EnglishQ Heritage Guy Beresford Goltho: the development of an early medieval manor c 850-1150 EnglishOHeritage Archaeological Report no 4 Goltho: the development of an early 1nedieval manor c 850-1150 Guy Beresford with contributions by M M Archibald, R F Bland, G Coppack, RH C Davis, A R Goodall, l H Goodall. R T ]ones, L J Keen, A MacGrcgor, I Rubcn, and D Smith edited by J Geddes Historic BuiJdings & Monuments Commission for England 1987 Contents The second bower . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 54 The weaving shed ......................... 55 List of illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii The first weaving shed, c 850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Preface ......................•.............. . x Reconstruction of the ninth-century 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 weaving shed ........................... 57 Location and local topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The kitchens .............................. 59 Sites of the deserted settlements in Goltho Reconstruction of the first kitchen ......... 59 and Bullington ............................... 5 The second kitchen ...................... 59 Goltho deserted medieval village ........ ... .. :> The midden pit ............................ 59 Bullington deserted medieval village .......... 6 Notes ...................................... 59 Bullington Priory ........................... 6 4 Period 4: tenth-century fortified enclosure, The earthwork castle by Bullington Priory 7 c950--1000 ................................. . 61 Goltho Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 The halls, phases 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Bullington Hall ............................. 7 Hall 1 .................................... 63 The discovery of the Goltho earthw orks Hall2 ........... ......................... 63 and the events which led to their excavation ...... 7 Reconstruction of the halls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Method of excavation ......................... 8 The Goltho aisled halls: their Photography .................•............ .. 8 predecessors and successors ........•....... 64 Summary of excavation ........•... ..•... ... .. 8 The bowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 68 Periods 6-7: c 108~1150 ......•............. 10 The weaving sheds ............•.. ...•.. ..... 68 PeriodS: c100~1080 .........•.....•..... .. 10 The kitchens .. ................•.. ... •....... 69 Period4: c95~1000 .................. .... .. 12 Kitchen 1 ................... •....•.. .... .. 69 Period3: c85~950 ...........•.....•...... . 12 Reconstruction of kitchen 1 ... ........... ... 69 Period 2: c800--850 ................. ... ... .. 12 Kitchen 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Period 1: c5~200 ............ ... ... ... ..... 14 Note ........ .... ..................... ... ... 70 Buildings and fortifications ........ ... ........ 14 5 Period 5: eleventh-century fortified enclosure, Notes .......... ............................ 14 cl000--1080 ................................. 71 2 Periods 1 and 2: Romano-British and middle The defences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 72 Saxon settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 The postern gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Period 1: Romano-British settlement, c 50--200 ... 15 Interpretation of the defences ............... 72 The farmstead: phase1,c5~100 ............. 16 Pathways .................................. 72 The farmstead: phase2,c10~200 ............ 16 The hall .. ... ............................... 74 Circular huts A-C. c 50--200 . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 16 Reconstruction of the hall ................... 75 HutA,c5~100 .......................... 16 The principal posts ........................ 76 HutB,c10~150 ......................... 17 The roof .................................. 77 HutC,c15~200 ......................... 17 The bower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Reconstruction of huts A-C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Reconstruction of the bower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Wattle and daub walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 19 The eastern building ......................... 79 Stave walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Reconstruction of the eastern building ....... 80 The roof ............................... 20 Northern building 1 ......................... 82 Period 2: middle Sax on settlement, c 800-850 . . . . 22 Northern building 2 ......................... 82 Phasel .................................. 24 Kitchen 1 ................................... 83 Phase2 .........................•......... 24 Kitchen 2 ................................... 84 Houses .............•....... .. .......•... 24 Reconstruction of kitchen 2 ................. 84 House1 ................... ......... .... 