Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 THE PROCESS 4LTR Press uses a Student-Tested, Faculty-Approved process to meet the unique needs of each course. learn American government YOUR way with GOVT10! GOVT10’s easy-reference, paperback textbook presents course content through visually-engaging chapters as well as Chapter Review Cards that consolidate the best review material into a ready-made study tool. with the textbook or on its own, GOVT Online allows easy exploration of GOVT10 anywhere, anytime — including on your device! STudENTS Say iNSTRucTORS REquiRE Students taking American government say Those teaching American government require they want an overview of course concepts that a text that covers current trends and historical are valuable and impact the past and present events alike with an accurate, easy-to-understand of politics. They desire a source with real world perspective. In addition to relevant examples, examples that focus on relevant events and instructors will have access to case studies, issues. In GOVT10 students can find in-depth in-depth quizzing, PowerPoint lectures, and an feature boxes, up-to-date examples, relevant Instructor’s Manual that includes additional material. data, and much more. InStRuctoR ReSouRceS Student ReSouRceS: available at cengage.com/login: • Visually-Engaging Chapters • All Student Resources • Tear-Out Chapter Review Cards • Assignable Chapter Readings and Assessments • gOVT Online available at cengagebrain.com • lMS Integration • Interactive Reading • Instructor’s Manual • Practice Quizzes • Test Bank • web Annotations • PowerPoint® Slides • Flashcards • Tear-Out Instructor Prep Cards • Videos • Major Player Profiles Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. THE GOV T SOLUTION Print GOVT10 CHapTER 1 + america in the 21st Century Online CH2apTER The Constitution GOVT10 delivers all the key terms GOVT Online provides the complete and core concepts for the Principles narrative from the printed text with of American Government course. additional interactive media and the unique functionality of StudyBits—all available on nearly any device! What is a StudyBit™? Created through a deep investigation of students’ challenges and workflows, the StudyBit™ functionality of GOVT Online enables students of different generations and learning styles to study more effectively by allowing them to learn their way. Here’s how they work: WEAK rate and organIze studyBIts ColleCt FAIR Rate your What’s understanding and Important use the color-coding Create STRONG to quickly organize StudyBits your study time as you highlight UNASSIGNED and personalize text, images or your flashcards take notes! and quizzes. CORRECT traCk/monItor 85% INCORRECT progress Use Concept personalIze QuIzzes INCORRECT Tracker to decide Filter by your StudyBits how you’ll spend to personalize quizzes or study time and just take chapter quizzes INCORRECT study YOUR way! off-the-shelf. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 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GOVT10 © 2019, 2018 Cengage Learning, Inc. Edward Sidlow, Beth Henschen Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage. Senior Vice President, Higher Ed Product, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Content, and Market Development: Erin Joyner may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the Sr. Product Manager: Bradley Potthoff copyright owner. Content/Media Developer: Colin Grover Product Assistant: Danielle Gidley For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Marketing Manager: Valerie Hartman Cengage Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. Sr. Content Project Manager: Martha Conway For permission to use material from this text or product, Sr. Art Director: Bethany Bourgeois submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. 