Baace wud Sa Chencitey in Daily Tle Air Vase Chamgee Arsand Eulpsur and fis Congrincs Natioges and Th Cor soende Stady af Ceona TVA, Phorntescus aud Mle Cu Ge wavs Sats and Le Const Melaly aid Nw Notal Study of Gress IVA Teriante- dcr ped ity Oxides Std of Cron YA. end Jes Cosnpoueale lady uf Grosse VIA Flomant. 0 Study af Gros ¥-8 JIphae and Te Cove JecnessonN Chlovine Hcctealysig On Cathal dates, Pesteius, Fate ani OH: iskiomley 2. Cheasiry ad industry lar Chemnistes Aralptiea! Ch 1 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 10 INTRODUCTION Any solos 63 systematic sty Wy tava, ebscevation and densing infesvase, Chet ty fv branch of ecieace ta dads wit a systematic study of the composioon of mater and the rearoons ‘hit take place botwcen mate. suidy af cherie cls ns hose alhstanece Behave with omer wb snes Tals explains how iffrcut ceuieal ule lance: jlo gether Ws form ew substances. Tar example wien wood 3 butht x ehanges «0 eh with the Fesaze ot heat and light, Ses gars like carhon Aiowide ate mga wea The bucning of wood is a chemical eeaction I onder We understand the atime uf ailfereat chemical substances and chemeu eames. 1.48 fmporint know? ahem che tandems hilling Tacks of al chemicals the oteas 11 aToM The wore “asem “comes fom the Cioek wed “etomse” saving iadivsie. 146 ots Ballon, a9 Accunding tu Dahon if matter is divided ato smaller ‘nd smaller pare oz will Tally get very mall Distcle thar ganot e divided any tortor. Piaion cafe the stat particle of matter tot eas not iiible any farther ae Dalen stulied miter andl pat forth his Endongs fn a thoory called Batons Atvonic Theory. Dalton’s Atomic Theory 1. Maren ie mad up af sy pa let cated at. 2. ature are indtabe, ‘roms Atoms of fe sow otement ane wfemoal bo sass and other promeres, 5. Avon af digurent rantes and prepentis, Funthea scitalfic sludics showed tat atone could be divided fier is sil seualee pantices ln 1852, Plucker and Goldstsin in 1876 showed ‘hat all ate contained negatvsly chseged partes rd destope neat lifer in thsie ‘has they showed thatthe atom could be divided oF split prince hese asgaively charged patios Tw 1897 J. Thanwepa eae hear negatively ctuanged panieles lectus, We funer ju ft he feu that the atom was a positive chusged sud ball withthe negative eleeuims umered inde i aly lars, Rasen 1911 gna Neil lh in 1012 foot Chadbrick in 12 sled fal all atone are mude up of the puch ~ aleetroms, protons tend neutrons. Atsine are actuatiy ma changed garcicles sailed eleetrows, gesitinaly ebsanged partedes valied pecions an ncainaily shurged parties calle! nevus 1.2 MATTER AM! materials around vs are mads oF marr. Traoke, lables, chit, tle ain we Death, the water wwe drink, the Sowa we eat vue Dixy, he sua the rion, the early are ull made ap muller, Let doting rater Master ig aevibing sae eoapios seuss nd caw he panrrbve 8 ese gens ‘Tin ere ae Ubree eeseatial voudilivas for sumelhing Uo be colle taller, ‘They are us follows. 1, Tk mus uevupy space 2 Tas! hive mss ap of negate 3. We unt be able to perceive i! by our sees, fie, be able Wo uch, sel, see uF Lae i ‘We see so ey diferent le of water srsund 1. Different kins wf mutter dicfr from euch ther fn Mee composition and properties. They iter in colaut, sie, weight, valume, conpostrinn, wetting point boiling poiat and solubility ia wales, Besides nose differences. whey aifer frum such viher in ny 4s 1.8 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER To study: all ue diffsiem binds of camer aveurtely aod vonvendenly. muller iy classed ints two broad categories: Pure substances and Mixtures A pu ou saan af patiles af ay co Ko I hes 0 onirn sonipostion soghon Suvb coater is sal wo be Aeoragencae im nature lamers. Compan wed Maree