25 Notes ...................................... 84 6 Period 6: motte and bailey castle, c1080--1150 85 House2 ................... ... .......... 25 The plan of the castle ............ ............. 86 Reconstruction of middle Saxon houses 26 Notes ......... ...... .............. ......... 28 The moat ........... ........... ............. 87 3 Period 3: ninth-century fortified earthwork The shape and size of moats before and after the Norman Conquest .. ..... ..... .•.. . 89 enclosure,c850--950 ............ ......... .... 29 The fortifications ...... ...•. ... ......... ..... 30 The ramparts .................. ...•.. ... , . . . 89 Excavation of the interior ..... ..•... ..•..... .. 38 The bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . 90 Reconstruction of the bridges . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 91 The long hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Phases 1-2, c 85~950 . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 The gatehouse .. ... ............. ...•.. ..... . 92 Phase2 .... ... ..... ......... ... ... .. .... 42 The motte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 94 The origins and construction of The house shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 The design and reconstruction of the mottes in north-west Europe .. ... ........... 94 Excavation and interpretation of the hall, c 850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 motte at Goltho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 The walls . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 47 Doorways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 The tower ............. .................... 103 The bailey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Windows .............................. 49 Wall plates, tie beams, and roof . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 The halls, phases 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Phasel .................................. 106 The bower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 The first bower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Reconstruction of phase 1 hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Reconstruction of the first bower .......... 54 Phase2 .................................. 109 Note ..................................... 110 V 7 Period 7: the mid twelfth-century hall and its GroupGM2-I ..... ........... .. .......... 158 defences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 11 Group GM 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 The defences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 1 1 Group GM 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Theaisled hall ........................... I 12 GroupGM27 .................... ... .. ... 164 Reconstruction of the hall: the outside walls . . rJ 6 Discussion of the pottery sequence, its The arcade .............................. 117 significance and dating . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1 Braces ...... .... ......•................ 117 Contextsofpotterygroups ................. 168 Tie beams and roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 118 Roofing tiles and bricks by Laure11ce Kee11 169 The outbuildings ................... ........ 119 Roofing tiles ... , ........ ..... ..... ....... 169 8 Dating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Bricks ............ ...... ......... ... .. ... 169 Period 1: Romano-British settlement, Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 c 50-200 ..... ..... ...... ................... 121 Objects of copper alloy and lead by Alison R Gooda/1, Period 2: middle Saxon settlement, wilh a contribulion by D F Mackreth ............ 171 c 800-850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Romano-British brooches b11 D F Mackreth ... 171 Period 3: ninth-century fortified Medieval copper alloy by Alison R Gooda/1 . . . . 173 earthworkenclosure,c850-950 ...... ........ 121 Contexts of copper alloy objects . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Period 4: tenth-century fortified Object of lead .. ... ......... ... ...... .. ... 176 earthwork enclosure, c950-1000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Objects of iron by I an H Good all, Period 5: eleventh-century fortified wit/1 a contribulion bl/ Blanclre Ellis .....•.. ... .. 177 earthwork enclosure, c 1000-1080 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Metalworking tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Period 6: matte and bailey castle, Woodworking tools ..................... .. 178 c1080-1150 ............................ ... 122 Textile manufacturing and cloth working tools 178 Period 7: the castle mound, c 1150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Leatherworking tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 9 Conclusion: Goltho and the historical setting 123 Agricultural and horticultural tools . . . . . . . . . 