Glossary W estern civilization is based on the false assumption that we human beings are sep- arate from God, Nature, and each other. This has led us to believe that the phys- ical universe is the primary reality, that all human experience can be explained in terms of the laws of physics, and that the physicists can tell us how the Universe is designed. All the languages of Western Europe reflect this misconceived view of reality. So if we are to cocreate a society based on Wholeness and the Truth—on the seven pillars of wisdom, rather than unwisdom, based on the certain knowledge that we are never separate from the Divine, Nature, and each other—we need to make some fundamental changes to the meanings of words, as they exist today. Studying the etymology of words helps greatly here, an approach that David Bohm called the ‘archaeology of language’, especially the Proto- Indo-European (PIE) language, for this is the common ancestor of Sanskrit and most of the European languages. For when our forebears were given the great gift of self-reflective Intelligence some 25,000 years ago, Homo divinus was conceived in Wholeness, just as we are as individuals. So if we are to describe our True Nature as Wholeness, we often find that the roots of our language from around 7,000 years ago are much closer to Nature, and hence the Truth, than modern meanings of words. Modern English, which dates from 1500, thus has a long evolutionary his- tory, during which our fragmented minds have grossly distorted the original meanings of words, which we can correct through a study of this history. For the root of etymology is the Greek etumos ‘real, true’. For instance, the word physics has a Greek root, phusike, meaning ‘nature’. In turn, nature has a Latin root meaning ‘birth’. But materialistic science does not study the birth of beings, including our own thoughts, since to do so it would need to include Life or God the Creator in its inquiries. So what was called ‘natural philosophy’ in Newton’s time and what is called ‘natural science’ today are very far from being natural. Science today studies only the super- ficial appearance of beings, not their innate essence. Mystics are the true physicists, for it is they who show us how to find the Origin and Divine Source of the Universe, viewed as a vast Ocean of Consciousness. 287 288 GLOSSARY: Absolute The starting point for changing the meanings of words is to recognize that Consciousness is the Cosmic Context for all our lives and that Love provides the Gnostic Foundation or Di- vine Essence that we all share. Within this overall Context and shared Foundation, Integral Relational Logic (IRL), described in Part I of this book, provides the commonsensical coor- dinating framework for all our learning, enabling us to create a coherent set of words that cor- respond to all our experiences, from the mystical to the mundane. This exercise is rather like changing from one bidding system to another in bridge. For when the bid of ‘One club’ changes its meaning, many other terms also change their mean- ings. Similarly, when we change the meanings of such words as science and religion, releasing them from the prison cells in which they have incarcerated themselves, the meanings of many other words need to be changed. The primary general references for this Glossary are the Oxford English Dictionary, The Ox- ford Dictionary of English Etymology, Chambers Dictionary of Etymology, Bloomsbury’s Diction- ary of Word Origins, Cassell’s Latin Dictionary, the Pocket Oxford Classical Greek Dictionary, Indo-European Language and Culture by Benjamin W. Forston IV, and The American Herit- age Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, revised and edited by Calvert Watkins, which is based on Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, by Julius Pokorny. When defining words from the traditional religions in the world, we draw particularly on Shambhala’s The Encyclo- pedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion and The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Regard- ing technical terms, we mainly draw on IBM’s Dictionary of Computing and various technical dictionaries on the Internet. Absolute [Latin absolūtus ‘unrestricted, perfect, complete’, past participle of absolvere ‘to set free, ac- quit’, from ab- ‘away’ and solvere ‘to loosen’, from PIE base *leu- ‘to loosen, divide, cut apart’, also root of analysis and solve.] The ineffable Absolute provides the Cosmic Context and Di- vine Foundation for all our lives. So when we live in union with the Absolute, we are set free from samsara, from the conflicts that arise in the dualistic world of form; we are perfectly complete. To say that the Absolute does not exist is like saying that we human beings consist of or- gans, cells, molecules, atoms, subatomic particles, thoughts, feelings, emotions, and so on, but we do not exist as a whole, as individuals. Indeed, the Absolute not only exists, but it is also the only true Reality. See also Wholeness, Oneness, Truth, Presence, Life, Freedom, Love, Peace, Stillness, Emptiness, Fullness, Datum, Context, Source, Now, Eternity. and Ground of Being. GLOSSARY: ambivalence 289 abstraction [Latin abs ‘away’ or ‘from’ and trahere ‘to draw’.] The interpretative