NAVIGATION ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS Collected by David Broughton These may be reproduced freely, but please inform the Royal Institute of Navigation of any amendments or additions via e-mail ([email protected]) or fax (+44 20 7591 3131). ‘ minute (= 1º/60) 112 European emergency phone number (= 911 in US, 999 in UK) 1st4sport Awarding body of the NCF Qualifications 2-AFC two-alternative forced-choice (procedure used in animal studies) 2dRMS twice distance root-mean-square Twice the root-mean-square of the radial distances from the true position to the observed positions obtained from a number of trials. Should contain 95% of observed positions. 2SOPS 2nd Space Operations Sqn (of 50th Space Wing)(USAF) Exercise command and control of GPS satellite constellation. 3DNC Three-dimensional digital navigational chart 3G third generation (of mobile phone technology or telematics) There is also 2G, 2.5G and 4G for phones. 3GPP 3G Partnership Project 3GT 3rd Generation Telematics (ERTICO and OSGi project) 802.11 a wireless interconnection standard with a range of 50 metres Also known as WiFi. An IEEE standard. 911 US emergency phone number (= 112 in Europe, 999 in UK) a atto (SI unit multiplier of 10-18) a semi-major axis of ellipse (for WGS-84 = 6,378,137 m) A-band NATO radar band 0-250 MHz = > 1.2 m A-GNSS (AGNSS) Assisted GNSS A-GPS (AGPS) Assisted GPS A-NPA Advance Notice of Proposed Amendment (EU JAA) A-NPRM Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (FAA, FCC etc) A-S anti-spoofing In GPS the use of encryption to prevent a P-Code receiver locking to a bogus P-Code transmission. A-SMGCS Advanced Surface Movement Guidance & Control System A/A air-to-air A/D (a/d) aerodrome A/D analogue-to-digital A/G air-to-ground 1 Nov 08 A/J anti-jamming A1A CW telegraphy (eg morse code) keying the transmitted signal A2A CW telegraphy (eg morse code) keying the modulation only AA Aircraft Address (unique ident 24 bit ident number - ICAO Mode S) AAA airfield avoidance area AAAF Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France AAC aeronautical/airline administrative communications AAC Army Air Corps AAD Additional Airworthiness Directive AAD assigned altitude deviation aae above aerodrome elevation AAF Army Air Field (US) AAI Airports Authority of India AAI angle of approach/attack indicator AAIB Air Accidents Investigation Branch (of UK DfT) AAIM aircraft autonomous integrity monitoring aal above aerodrome level AALA Adventure Activities Licensing Authority (UK) AAPS Automated Aid Positioning System (US) AATCU ATCOs’ union in Serbia & Montenegro AB Able Seaman ab initio ‘from the beginning’ (elementary training) ABAS aircraft-based augmentation system ABIP Advisory Board of Interested Parties (EASA) ABLOS Advisory Board on the Law of the Sea (IHO, IAG & IOC) abm abeam (at 90º to track) ABn aerodrome beacon ABOI Association of British Offshore Industries ABP active bus priority (traffic lights) ABP Association of British Ports London based private company owning several UK ports. ABS Acoustic Backscatter System ABS American Bureau of Shipping (classification society) HQ Houston, TX, USA. European HQ London. ABS Automatic Blink System (LORAN-C integrity channel) absolute accuracy (geodetic or geographic accuracy) The accuracy of a position with respect to the geographic or geodetic coordinates of the earth (IMO). AC Admiralty Chart AC Advisory Circular (FAA) ac aircraft AC altocumulus cloud 2 Nov 08 AC Analysis Centre (IGS) AC(YPS) Act Activity Centres (Young Persons’ Safety) Act 1995 (UK) Acacia Project to develop a definitive, consistent and joined-up national infrastructure of property addresses and related data with the related mapping. OS, HMLR, RoS, Valuation Office Agency (VOA), Improvement and Development Agency (IDeA) and Royal Mail. ACARE Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe ACARS Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ARINC) Civil air data link for air-to-ground business and ATS messages. ACAS Airborne Collision Avoidance System (=TCAS in USA) ACAS-II current from 2000. Mandatory in Europe for ac >5,700 kg MTOW or >19 pax seats from 1 Jan 05. Acc altocumulus castellanus cloud ACCa adaptive cruise control ACCa Antarctic Circumpolar Current ACCb area control centre (ATC - international; ARTCC in US) ACCLAIM Antarctic Circumpolar Current Levels by Altimetry and Island Contributes to the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) of the World Climate Research Programme. accuracy The degree of conformance between the estimated or measured parameter of a craft at a given time and its true parameter at that time (IMO). ACDS Aeronautical Charts and Data Section (CAA) ACE Advanced Configurable EGI ACE ATM Cost-Effectiveness (EUROCONTROL Benchmarking Report) ACEA Association des Constructeurs Européens d'Automobiles Represents the interests of 13 European car, truck and bus manufacturers. ACEM Agence de Coopération pour l’Europe de la Mer (= ECMA) ACF autocorrelation function ACFD advanced civil flight deck ACG ATM/CNS Consultancy Group (EATCHIP - EUROCONTROL) ACI Airports Council International 573 members with 1,640 airports in 178 countries (2008). ACK acknowledge(ment) ACN Active Control Network (UK OS) ACN Airspace Co-ordination Notice ACO Aircraft Certification Office ACP Airspace Change Proposal (UK CAA) ACR aerodrome control radar ACRUDA Assessment and Certification RUles for Digital Architectures (EU) ACTD advanced concept technology demo 3 Nov 08 ActMAP EC project to bring real-time info to in-vehicle digital maps ACZ aerodrome control zone AD air data AD Airworthiness Directive Issued by airworthiness authority to correct a defect found after certification. Mandatory. ADA advisory area (ATC) ADACU advanced digital antenna control unit (eg for GPS steerable array) ADAM Airport Datum Management Program (US) ADAS Advanced Driver Assistance System ADC aerodrome control(ler) ADC air data computer ADC analogue-to-digital converter ADCC Air Defence Control Centre ADCP Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler ADD aircraft-derived data ADD airstream direction detector ADD average delay per delayed flight (air traffic flow management) Address Point Dataset to uniquely defines & locate residential, business and public postal addresses in GB. Matches info fm OS digital map databases with >26 million addresses in the Royal Mail PAF. ADEOS ADvanced Earth Observation Satellite (Japan) ADEXP ATS Data Exchange Protocol (EATMP) ADF automatic direction find(er)(ing) ADI attitude director indicator ADM average delay per movement (air traffic flow management) ADMAP Antarctic Digital Magnetic Anomaly Project ADNM Admiralty Digital Notice to Mariners ADONIS EU project to make cycling and walking safer ADPCM adaptive differential pulse code modulation ADR accident data recorder ADR advisory route (ATC) ADRIS automatic DR indicating system ADRU Air Defence Radar Unit ADS Automatic Dependent Surveillance ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast Aircraft broadcast their identity, position (GNSS-based) and velocity. This can be captured by receivers on the ground (ADS-B out) or in aircraft (ADS-B in). ADS-C Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Contract 4 Nov 08 ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line For access to the Web using normal phone lines at speeds between 512 and 2,000 kbps. ADSP Automatic Dependent Surveillance Panel (of ICAO) ADVANCE Advanced Driver & Vehicle Advisory Navigation Concept (US) ADVANTIS Project looking at integrity for liability-critical applications (GJU) AE antenna electronics a Earth’s equatorial radius (typically 6.378 x 106 m) e AEA Association of European Airlines AEEC Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (US) AEI air experience instructor AENA Aeropuertos Españoles y Navegación Aérea (Spanish ATSP) AEP Architecture Evolution Plan GPS ground control Unix-based system from Apr 07. AEROSAT Aeronautical Satellite (Programme) AESIG Asociacion Espanola de Sistems de Informacion Geografica y Territo AEW airborne early warning AF adaptive filtering AFB Air Force Base (US) AFC automatic frequency control (eg in radar) AFCI arc fault circuit interruption (to detect aircraft wiring problems) AFCS automatic flight control system AFDC autopilot flight director computer aFDPS Advanced Flight Data Processing System (precursor to SESAR) AFDS autopilot flight director system AFDX E/S aircraft full-duplex end system AFG Advisory Financial Group (EUROCONTROL) AFI assistant flying instructor AFI automatic fault indication AFIGEO Association français pour l’Information Géographique AFIS airfield flight information service (info but not control) AFLT Advanced Forward Look Trilateration To calculate position of a mobile handset on CDMA network. AfOL Association for Outdoor Learning (UK) AFRAA African Airlines Association AFRIN Associate Fellow of the Royal Institute of Navigation AFS Air Force Station (US) AFS atomic frequency standard AFSPC Air Force Space Command (USAF) AFSS automated flight service station AFTN Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network 5 Nov 08 AGAS Action Group for ATM Safety (EUROCONTROL) Set up as high-level group as result of 1 Jul 02 mid-air collision. AGC Air/Ground Cooperative (Air Traffic Services Programme) AGC automatic gain control AGI air ground incident AGI Association for