178 The Norman Conquest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Stoneworking tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 181 Thetimberbuildings,c850-1150 ............ . 125 Knives and shears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 181 Note ......... ............. .. .............. 126 Building ironwork and fittings ... ........ .. 181 10 Goltho: the manorial history by RH C Davis 127 Locks and keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 182 Notes ..................................... 130 Household ironwork ... ...... ... ...... ... . 183 11 The finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Buckles and eh ape . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Roman pottery by Gly11 Coppack . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Equestrian fittings .. ...... ...... ......... . 184 Croup CR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Spurs by Blanche £/lis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 186 GroupGR2 .............................. 131 Weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 GroupGR3 ............................. . 131 Contexts of iron objects ..... ... ........... 186 Saxon and early medieval pottery by Gly11 Cop pack 134 Unstratified Romano-British coins b11 R F Bland 187 A Shell-tempered ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 MedievaJ coins l1y M M Archiba/d . : .. ...... ... 188 B Harsh shell-tempered ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Objects of bone and antler by Artlwr MacGregor 188 C Grey sandy ware ..... .... ..... ......... 135 Bone pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 D Torksey ware ........•...........•. .... 135 Antlercompositecombs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 E Stamford ware ................... , ..... 135 Bone spinning and weaving implements ... . 191 F Splash-glazed ware ............ , ....... , 137 Bone spoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 GroupGM1 ............................. 137 Casket mount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 GroupGM2 ... ............ ............. . 137 Gaming pieces .... ....................... 191 GroupGM3 .................... ........ . 13'7 Crossbow nut .. ... ... ... ... ...... ..... ... 192 Group GM 4 . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . 137 Contexts of bone and antler objects ....•. ... 192 GroupGM5 ..................... ........ 141 Unstratified Romano-British glass GroupGM6 ....................... ...... 141 by Guy Bercsford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 GroupGM7 .... ........... .. ........... . 141 Spindle-whorls by Guy Beresford ... ......•.. .. 195 Group GM 8 . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Whetstone l1y Guy Beresford . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 195 GroupGM9 ............................ 143 Quernstones and mortar by D Smith . . . . . . . . . . . 195 GroupGMlO .. ... ......... ..... ... ...... 143 Quernstones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 GroupGM11 ................... ...... ... 143 Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Group GM 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Identification of stone by Marty11 Oww . . . . . . 197 Group GM 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Animal bones, with some notes on the effects GroupGM14 ............................ 147 of differential sampling by R Tjones and I Ruben 197 Group GM 15 ............................ 147 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Group GM 16 ...... ............. ........ . 151 Results ..................... ........... .. 197 Group GM 17 .............. ..... ...... ... 151 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 197 Group GM 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Sampling ................•.....•......... 197 GroupGM19 ........ .......... .... ..... . 154 The fauna ............. .................. 199 GroupGM20 .... .... ......... ........... 154 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Group GM 21 ... ........................ . 154 Bibliography . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Group GM 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 GroupGM23 ............................ 158 Index ... ... ............... ... .... ... .. ... . 