action of changing data into information and information into knowledge. For instance, if we observe many instances of data patterns that look similar, we abstract their similarities and might call them spaniels. Similarities between spaniels and other similar beings can be abstracted to form the concept of dog. This process continues with the concepts of mammal, vertebrate, animal, and living being, leading to the concept of being, the concept of greatest abstraction, which formed the basis of Aristotle’s metaphysics. Advaita [Sanskrit ‘not-two, Nonduality’.] Denotes the Absolute alone. Advaita is not a philosophy or religion and should not be confused with Advaita-Vedanta, one of the three branches of Ve- danta, the others being Dvaita-Vedanta (‘dualistic’) and Vishishtavaita-Vedanta (‘quaified nondualism’). When we know the nondual Absolute in the depth of our being, we know that there is no separate entity that can be said to do or own anything; there is no doership or own- ership. We are all the products of fourteen billion years of evolution, ultimately with no free- will to make a choice about how we live our lives. alone [Old English eall ‘all’, from PIE-base *al- ‘all’ and ān ‘one’] To be alone is thus to be ‘all-one’, living in Oneness, in solitude. As such aloneness is a truly beautiful situation, which can turn sour if there is any longing for the situation to be different, when aloneness becomes loneli- ness, a mental disturbance. Alpha point of evolution [First letter in the Greek alphabet, Α or α.] Evolution did not begin some fourteen billion years ago with the most recent big bang or with the emergence of the first self-reproducing forms of life on Earth some three and a half billion years ago. The starting point for all growth processes is our divine Source in the eternal Now called God the Creator in Christianity. This is Oneness, the Alpha point of evolution, which is just the other side of the coin from the Omega point, for Wholeness is the union of all opposites. ambivalence [German Ambivalenz, coined by Eugen Bleuler in 1910/11 from Latin ambi- ‘both, in two ways’, from PIE base *ambhi- ‘around’, probably from *ant-bhi ‘from both sides’ and valentia ‘strength, vigour’, from valēre ‘to be worth, be strong’, from PIE base *wal- ‘to be strong’ also root of value, valiant, valid, and invalid.] Ambivalence was coined to mean ‘the coexist- ence in one person of contradictory emotions or attitudes, such as love and hatred, towards 290 GLOSSARY: anarchy a person or thing’. Such ambivalent feelings can feel very uncomfortable, leading to inde- cision and so-called weakness as the opposites flip-flop in the mind. One way of dealing with ambivalence is to repress one or other of these opposites, pushing it into the uncon- scious, where it nevertheless continues to influence behaviour unless brought to the sur- face and carefully examined in the brilliant light of Consciousness. Another is to recognize that ambivalence is an expression of the inherent duality of the rel- ativistic world of form, which can only be fully reconciled in Ineffable, Nondual Wholeness, recognizing that tensions that arise from such incompatibilities are just illusions. anarchy [Greek anarchia, from anarchos ‘without a leader’, from an ‘without’ and archos ‘chief, head, ruler’] Anarchy conventionally means a state of social disorder due to the absence of a con- trolling authority, giving people the freedom to act as self-centred individuals without a co- hesive principle or mindset or common purpose or set of values. This tension between the individual and the state has caused much pain and suffering throughout the ages, not the least because the governing authorities have been directing the people further and further into de- lusion, farther and farther away from Reality. Anarchy, ‘rule by no one’, is not a viable alter- native, for such an approach is still dualistic. The only sustainable society is a holoarchy, where each individual realizes their True Identity as Wholeness. Anatman [Sanskrit ‘nonself’, Pali annata.] Buddhist term, the third of the three marks of being. The ego in Buddhism is thus transitory, with no permanent existence. The notion of rebirth or reincarnation in Buddhism is thus “a karmically controlled continuity of consciousnesses be- tween lives but denies that there is an atman or inherently existing self which is the bearer of these consciousnesses” (known as punabbhava, ‘again-becoming’. [Oxford] This is getting quite close to the Truth, but still contains an element of time within it, when in Reality, time is just an appearance in Consciousness, most closely encapsulated in the notion of the Eternal Now. animate [Latin animalis ‘consisting of air, living, having a soul’, from a PIE base *anə- ‘to breathe’, also root of equanimity, pusillanimus, and anemone in English, aniti in Sanskrit, and anda ‘breath, spirit’ and ande ‘spirit, soul’ in Swedish.] To be added. anitya [Sanskrit ‘impermanence’, Pali anicca.] The first of Buddhism’s three marks of being indicat- ing that no being in the relativistic world of form has a permanent existence, for the entire Universe is in a constant state of change. So conservatism, holding on the status quo, at these GLOSSARY: arch- 291 times