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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Sidlow / HenScHen Brief Contents GOVT10 PART I The FoundATIons oF ouR AmeRIcAn sysTem 1 1 America in the Twenty-First Century 2 2 The Constitution 24 3 Federalism 48 PART II ouR LIbeRTIes And RIghTs 72 4 Civil Liberties 72 5 Civil Rights 98 PART III The PoLITIcs oF democRAcy 122 6 Interest Groups 122 7 Political Parties 144 8 Public Opinion and Voting 168 9 Campaigns and Elections 192 10 Politics and the Media 216 PART IV InsTITuTIons 236 11 The Congress 236 12 The Presidency 262 13 The Bureaucracy 288 14 The Judiciary 310 PART V PubLIc PoLIcy 334 15 Domestic Policy 334 16 Foreign Policy 354 Appendix A The Declaration of Independence A–1 Appendix B The Constitution of the United States A–3 Appendix C Federalist Papers No. 10 and No. 51 A–13 Appendix D Answers to Chapter Quiz Questions A–18 Appendix E Information on U.S. Presidents (Online) Appendix F Party Control of Congress since 1900 (Online) mages Notes N–1 Getty I Glossary G–1 E+/ MerveKarahan/ ICnhdaepxt e Ir– i1n Review Cards 1–32 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ContEnts Skill Prep: A Study Skills Module SP–1 1–4 American Political Ideology 17 Take Action: A Guide to Political 1–4a conservatism 18 Participation TA–1 1–4b liberalism 18 1–4c The Traditional Political Spectrum 19 1–4d Beyond conservatism and liberalism 20 AMERICA AT ODDS: do we Still need the “Mainstream Media”? 3 Part I JOIn ThE DEbATE: is our Government Too large? 12 PERCEPTIOn VERSUS REALITY: do immigrants Take The FoundATIons oF American Jobs? 17 AMERICA AT ODDS: America in the Twenty-First ouR AmeRIcAn sysTem 1 century 21 2 THE CONSTITuTION 24 2–1 The Beginnings of American Government 26 2–1a The First english Settlements 26 m o 2–1b colonial legislatures 28 c ock. 2–2 The Rebellion of the Colonists 28 erst utt 2–2a “Taxation without Representation” 29 h d/S 2–2b The continental congresses 30 ar ern 2–2c Breaking the Ties: independence 30 b b 2–3 The Confederation of States 33 2–3a The Articles of confederation 33 1 2–3b A Time of crisis—The 1780s 34 AmERICA IN THE 2–4 Drafting and Ratifying the Constitution 36 TwENTy-FIRST CENTuRy 2 2–4a who were the delegates? 36 1–1 What Are Politics and Government? 4 2–4b The Virginia Plan 37 1–1a defining Politics and Government 4 2–4c The new Jersey Plan 37 1–1b Resolving conflicts 5 2–4d The compromises 37 1–1c Providing Public Services 5 2–4e defining the executive and the Judiciary 39 1–1d defending the nation and its culture 6 2–4f The Final draft is Approved 39 1–2 Different Systems of Government 7 2–4g The debate over Ratification 39 1–2a Undemocratic Systems 7 2–4h Ratification 41 1–2b democratic Systems 8 2–4i did a Majority of Americans Support the constitution? 41 1–3 American Democracy 9 2–5 The Constitution’s Major Principles of Government 41 1–3a The British legacy 10 2–5a limited Government, Popular Sovereignty, and 1–3b Principles of American democracy 11 the Rule of law 42 1–3c A merican Political Values 11 2–5b The Principle of Federalism 42 1–3d Political Values and a divided electorate 14 2–5c Separation of Powers 43 1–3e Political Values in a changing Society 15 2–5d checks and Balances 43 2–5e limited versus effective Government 44 iv Contents Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 2–5f The Bill of Rights 44 Part II 2–5g Amending the constitution 44 AMERICA AT ODDS: Should we elect the President by Popular Vote? 25 ouR LIbeRTIes JOIn ThE DEbATE: was the United States Meant to Be a christian nation? 27 And RIghTs 72 PERCEPTIOn VERSUS REALITY: The Slavery issue 40 ThE REST OF ThE WORLD: The Parliamentary Alternative 45 AMERICA AT ODDS: The constitution 46 3 om c FEdERAlISm 48 ock. erst 3–1 Federalism and Its Alternatives 50 utt h S 3–1a what is Federalism? 50 dio/ u 3–1b Alternatives to Federalism 51 c St nti 3–1c Federalism—An optimal choice a Fr for the United States? 