215 vi List of illustrations c 1080-1150 (period 6) Fig 30 Periods 3 and 6, superimposed fortifications Fig 1 Map of part of Lindsey. Lincolnshire, showing Fig 31 Reconstruction of the plan of the defences c the position of Goltho and some places mentioned in 850-1000 the text Fig 32 Reconstruction of defences and buildings c Fig 2 Map of parts of Goltho and Bullington showing 850. looking north the position of Goltho deserted medieval village. Fig 33 Periods 3-4: view looking west of the Goltho manor site, Bullington Priory, and the adjacent twelfth-century moat after excavation showing the fortified earthwork enclosure western bank and the course of the ninth-century Fig 3 Map showing the position of Goltho and ditch surrounding deserted and shrunken medieval settle Fig 34 Halls, c 850-950, plan and interpretation ments Fig 35 Period 3, sections of halls c 850-950 Fig 4 Goltho: plan of deserted medieval village, Fig 36 Period 3: view looking west of the curved showing the positions of crofts 1-37 including timber-trench of the north wall of the late ninth excavated crofts A-C, the church, and the manor century hall, overlying a circular Romano-British hut Fig 5 Goltho: aerial photograph looking west, show Fig 37 Deep post-pits for door jambs in the timber ing the earthworks of the deserted medieval village. trench of the north wall of the hall c 850-950 the castle mound, and the church Fig 38 Period 3, phase 2: hearth with surround in long Fig 6 The church of St George, Goltho, from the south hall Fig 7 Goltho: periods 1-5, showing superimposed Fig 39 Method of splitting staves levels of occupation dating from c AD 50-100 lying Fig 40 Examples of stave walls within the area defined by the moat of Lhe twelfthcen Fig 41 View from the south-east of the wooden tury motte and bailey castle church of St Andrew, Greensted, Essex Fig 8 Goltho: periods 6-7, c 1080-1150, showing the Fig 42 The north-east corner of St An drew's church, moated motte and bailey castle and the later Greensted, Essex superimposed castle mound Fig 43 Detail of the stave construction of the north Fig 9 Goltho halls, periods 2-7 wall of St Andrew's church, Greensted, Essex Fig 10 Comparative plans of timber halls Fig 44 Feet of staves excavated at St Maria Minor, Fig 11 Castle mound, Goltho: aerial photograph Lund looking west, showing detail of the Norman earth Fig 45 Diagram demonstrating the interpretation of works lying within the early eleventh-century ram soil features indicative of characteristic wall construc parts tion at Yeavering Fig 12 Periods 1-2: view looking south of the remains Fig 46 Diagram showing the assembly of corner of the Romano-British huts. of the middle Saxon joints of two types of stave building houses and their boundaries, and of the footings of Fig 47 The wooden church of St Andrew, Greensted, the postholes cut from higher levels Essex: plan of nave Fig 13 Periods 1-2: Romano-British and middle Fig 48 The church of St Andrew, Greensted, Essex: Saxon levels detail of one plank in the stave wall Fig 14 Periods 1-2: interpretation Fig 49 Reconstruction of the stave wall of the hall Fig 15 Detail of Romano-Bri tish huts and trenches c850-950 Fig 16 Interpretation of Romano-British remains Fig 50 Hemse stave church: reconstruction from Fig 17 Plan and section of a Nandi house in Africa reused timbers showing the earth-fast wall posts encased with clay Fig 51 Hog-back grave covers and wattles Fig 52 Romanesque roof trusses Fig 18 Plan of a stave-built Kikuyu house in Africa Fig 53 Reconstruction of hall c 850-900: elevation, Fig 19 Reconstruction of Romano-British huts sedion, and overview Fig 20 Reconstruction of huts A and B Fig 54 Weaving sheds c 850-1000: plans and inter Fig21 Period2: middleSaxon houses and boundaries pretations Fig 22 Middle Saxon houses 1 and 2 Fig 55 Period 3: view looking west of the timber Fig 23 Reconstruction of timber-laced clay wall trench of the north wall oi the weaving shed c 850-900, Fig 24 Reconstruction of house 2 c 825-850 showing the footings of the staves Fig 25 Periods 3-4: view looking south of the remains Fig 56 Reconstruction of the wall of the weaving of superimposed halls and associated domestic offices shed, showing the two possible interpretations c850-1000 discussed Fig 26 Periods 3-4: superimposed halls and domestic Fig 57 Superimposed kitchens c 850-1000 offices c 850-1000 Fig 58 Period 3: view looking south of the late Fig 27 Periods 3-6: superimposed haiJs c 850-1125 ninth-century kitchen c 850-900, defined by the Fig 28 Period 3, c 850-950: plan showing the position trampled clay floor and the burnt day hearths of the buildings. the remains of the ramparts, and, in Fig 59 Period 4, phases 1-2, c 950-1000: plan showing sections B-H, the defensive ditch the position of the buildings, the remains of the Fig 29 Plan and interpretation of the superimposed ramparts, and, in sections B-H, the defensive ditch fortifications c 850-1000 and 1080-1150 constructed on Fig 60 Tenth-century halls, phases 1-2, c 950-1000: the north-east corner of the site showing the course of plans and interpretations the mid ninth-century ditch (period 3) and the Fig 61 Examples of stave walls with principal posts footings of the superimposed motte revelment trench Fig 62 Der Husterknupp: remains of stave wall built vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS with principal posts and interrupted sill beams struction of the rampart; below, reconstruction of the preserved in waterlogged soil motte revelment in plan, section, and elevation Fig 63 Excavation plan of St Maria Minor stave Fig 94 Plan and sections of the moat along part of the church, Lund, showing the stave walls