Geographic Information (UK) AGILE Application of Galileo in the LBS environment (EC FP6 2005-07) agl above ground level AGNA Advisory Group of National Authorities (EASA) AGNIS Azimuth Guidance for Nose-in Stand (aircraft parking system) AGNSS (A-GNSS) Assisted GNSS AGO automatic geophysical observatory AGORA Implementation of Global Location Referencing Approach EC telematics project Oct 2000 - Apr 2002. AGPS (A-GPS) Assisted GPS AGS Association of Geotechnical and Geo-environmental Specialists AGU American Geophysical Union AHARS attitude and heading reference system AHEAD EUROCONTROL programme to develop web-based AIS AHMS Aeronautical Mesage Handling System (to replace AFTN in 2000+) AHRS attitude and heading reference system AHS Advanced Cruise-Assist Highway Systems (Japanese concept) AHS automated highway system AHWG ad-hoc working group AI Accuracy and Integrity (Galileo Service) AI attitude indicator AIAA American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics AIAA area of intense aerial activity AIB Accident Investigation Board AIC Aeronautical Information Circular AIC Automotive Information Centre (MIRA) AIDU Aeronauical Information Documents Unit (RAF Northolt) AIG Association international de géodésie (IAG) AIM Aeronautical Information Management AIM autonomous integrity monitoring (eg CAIM, RAIM) AIN Arab Institute of Navigation AION Australian Institute of Navigation AIP Administrative Incentive Pricing Spectrum pricing to reflect its value to the user. AIP Aeronautical Information Publication AIPA Australian & International Pilots Association 6 Nov 08 AIPCN Association Internationale de Navigation (also PIANC) Brussels based - www.pianc-aipcn.org. AIRPROX UK term for ‘airmiss’ AIRS Automatic Ship Identification and Reporting System (UK) AIRWAVES Project to use GNSS in aircraft to monitor WV (EUROCONTROL) AIS Aeronautical Information Service AIS Automatic Identification System (for shipping - IMO) For ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore exchange of dynamic (inc pos, SOG, COG, hdg, ROT), static (inc MMSI, callsign, name, size, type) and voyage (inc draft, cargo, dest, ETA, route plan) data. Uses 2 VHF freqs - 161.97 and 162.025 MHz in SOTDMA channels; 1-sec frame comprises 2,250 slots each of 256 bits. Capacity ~ 4,000 reports/min. AISM Association Internationale de Signalisation Maritime (IALA) AIV all in view (receiver) AIWG Airspace Infringements Working Group (CAA) AIZ aerodrome information zone AL alert limit/level Max allowable error (in a measured position for example) found during integrity monitoring before an alarm is triggered. ALA approach and landing accident ALAR Approach and Landing Accident Reduction (FSF initiative) ALARP as low as reasonably practicable (of risk in using a system) Alert The International Maritime Human Element Bulletin (NI & Lloyd’s R) ALFENS Automated Low Flying Enquiry & Notification System ALI automatic location identification aliasing Visibly jagged steps along angled lines/edges (displays & maps) ALIVE ALert Interface Via EGNOS System to broadcast warning messages (e.g. of natural disasters) in addition to the EGNOS correction signals. ALL Admiralty List of Lights ALNOT Alert Notice (of aircraft overdue) along-track error A position error in the direction of the intended track (IMO). ALPA Air Line Pilots Association (US) ALPR automatic licence-plate recognition ALRS Admiralty List of Radio Signals ALS aerodrome lighting system AltBOC Constant envelop modulation scheme for combining 2 sidebands each consisting itself of 2 binary signals (in I- and Q-channel). AltBOC(n,m) AltBOC with chipping rate of m x 1.023 Mcps and sub-carrier frequency of n x 1.023 MHz. AM amplitude modulation AM ante meridian (before noon) AM/FM Europe Automated Mapping/Facilities Management - European Division 7 Nov 08 AM/FM It Automated Mapping/Facilities Management - Italy AMASS Airport Movement Area Safety System (FAA) (software package) ambiguity The condition obtained when one set of measurements derived from a navigation system defines more than one point, direction, LOP or surface of position (IMO). AMCP Aeronautical Mobile Communication Panel (of ICAO) AMCS Alternate Master Control Station (GPS) - Vandenberg AFB AME authorised medical examiner (for aviation licences) AMI-C Automotive Multimedia Interface Collaboration (telematics standard) AMLCD active matrix liquid crystal display amphidrome A point in the sea where there is zero tidal amplitude due to cancelling of tidal waves. Cotidal lines radiate from an amphidromic point and corange lines encircle it. AMSA Australian Maritime Safety Agency AMSD Aircraft Maintenance Standards Department (CAA SRG) amsl above mean sea