51 3–2 The Constitutional Division of Powers 54 4 3–2a The Powers of the national Government 54 CIVIl lIBERTIES 72 3–2b The Powers of the States 55 3–2c interstate Relations 56 4–1 The Constitutional Basis for Our Civil Liberties 74 3–2d concurrent Powers 57 4–1a Safeguards in the original constitution 74 3–2e The Supremacy clause 57 4–1b The Bill of Rights 74 3–3 The Struggle For Supremacy 58 4–1c The incorporation Principle 76 3–3a early United States Supreme court decisions 58 4–2 Freedom of Religion 77 3–3b The civil war—The Ultimate Supremacy Battle 60 4–2a laws on Religion 3–3c dual Federalism—From the civil war to the in the colonies 77 1930s 61 4–2b The establishment clause 79 3–3d cooperative Federalism and the Growth 4–2c Prayer in the Schools 79 of the national Government 61 4–2d evolution versus creationism 80 3–4 Federalism Today 62 4–2e Aid to Parochial Schools 81 3–4a The new Federalism—More Power to the 4–2f The Free exercise clause 82 States 62 4–3 Freedom of Expression 83 3–4b The Supreme court and the new Federalism 63 3–4c The Shifting Boundary between Federal 4–3a The Right to Free Speech is not Absolute 84 and State Authority 63 4–3b Subversive Speech 84 3–5 The Fiscal Side of Federalism 66 4–3c limited Protection for commercial Speech 84 3–5a Federal Grants 66 4–3d Unprotected Speech 85 3–5b Federal Grants and State Budgets 67 4–3e Free Speech for Students? 86 3–5c Federalism and economic cycles 67 4–3f Freedom of the Press 87 3–5d Using Federal Grants to control the States 68 4–4 The Right To Privacy 87 3–5e The cost of Federal Mandates 68 4–4a The Abortion controversy 88 3–5f competitive Federalism 68 4–4b do we Have the “Right to die”? 89 AMERICA AT ODDS: Should Recreational Marijuana Be 4–4c Privacy and Personal information 89 legal? 49 4–4d Personal Privacy and national Security 91 ThE REST OF ThE WORLD: canadian versus American 4–5 The Rights of The Accused 93 Federalism 53 PERCEPTIOn VERSUS REALITY: The Best Government 4–5a The Rights of criminal defendants 93 is local Government 56 4–5b The exclusionary Rule 93 JOIn ThE DEbATE: Should “Sanctuary cities” Be 4–5c The Miranda warnings 94 Allowed? 65 AMERICA AT ODDS: do U.S. citizens Really need AMERICA AT ODDS: Federalism 69 Military-Style Rifles? 73 v Contents Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. 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ThE REST OF ThE WORLD: do Foreigners Have constitutional Rights in the United States? 78 Part III PERCEPTIOn VERSUS REALITY: The Availability of Abortion 90 The PoLITIcs JOIn ThE DEbATE: is the death Penalty a cruel and Unusual Punishment? 94 oF democRAcy 122 AMERICA AT ODDS: civil liberties 96 5 CIVIl RIGHTS 98 5–1 The Equal Protection Clause 100 5–1a Strict Scrutiny 100 m 5–1b intermediate Scrutiny 101 o c 5–1c The Rational Basis Test (ordinary Scrutiny) 101 ock. 5–2 African Americans 101 utterst h 5–2a Separate But equal 102 atz/S 5–2b Violence and Vote Suppression 102 a k 5–2c T he Brown decisions and School integration 102 5–2d The civil Rights Movement 103 6 5–2e African Americans in Politics Today 105 INTEREST GROupS 122 5–2f continuing challenges 106 5–3 Women 107 6–1 Interest Groups and American Government 124 5–3a The Struggle for Voting Rights 107 6–1a The constitutional Right to Petition the Government 124 5–3b The Feminist Movement 107 6–1b why interest Groups Form 124 5–3c women in American Politics Today 108 6–1c How interest Groups Function in American 5–3d women in the workplace 108 Politics 127 5–4 Securing Rights For Other Groups 110 6–1d How do interest Groups differ from Political 5–4a latinos 110 Parties? 128 5–4b Asian Americans 113 6–2 Different Types of Interest Groups 128 5–4c American indians 114 6–2a Business interest Groups 128 5–4d Persons with disabilities 115 6–2b labor and Professional interest Groups 130 5–4e Gay Men and lesbians 116 6–2c Public-interest and other Types of Groups 132 5–5 Beyond Equal Protection—Affirmative Action 118 6–3 How Interest Groups Shape Policy 134 5–5a Affirmative Action Tested 118 6–3a direct Techniques 134 5–5b Strict Scrutiny Applied 118 6–3b indirect Techniques 136 5–5c The diversity issue 118 6–4 Today’s Lobbying Establishment 138 5–5d State Actions 119 6–4a why do interest Groups Get Bad Press? 