of accelerating evolutionary change leads not only to suffering, but also threatens the very survival of the human race. The beautiful mandalas created by Tibetan monks with tiny grains of coloured sand, which are then thrown into the sea or some other convenient place, well illustrate the principle of anitya in action. apocalypse [Greek apokaluptein ‘to uncover’ or ‘to reveal’ from the prefix apo ‘from, away’ and kaluptra ‘veil’.] So apocalypse literally means ‘draw the veil away from’, indicating the disclosure of something hidden from the mass of humanity. If we human beings are to live free from the fear of death in the Eternal Now, we need to discover the truth of life on Earth, what it truly means to a human being, in contrast to our machines. This means that we need to be free of our mechanistic conditioning, which acts like a cloud of unknowing, in the words of an anon- ymous fourteenth century English mystic. As individuals, such a radical transformation of consciousness can only happen when we feel discontent with traditional religious, scientific, and economic belief systems of both West and East. Using the metaphor of The Matrix, we need to take the red pill rather than the blue one. How bright the redness of this pill depends on the level of our discontent. We can sud- denly switch from blue to red in a revolutionary discontinuity of evolution, an abrupt apoc- alypse or revelation. Or this process of transforming blue into red, or in the alchemist’s language, base metal into gold, can be more gradual. However, at the social level, there are now clear indications that we are rapidly heading towards a deep-rooted awakening of Love, Consciousness, and Intelligence, which will most likely come about through the breakdown of the global economy at the beginning of the 2010s. As few are as yet prepared for this evolutionary inevitability, it could well prove to be every bit as tumultuous as John the Divine prophesied in the Apocalypse or Book of Revela- tions in the Bible, although he was thinking of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire at the time, not of the American economic hegemony. arch- [Greek arkhi-, from arkhē ‘beginning, origin; cause, motive, principle, element; leadership, power, rule, etc.’, from arkhos ‘leader, ruler’, from arkhein ‘to begin, rule, command’ of un- certain origin, but showing some archaic Indo-European features.] The primary meaning of arkhē is most revealing here. Leadership logically begins at the beginning, at the origin of the Universe, at the first cause. But throughout history, political leaders have not been logical; they have put second things first. One leader who saw this absurdity was Jesus of Nazareth, who famously said, “many that are first shall be last; and the last first,” the Greek words for first and last being protos, as in prototype, and eschatos, the root of eschatological ‘the study of the end times of humanity’. 292 GLOSSARY: archetype archetype [See arch- and tupos ‘model, stamp, impression, type’] architect [Greek arkhitektōn ‘builder, architect, engineer’, from arkhi- (see arch-) and tektōn ‘builder’, from PIE base *teks ‘to weave, fabricate’, also root of context through Latin texere ‘to weave’ and technology through Greek tekhnē art, craft, skill’.] Architects of buildings are sometimes called master builders, although they are generally more designers than constructors. Similar- ly, an information systems architect in business is more a master designer, sometimes leaving it to others to construct systems. In IRL, when we generalize the tools of IS architects to de- sign an ordered Cosmos, we weave the opposites together, like tantrics, starting at the Origin of the Universe, in conformity with the root meanings of the two morphemes in architect. So it is not true that the Universe has evolved without a designer, as atheistic evolutionists assert. -archy [See arch-] During the past few millennia, the archies of the world (like cracies and ocracies) have been forms of government or domination determined by the meaning of the prefix. As such, they reflect a world run by the fragmented, split mind, obviously unsustainable and in- appropriate for the Age of Light. Some of the archies that need to disappear are therefore ma- triarchy, monarchy, oligarchy, and patriarchy. anarchy, heterarchy, hierarchy, holarchy, homarchy, arrogant [Latin arrogāntem ‘assuming, overbearing, insolent’, present participle of adr-, arrogāre ‘to claim for oneself’, from ad- ‘to’ and rogāre ‘to ask, inquire, question’, from PIE base reg- ‘to move in a straight line’, the sense of asking coming from ‘stretching out the hand’. This gen- eral base has a wide number of other derivatives based on the more particular meaning ‘to direct in a straight line, lead, rule’, including realm, rector, rectify, right, rich, royal, and reck- on.] To be added. art [Latin ars ‘skill, way, method’, from art-, from PIE base *ar- and *arə-‘to fit together’, also root of coordinate, reason, read, harmony, order, and arithmetic.] Atman [Sanskrit ātman ‘breath, spirit; soul, essence, self’, from PIE base *ētmen- ‘breath’, also root of Old English æðm, eðm ‘breath’, cognate with Greek asthma ‘shortness of breath’.] Hindu term for “the real immortal self of human