and the eastern side of the castle, showing the timber poorly-aligned aisle posts revelment of the bridge footings Fig 64 The Cherhill Barn, Wiltshire Fig 95 Der Husterknupp: reconstruction of the bridge Fig 65 Reconstruction of the hall c 950-975 Fig 96 Reconstruction of the bridge Fig 66 Canterbury psalter: 'Building a house' Fig 97 Reconstruction of the bridge c 1080-1150 Fig 67 Canterbury psalter: 'The gentleman's house' Fig 98 Periods 6-7: moat section showing bridge Fig 68 Superimposed bowers c 950-1000 and early revelment, bridge platform, and rampart c 1080-1150, eleventh-century kitchen looking north-west Fig 69 Superimposed kitchens c 950-1000 Fig 99 Periods 6-7: moat section showing bridge Fig 70 Period 5: late Saxon hall and associated revelment, bridge platform, and rampart c 1080-1150, domestic offices c 1000-1080 looking west Fig 71 Period 5, c 1000-1080: plan showing the Fig 100 Periods 6-7: detail of the timber revelment of position of the hall and domestic offices and the the bridge footings, looking south reconstruction of the defences. Fig 101 Period 6: footings of the motte revelment Fig 72 Eleventh-century fortifications, section and cutting eleventh-century levels, looking south, seen reconstruction after the removal of the castle earth works Fig 73 Period 5: view looking south-west of the Fig 102 Period 6: detail of the motte c 1080-1150 eleventh-century defences Fig 103 Period 6, c 1080-1150: details of the motte Fig 74 Period 5: view looking north-west of the footings by the edge of the moat, looking south-west eleventh-century defences Fig 104 Plan and interpretation of the footings of the Fig 75 Period 5, c 1000-1080: plan of the hall and motte revetment c 1100-1150 domestic offices Fig 105 Sections of the edge of the motte, of the Fig 76 Period 5: detail of the late Saxon hall and bower revelment trenches, and of the ninth-century defen c 1000-1080 sive ditch Fig 77 Detail of post-pits for the wall and aisle posts Fig 106 Abinger motte top on the south side of the late Saxon hall, viewed from Fig 107 Brookland belfry: south elevation of the the east original tower, as existing Fig 78 Estimated life of timber of differing grades of Fig 108 Base of the twelfth-thirteenth century belfry durability and of scantling placed outside in earth at Brookland, Kent, looking north fast foundations Fig 109 Period 6: detail of the east wall of the cistern Fig 79 Der Husterknupp, reconslruction of principal or cellar beneath the tower c 1080-1150 joints Fig 110 Reconstruction of the motte c 1080-1150 Fig 80 St Maria Minor, Lund: A, post head as Fig 111 Motte and bailey castle: reconstruction as excavated; B, reconstruction of post, wall plate, and tie seen from east of the bridge Fig 81 Example of slotted joints in the thirteenth· Fig 112 Motte and bailey castle: detail of bailey and century Kaupanger stave church hall c 1125-1150 Fig 82 Reconstruction of the stave wall of the hall Fig 113 Reconstruction of the motte and bailey castle c 1000-1080 phase 2, c 1125-1150, looking west Fig 83 Reconstruction of hall (left) and bower (right), Fig 114 Early twelfth-century halls, phases 1-2, c 1000-1080: section and plan c 1080-1150 Fig84 Reconstruction of hall and bower, c 1000-1080: Fig 115 Reconstruction of the hall c 1125-1150 elevations and section Fig 116 Period 6, phase 1, c 1080-1125: footings of the Fig 85 Period 5: view looking south of the eastern hall, looking east, seen after the removal of the bailey building, showing the aisle postholes and the ramparts position defined by the wear of the floor of the west Fig 117 Period 6, phase 2, c 1125-1150: footings of the and south walls hall, looking east Fig 86 Eastern building c 1000-1050: plan and Fig 118 Period 7: castle mound c 1150 interpretation Fig 119 Castle Hill, Hanby Hall, Welton-le-Marsh, Fig 87 Eastern building c 1000-1050: reconstruction Lincolnshire: aerial photograph of the castle mound, Fig 88 Section of the post-trench on the north side of looking west the last kitchen c 1050-1080 looking east, showing the Fig 120 Reconstructed sections showing how the position of the inclined post castle mound was formed by infilling the bailey with Fig 89 Period 6: plan of motte and bailey castle soil gathered from the motte and ramparts c1080-1150 Fig 121 Period 7, c 1150: view looking south of the Fig 90 Period 6: view looking south of the motte and castle mound and posth oles of the hall bailey castle c 1080-1150 Fig 122 Castle mound c 1150: detail of hall and Fig 91 Period 6: detail of the hall and bailey associated remains c 1125-1150, looking south Fig 123 Faccombe, Netherton, Hampshire: plan of Fig 92 Detail of the defences on the eastern side of the late Saxon aisled building castle mound before excavation, looking north along Fig 124 Bishop's Palace, Hereford: bay elevation the moat towards the church in the background Fig 125 Bishop's Palace, Hereford: joint between Fig 93 Castle defences c 1080-1150: above, recon· principal post and arcade arches viii