139 AMERICA AT ODDS: do the Police Use excessive Force 6–4b The Regulation of lobbyists 139 against African Americans? 99 6–4c The lobbying disclosure Act of 1995 140 JOIn ThE DEbATE: is “Political correctness” a Real Problem? 111 6–4d later Reform efforts 141 PERCEPTIOn VERSUS REALITY: we Are Too lax in AMERICA AT ODDS: Are Farmers Getting a deal That’s Vetting Refugees 112 Too Good? 123 AMERICA AT ODDS: civil Rights 120 PERCEPTIOn VERSUS REALITY: The United States can Bring Back Factory Jobs 131 JOIn ThE DEbATE: Should we let Uber and lyft Pick Up Passengers? 140 AMERICA AT ODDS: interest Groups 142 vi Contents Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. 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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 7 8–3 Public Opinion Polls 178 pOlITICAl pARTIES 144 8–3a early Polling efforts 178 8–3b How Polling Has developed 178 7–1 A Short History of American Political Parties 146 8–3c Problems with opinion Polls 180 7–1a The First Political Parties 146 8–4 Voting and Voter Turnout 183 7–1b From 1796 to 1860 147 8–4a Factors Affecting Voter Turnout 183 7–1c From the civil war to the Great depression 149 8–4b The legal Right to Vote 184 7–1d After the Great depression 149 8–4c Attempts to improve Voter Turnout 186 7–2 America’s Political Parties Today 150 8–4d laws That May discourage Voting 188 7–2a Red States versus Blue States 150 8–4e Attempts to improve Voting Procedures 188 7–2b Shifting Political Fortunes 151 8–4f who Actually Votes 188 7–2c Realignment, dealignment, and Tipping 153 AMERICA AT ODDS: How important is it to Target 7–3 What Do Political Parties Do? 155 independents? 169 7–3a Selecting candidates and Running campaigns 155 PERCEPTIOn VERSUS REALITY: do Politicians Always 7–3b informing the Public 155 Follow the Polls? 182 7–3c coordinating Policymaking 155 JOIn ThE DEbATE: do we need Strict Voting id laws? 187 7–3d checking the Power of the Governing Party 156 AMERICA AT ODDS: Public opinion and Voting 189 7–3e Balancing competing interests 156 7–4 How American Political Parties Are Structured 156 9 7–4a The Party in the electorate 157 CAmpAIGNS ANd ElECTIONS 192 7–4b The Party organization 158 9–1 How We Elect Candidates 194 7–4c The Party in Government 160 9–1a conducting elections and counting the 7–5 The Dominance of Our Two-Party System 161 Votes 194 7–5a The Self-Perpetuation of the Two-Party 9–1b Presidential elections and the electoral System 161 college 194 7–5b Third Parties in American Politics 162 9–2 How We Nominate Candidates 195 7–5c The effects of Third Parties 164 9–2a Party control over nominations 196 AMERICA AT ODDS: is Trump the Future of the 9–2b A new Method: The nominating Republican Party? 145 convention 196 ThE REST OF ThE WORLD: Right-wing nationalist 9–2c Primary elections and the loss of Party Parties in europe 154 control 196 JOIn ThE DEbATE: Are nonpartisan elections 9–2d nominating Presidential candidates 199 a Good idea? 163 9–3 The Modern Political Campaign 203 AMERICA AT ODDS: Political Parties 165 9–3a Responsibilities of the campaign Staff 203 8 9–3b The Professional campaign organization 203 puBlIC OpINION 9–3c opposition Research 204 ANd VOTING 168 9–4 The Internet Campaign 206 8–1 How Do People Form Political Opinions? 170 9–4a Fund-Raising on the internet 206 9–4b Targeting Supporters 207 8–1a The importance of Family 170 9–4c Support for organizing 207 8–1b Schools and churches 170 8–1c The Media 171 9–5 What It Costs To Win 208 8–1d opinion leaders 171 9–5a Presidential Spending 208 8–1e Major life events 172 9–5b The Federal election campaign Act 208 8–1f Peer Groups 172 9–5c Skirting the campaign-Financing Rules 209 8–1g economic Status and occupation 172 9–5d The Bipartisan campaign Reform Act of 2002 210 8–2 Why People Vote As They Do 172 9–5e The current campaign-Finance 8–2a Party identification and ideology 172 environment 211 8–2b Perception of the candidates 173 8–2c Policy choices 173 8–2d Socioeconomic Factors 173 vii Contents Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.