1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111\II IIIIII\ \\ ECL37C636 K GLOSSARY OF SOME ENVIRONMENT AL and RELATEDT ERMS EVANC . BIRCHARD --~~IJlll -1JEPART-MENT ~D I lo p I GLOSSARY of some ENVIRONMENTAL and RELATED TERMS EVAN C. BIRCHARD ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DEPARTMENT IMPERIAL OIL LIMITED PREFACE This glossary contains environmental and related technical terms frequently used in describing biological effects of pollution, air and water studies, bioassays, and other quality control procedures. It does not attempt to include 'all' biologically oriented terminology, as the volume is enormous, and would defeat the purpose of a glossary of this kind. Similarly, in order to keep the glossary from becoming too large, the amount of information under each heading has been limited. Environmental Protection Department Imperial Oil Limited 111 St. Clair Avenue West Toronto 195, C.a nada - 1 - A ABIOTIC - pertaining to or characterized by the ab sence of life or living organisms. ABYSSAL - inhabiting deep water (roughly below 1,000 metres). ACCLIMATION - the process of becoming accustomed to a new climate or environment. ACETYLCHOLINE - body chemical involved in the transmission of impulses across nerve junctions. ACID, STEARIC - most common fatty acid occurring in natural animal and vegetable fats. ACTIVATED SLUDGE - biological treatment procedure in which waste water is aerated in presence of micro-organisms , which utilize as food certain components in the waste water . ACUTE TOXICITY - fast acting and lethal: 2 to 4 day exposure i n a bioassay test accepted as covering period of acute lethal action . ADAPTATION - a ch an ge in the structure, form or habitat of an org ani sm resulting from a change in its environment . ADDITIVE EFFECT - see Syn ergism ADENOCARCTNOMA - a mali gnant tumor in which the cells are arranged in the form of glands or gland-li ke structur es . AEROBIC ORGANISM - an organ i sm tha t t hr ives in t he presen ce of ox ygen. AER0S0L - a cloud of solid particles an d/o r liquid drop le ts smaller than 100 micr ons in diameter, suspende p i n a gas . AIR, RESIDUAL - air that stays in the lung s after forceful expiration. AIR, TIDAL - air that is carried to and fr om t he lun gs during a respiratory cycle. ALGAE (pl. alga) - simple plants, often mic roscopic , containing chlorophyll. Most alga are aquatic and may pr duce a nui sance when conditions are suitable for prolific grn wth . --- - - ·-. ----~--- ----- -- --- . - -- ----~~---..-....-..- - -· -- --- - 2 - ALLOPATRIC - refers to two species having different areas of distributinn ALVEOLUS (pl. alveoli) - an air sac of the lungs formed by the terminal dilation of tiny air passageways. AMNIOTE - any reptile, bird or mammal. ANADROMOUSF ISH - fish that spend a large part of their life at sea or in lakes, but ascend rivers or streams to spawn. Examples are shad, salmnn, trout and striped bass. ANAERO.B1C ORGANISM - an organism that thrives in the absence of oxygen. ANEMIA - a condition in which the number of red blood cells in the circulatory system is bel0w normal. ANNELIDS (Annelida) - segmented worms. Most are marine, but many live in soil, or fresh water. Examples are earthworms, sludgeworms and leeches. ANOXTA - an abnormally low amount nf oxygen in body tissues. ANTAGONISM - the phenomenon whereby the total effect of indivi dual agents is less than the sum of the separate effects when taken independently. APHOT1C ZONE - area in a large b0dy of water in which there is no light penetration from the surface. APPLICATION FACTOR - the degree nf dilution applied to the LCS0 (TLm) value of a binassay test t0 ensure a safe discharge rate of effluent water into a receiving water. ARTHROPODA - largest phylum in animal kingdnmr including crabs, insects, spiders, centipedes, etc. ASPHYXIA - the extreme ccmdition caused by lack nf nxygen and excess carbon dioxide in the blood. ASSIMIIATION - the transformation of absorbed nutrients into body substances. ATELECTASIS - the collapse of all or part of a lung with resul tant loss of functioning tissue. . --- . ....___.....__ - - - ----- -- - 3 - ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - a coenzyme common to all organiqms that provides a source of energy for a range of different cellular activities. ATROPHY - a wasting away of the body from defective nutrition or other causes. AUTOTROPHIC ORGANISM - an organism capable of constructing organic matter from inorganic substances. AVES - the class of birds. - 4 - B BACILLARIOPHYCEAE - diatoms; class of algae; microscopic unicel lular plants occurring singly or grouped into colonies. Abundent in marine and fresh water plankton and, along with various other algae types, provides basis for all life at sea. Past deposition of the cell walls has formed deposits known as diatomaceous earth. BACTERIA (Schizomycophyta) - group of unicellular or multicellular . microscopic organisms lacking chlorophyll. Usually