beings, known in the West as the soul” (Shambha- GLOSSARY: avidya 293 la), usually translated as Self. As there is no separation between the individual and the Abso- lute, Atman is identical with Brahman and has the same qualities. It is most important here not to confuse the Absolute, as the Essence of the Universe, and the soul, as the unique es- sence of individual human beings acting in the world of form. By avoiding such confusion, we can resolve the apparent differences between Advaita and the Buddhist and Hindu notions of Anatman and Atman. atom [Greek atomos ‘indivisible’ from a- ‘not’ and temnein ‘to cut’] The analytical mind is constant- ly cutting up concepts into finer and finer pieces in an ever-lasting manner. So why do the particle physicists still believe that they will find a concept that they cannot cut up any more. Why doesn’t everybody see that this atomistic belief in a fundamental particle out of which all matter is formed false? attribute [Latin attributus, past participle of attribuere ‘to assign to’, from ad- ‘to’ and tribuere ‘to divide out, allot, assign’.] One of the bootstrap concepts in IRL, a property or characteristic assigned to an entity as an instance of a class, such as the height of a mountain, a person’s name, the rate of flow of a river, the date of an event, or the colour of a blouse. The property is the at- tribute value, with ‘colour’ being an example of an attribute name. Attributes of entities thus correspond to what Aristotle referred to as predicates of subjects. See also class and entity. automatic [Latin automatos (neuter automaton) ‘self-acting’, from Greek automatos ‘self-moved; of one’s own will, voluntary; spontaneous, accidental’, from autos ‘self’ and -matos, ‘willing, thinking, animated’, from PIE base *men-, also root of mental.] autosoteria [Greek autos ‘self’ and sōteria ‘salvation, preservation’, from sōtēr ‘saviour, preserver, deliverer’, from sōs ‘safe and sound, healthy, entire; sure’ from PIE base *teuə- ‘to swell’, meaning that something that is swollen is strong.] The tendency of structures for self-preservation, like the immune response of the body. However, we should note that no structure in the Universe is impermanent. So to put one’s faith and trust in structures, of whatever form, is delusionary. The only true path to salvation is to be grounded in Immortal Wholeness or Oneness. See also homeostasis, safe, anitya, and trilakshana. avidya [Sanskrit ‘ignorance’, Pali avijja.] A term used in both Hinduism and Buddhism to indicate our conditioned minds, unable to distinguish the relativistic, phenomenal world of form 294 GLOSSARY: Babel, Tower of from our Immortal Ground of Being, to differentiate transient maya from intransient Reality. Ignorance of the Truth thus prevents us from using our Divine Intelligence to understand what it truly means to be a human being. There is no equivalent word in European languages because these reflect a culture living in ignorance, unaware that we are not separate from the Divine for a single instant in our lives. Babel, Tower of [Hebrew bābel, from Assyrian bāb-ilu ‘gate of god’, also name for Babylon in Jewish Tanakh.] This tower has become a symbol for the confused world of learning because the Hebrew word for confound was bālal ‘to confuse, mix up’, which sounds like bābel (Genesis 11:9). However, there is no etymological connection between babble and the Tower of Babel, as some have suggested. Babble is essentially an imitative word, which has come to be associated with the Biblical story because it means ‘unintelligible foreign speech sounds or confusing chatter’. being [Old English beon ‘to become, come to be’.] A principal primal concept in IRL, the central concept in Aristotle’s ontology in Metaphysics. Any form that exists. The word is of the utmost generality, denoting any object, event, process, system, organism, state, feeling, form, struc- ture, relationship, field, concept, ideal, belief, opinion, class, character, symbol, religion, dis- cipline, ism, ology, osophy, theory, language, culture, civilization, or any other entity that any knowing being can perceive, conceive, or imagine. See also is. Being [See being.] The Absolute or Supreme Being, embracing both the formless and all beings in the relativistic world of form. The superclass of all classes in IRL, from which all other classes inherit attributes and behaviours. belief [Old English geleafa of Germanic origin.] “An acceptance that something exists or is true, es- pecially one without proof.” (COED) In spiritual matters, the ability to turn belief into knowledge is dependent on the ability of the individual to penetrate the depths of the psyche. Theists and atheists are people who believe and don’t believe in the existence of God. Agnos- tics are those who do not know what to believe. However, gnostics are people who know God in their own, direct experience, without need for belief. biocracy [Greek bios ‘life’, from same PIE base as vital, and -cracy ‘power, strength’ etc.] “A form of governance in which all life has participation; a concept that recognizes nature as the force regulating the physical universe.”1 “We need to move from a democracy to a biocracy. A pro- GLOSSARY: circle of duality 295 cess of decision