level AMSS Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service AMTICS Advanced Mobile Traffic Info & Communication System (Japan) AMVER Automated Mutual-Assistance VEssel Rescue System (USCG) ANA area navigation approach ANASTASIA Airborne New and Advanced Satellite techniques and Technologies in A System Integrated Approach (EC FP6 project) ANAVnet On-line application to distribute marine warnings (IHPT) ANC Air Navigation Commission (ICAO) Android mobile phone operating system for web (Google) 2008 ANMS Automated Notice to Mariners System ANO Air Navigation Order Statutory legal instrument defining the laws of air navigation, pilot licensing etc in UK. ANP actual navigation performance ANPA Advanced Notice of Proposed Amendment (JAR-OPS) ANPAC Associazione Nazionale Piloti Aviazione Commerciale (It pilots Assoc) ANPCAT ATCOs’ union in Italy ANPR automatic number plate recognition ANR active noise reduction ANSEP Air Navigation Services Economics Panel (ICAO) ANSI American National Standards Institute ANSP air navigation service provider ANT Airspace and Navigation Team (EUROCONTROL) ANT antenna AOA Airport Operators Association 8 Nov 08 AOA angle of arrival AOB angle of bank AOC Advanced Operational Capability AOC aerodrome/airport obstruction chart AOC aeronautical operational control (US military) AOC Air Operator’s Certificate AOC aircraft operations centre AOC airline operational control AOC airline operations communications AOC auxiliary output chip AOM aircraft operating manual AOO area of operations AOPA Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association AOR Atlantic Ocean Region (-E or -W) (of Inmarsat III satellites) AOR-E at 15.5ºW, AOR-W at 54ºW but moving to 98ºW in early 05. AP access point AP air position AP Air Publication (RAF) (AP3456 covers navigation) AP assumed position (estimated pos’n for astronomical sight reduction) AP autopilot APAC Asia and Pacific (ICAO area) APAPI abbreviated precision approach path indicator APC airline passenger correspondence (eg e-mail, internet, phone) APC approach control(ler) (ATC) API air position indicator API application programming interface APL Advanced Positioning Layer (LBS) APL airport pseudolite APOLO Advanced POsition LOcator (train location system using GNSS) APP approach (control) APR approach control radar APRS automatic position reporting system APTS Advanced Public Transport System APU auxiliary power unit APV-I Approach with Vertical Guidance - 1 (to runway) Requires accuracies (95%) of 220 m H, 20 m V. HAL 556 m, VAL 50 m. Time to alert 10 s. Definition may be changed by FAA in 2002 -03. APV-II Approach with Vertical Guidance - 2 (to runway) Requires accuracies (95%) of 16 m H, 8 m V. HAL 40 m, VAL 20 m. Time to alert 6 s. AR augmented reality (VR images overlaid on the real world) 9 Nov 08 AR autoregressive (form of Kalman filter) ARA airspace restricted area ARB Airworthiness Requirements Board (CAA) ARC Atlantic Rally for Cruisers ARCC Aeronautical Rescue Co-ordination Centre ARCC Associated Rescue Co-ordination Centre Centre nominated by national SAR agency to which CES normally routes distress calls. ARCS Admiralty Raster Chart Service ARCS automatic route control system ARINC Aeronautical Radio Inc (now just called ‘ARINC’) US avionics standards-setting body whose standards are accepted world-wide. ARKTRANS Norwegian ITS architecture ARM Series of processor cores from ARM Ltd ARMAS Active Road Management Assisted by Satellite (ESA project) ARN ATS Route Network ARNS Aeronautical RadioNavigation Service (of allocated spectrum bands) ARP aerodrome reference point ARPA automatic radar plotting aid ARPU annual/average revenue per user/unit (of eg a telematics service) ARSR air route surveillance radar ARTCC air route traffic control centre (US; ACC internationally) ARTEMIS Advanced Relay and TEchnology MIssion Satellite (ESA) Planned to carry EGNOS navigation payload from mid-2001; actually achieved orbit in Jan 2003. 21.5ºE. ARTES Advanced Research in TElecommunications Systems ESA initiatives. Element 9 involves development work for GNSS. ARTIST Austrian Radionav Tech & Integrated Sat Nav Servs & Products ARTIST Italian ITS architecture ARU aircraft retained unit (piece of aircrew equip that stays with the ac) ARW angular random walk (of a gyro) As altostratus cloud AS anti-spoofing Method of protecting against hostile imitation of signals - eg GPS PPS AS aviation safety ASAB Association of Animal Behaviour ASAP Aviation Safety Action Programme ASAS Airborne Separation Assurance System ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange Comprises letters, digits and special characters each represented by 8 bits or 1 byte. 10 Nov 08