classified with plants rather than animals, but are distinct from both. BENTHOS - the aggregate of organisms living on or at the bottom of a body of water. BENTHIC REGION - the bottom of a body of water. BIOASSAY - a method of determining the concentration of a substance necessary to affect a test animal under stated laboratory conditions. BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) - the amount of oxygen utilized by organisms in the biochemical oxidation of organic matter at a specified temperature. BIODEGRADATION - the metabolic utilization of a waste substance by micro-organisms. BIOLOGICAL .TIME - an expression of time on a logarithmic scale when used in biological studies. BIOLYSIS - dissolution of a living organism; death. BIOMASS - that part of a given habitat consisting of living matter expressed either as weight of organisms per unit area, or as the volume of organisms per unit volume of habitat. BIOME - a complex of communities characterized by a distinctive type of vegetation and maintained under the climatic condi tions of the region. BIOTA - all living organisms (plant and animal) of a region. BIOTIC POTENTIAL - the capacity of a population of animals or plants to increase in numbers under optimum environmental conditions. - 5 - BIOTYPE - group of organisms having the same hereditary char acteristics. BIVALVE - an animal with a hinged two-valve shell. Examples are the clam and oyster. BLOOM - a readily visible concentrated growth or aggregation of plankton. BLUE-GREEN ALGAE - see Cyanophyta. - 6 - C CARCINOGEN - a substance capable of causing living tissue to become cancerous. CARINATES - living birds capable of flight. CATADROMOUSF ISH - fish that feed and grow in fresh water, but return to the sea to spawn. Best know example is the American eel. CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) - a measure of the oxygen equivalent required for oxidation by chemical means of organic and in organic matter in a waste-water, corrected for the influence of chloride present. CHLOROPHYLL - green pigment found in all algae and higher plants; located in chloroplasts except in blue-green algae, where it is scattered in cytoplasm of cell. Several chlorophylls exist; chlorophyll 'a' is the only one common to all green plants. CHLOROPHYTA - green algae; largest group of algae; very diverse distribution in marine and fresh water. CHLOROPLAST - a specialized body containing chlorophyll in green plants; the site of photosynthesis. CHLOROSIS - a disease condition in green plants marked by a yellow ing or blanching of the leaves. CHOLINESTERASE - a body enzyme which is essential for proper operation of the nervous system by hydrolyzing excess acetyl choline. CHONDRICHTHYES - cartilagineous fishes; absence of true bone; almost exclusively marine. Examples are sharks, skates & rays. CHRONIC TOXICITY - a slow acting or lingering lethal action; generally taken as longer than 4 days. CILIARY FEEDING - feeding by filtering minute organisms from a current of water dow~ through or towards the animal by cilia. CILIUM (pl. cilia) - a fine cytoplasmic thread projecting from the surface of cells: capable of rhythmic movement. - 7 - CIRCADIAN RHYTHM - diurnal rhythm; a rhythmic change that occurs in an organism with a periodicity of approxi mately twenty four hours. CLEAN WATER ASSOCIATION - an association of organisms , usually characterized by many different species that are able to live only in a natural unpolluted environment, ie. a group of species highly susceptible to minute toxicant concentrations. COARSE or ROUGH FISH - those species of fish considered to be of poor fighting quality when taken on tackle, and/or poor food quality. Examples include carp, goldfish, gar, sucker , bowfin, gizzard shad, and certain kinds of catfish. COCCINA - small lumps of hardened oil often mixed with sand; found on or near the shore or floating on the water. COELENTERATA - phylum of animals containing hydroids, jelly fish, sea-anemones, and corals. All aquatic, most marine. Body of simple plan and radially symmetr .ical. COLD-BLOODED ANIMALS - see Poikilothermic animals. COLIFORM GROUP - bacteria commonly found in fecal sewage waste and used as indicators of sanitary quality of water. Most common i s Col iform bacillus . COMMNUI TY - an eco l og i ca l t er m for any naturally occurring group of differen t organis ms in habiting a common environm ent and i nteracting with each othe r th ro ugh a food chain . CONSUMERS - organisms that consume soli d par ti c les of org anic food material. COPEPODA - minute marine animals occurring in the plankton in such numbers as to be important food for f i sh. CRUSTACEA - animals with rigid outer cove rin g, jointed appendages, and gills; most are aquatic. Examples are crayfish , crabs , and barnacles. CUMULATIVE - used in pollution work to mean an increase in toxic strength by successive additions of a poll utant . CUTICLE - a protective layer covering the sur face of a leaf.