making where the interest of nonhuman species, local and global ecosystems, and future generations are taken into account, because their interest is our interest.”2 Brahman [Sanskrit ‘the eternal, imperishable Absolute.] Brahman is the Hindu term for Nondual Con- sciousness, which cannot be grasped by the dualistic mind of monotheistic religions, believing that God is other. category [Late Latin catēgoria ‘class of predicables’, from Greek katēgoriā ‘accusation, charge, asser- tion’, from katēgorein ‘to accuse, assert, name, predicate’, from kata- ‘down, downwards, against; thoroughly, entirely’, from PIE base *kat- ‘down’, and agoreuein ‘to speak in public, harangue’, from agorā ‘assembly, meeting; council; marketplace’, from PIE base *ger- ‘to gather’, also root of gregarious, aggregate, egregious originally ‘remarkable, distinguished, emi- nent’, literally ‘standing out from the flock or herd’; allegory, agoraphobia ‘fear of public plac- es’.] Aristotle applied katēgoriā to the enumeration of all classes of things that can be named, which is how a rather belligerent word has come to have a more general meaning, not unlike classify, which has a military root. category mistake Term coined by Gilbert Ryle to indicate that it is erroneous to put a collective or general con- cept in the same category as particular concepts. For instance, it is a category mistake to put Christ Church, the Bodleian Library, and the Ashmolean Museum into the same category as Oxford University; they are actually members of the class Oxford University. Similarly, but slightly differently, in the Unified Relationships Theory, it is a category mistake to consider transdisciplinary panosophy in the same class as science, philosophy, or religion. circle of duality The circle of duality shows the relationship between the extremes of a pair of opposites or poles, such as black and white, and the range of values that lie between them, such as various shades of grey. It thus accomodates Aristotle’s Law of Excluded Middle within IRL. An example of the circle of duality is the range of different political systems. At the extreme are the totalitarian regimes, which we can call communism and fascism on the left and right, respectively. Moving down the circle, we can call the less political extreme systems socialism and conservatism, on the left and right, respectively. Then at the bottom of the circle, we find the middle way, or liberalism, the political system with the greatest freedom for its citizens, one where conflicts between the opposites can be dealt with for the benefit of all. See also the sphere of duality, which specifically illustrates the relationship between Whole- ness and Oneness. See Figure 3.7 on page 234. 296 GLOSSARY: citizen citizen [Old French cité ‘city’, from Latin civitas ‘citizenship, union of citizens, state’, from civis ‘cit- izen’. In Roman times, the abstract notion of citizenship was formed before those of city and citizen, opposite to the way these words are formed in English, in a similar manner to polis and polites in Greek.] **** civilization [Latin civilis ‘relating to a citizen’ from civis ‘citizen’ from PIE base *kei- ‘to lie; bed, couch; beloved, dear’, also root of Sanskrit siva- ‘trusty, worthy’. Other derivatives include Shiva ‘the Hindu god of destruction’, cemetery from Greek koiman ‘to put to sleep’, and Old English hiwen ‘household, family’, related to home.] **** clarity [Latin claritus ‘clearness, brightness’ from clarus ‘clear, distinct, bright, shining, brilliant’.] One of the four fundamental principles of concept formation in IRL. By using our self-re- flective Divine Intelligence in the coherent light of Consciousness, free of our mechanistic conditioning, we pay careful attention to the similarities and differences in the data patterns of our experience. As David Bohm points out, in general, we can bring our concepts into uni- versal order by giving attention to similar differences and different similarities. Using the language of mathematics, those data patterns that have some quality or attribute in common, we can put in one set, while those with different properties we put in another set. For example, a child can learn to distinguish red, green, and blue blocks in the shape of circles, triangles, and squares, putting them in groups of blocks with similar characteristics. There is no other way to learn. This glossary has been formed using this very simple process. class [Latin classis ‘one of the six divisions or orders in which Servius Tullus divided the whole Ro- man people’, originally in the sense of ‘summon or call to arms’.] One of the bootstrap con- cepts in IRL, denoting a collection of beings—specifically called entities—that have a set of attributes in common, derived from the concept of class in object-oriented modelling. Classes in IRL thus correspond to what Plato called Forms or Ideas, universals that he mistakenly re- garded as eternal. See also entity and attribute. cognitive [Latin cognitus, past participle of cognōscere ‘to become acquainted with, get to know, learn’, from co- (intensive prefix) and (g)nōscere ‘to become acquainted with, get knowledge of’, inchoative of obsolete *gnō-, related to Greek gnosis, from PIE base *gnō- ‘to know’, see know.]