Globalization and Defence in the Asia-Pacific This edited volume examines the impact of globalization on the economies, security policies and military–industrial complexes of the Asia-Pacific region. The work is structured into three main parts. The first explores globalization and its general effects on the policy-making of the nation-state; the second section looks at how globalization affects a country’s threat perception and defence posture within the specific context of the Asia-Pacific region; while the third explores how it impacts on a state’s allocation of resources to defence, and how economic globalization affects the defence industry, with specific reference to the procurement policies and practices of different states across the Asia-Pacific. This book will be of much interest to students of Asian Studies, International Security, Defence Studies, Security Studies and Economics. Geoffrey Till is Professor of Maritime Studies in the Defence Studies Depart- ment, Kings College London, and Director of the Corbett Centre for Maritime Policy Studies. He is author of many books on defence issues. Emrys Chew is Assistant Professor at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University. Joshua Ho is Senior Fellow at the S.Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University. Contemporary security studies Series Editors: James Gow and Rachel Kerr King’s College London This series focuses on new research across the spectrum of international peace and security, in an era where each year throws up multiple examples of conflicts that present new security challenges in the world around them. NATO’s Secret Armies The Iraq War Operation Gladio and terrorism in Western European perspectives on politics, Europe strategy, and operations Daniele Ganser Edited by Jan Hallenberg and HåkanKarlsson The US, NATO and Military Burden-Sharing Strategic Contest Peter Kent Forster and Weapons proliferation and war in the StephenJ.Cimbala greater Middle East Richard L. Russell Russian Governance in the Twenty-First Century Propaganda, the Press and Conflict Geo-strategy, geopolitics and new The Gulf War and Kosovo governance David R. Willcox Irina Isakova Missile Defence The Foreign Office and Finland International, regional and national 1938–1940 implications Diplomatic sideshow Edited by Bertel Heurlin and Sten Rynnin Craig Gerrard Globalising Justice for Mass Atrocities Rethinking the Nature of War A revolution in accountability Edited by Isabelle Duyvesteyn and Chandra Lekha Sriram JanAngstrom Perception and Reality in the Modern Ethnic Conflict and Terrorism Yugoslav Conflict The origins and dynamics of civil wars Myth, falsehood and deceit 1991–1995 Joseph L. Soeters Brendan O’Shea Globalisation and the Future of The Political Economy of Peacebuilding Terrorism in Post-Dayton Bosnia Patterns and predictions Tim Donais Brynjar Lia The Rift Between America and Old Nuclear Weapons and Strategy Europe US nuclear policy for the twenty-first The distracted eagle century Peter H. Merkl Stephen J. Cimbala Nasser and the Missile Age in the Military Forces in 21st Century Peace Middle East Operations Owen L. Sirrs No job for a soldier? James V. Arbuckle War as Risk Management Strategy and conflict in an age of The Political Road to War with Iraq globalised risks Bush, 9/11 and the drive to overthrow Yee-Kuang Heng Saddam Nick Ritchie and Paul Rogers Military Nanotechnology Potential applications and preventive arms Bosnian Security after Dayton control New perspectives Jurgen Altmann Edited by Michael A. Innes NATO and Weapons of Mass Destruction Kennedy, Johnson and NATO Regional alliance, global threats Britain, America and the Dynamics of Eric R. Terzuolo Alliance, 1962–68 Andrew Priest Europeanisation of National Security Identity Small Arms and Security The EU and the changing security New emerging international norms identities of the Nordic states Denise Garcia Pernille Rieker The United States and Europe International Conflict Prevention and Beyond the neo-conservative divide? Peace-building Edited by John Baylis and Jon Roper Sustaining the peace in post conflict Russia, NATO and Cooperative Security societies Bridging the gap Edited by T. David Mason and Lionel Ponsard JamesD.Meernik International Law and International Controlling the Weapons of War Relations Politics, persuasion, and the prohibition of Bridging theory and practice inhumanity Edited by Tom Bierstecker, Peter Spiro, Brian Rappert Chandra Lekha Sriram and VeronicaRaffo Changing Transatlantic Security Relations Deterring International Terrorism and Do the U.S, the EU and Russia form a new Rogue States strategic triangle? US national security policy after 9/11 Edited by Jan Hallenberg and James H. Lebovic HåkanKarlsson Vietnam in Iraq Theoretical Roots of US Foreign Policy Tactics, lessons, legacies and ghosts Machiavelli and American unilateralism Edited by John Dumbrell and David Ryan Thomas M. Kane Understanding Victory and Defeat in Corporate Soldiers and International Contemporary War Security Edited by Jan Angstrom and The rise of private military companies IsabelleDuyvesteyn Christopher Kinsey Propaganda and Information Warfare Transforming European Militaries in the Twenty-First Century Coalition operations and the technology gap Altered images and deception operations Gordon Adams and Guy Ben-Ari Scot Macdonald Globalization and Conflict Governance in Post-Conflict Societies National security in a ‘new’ strategic era Rebuilding fragile states Edited by Robert G. Patman Edited by Derick W. Brinkerhoff European Security in the Twenty-First The Baltic Question During the Cold Century War The challenge of multipolarity Edited by John Hiden, Vahur Made, and Adrian Hyde-Price David J. Smith Ethics, Technology and the American America, the EU and Strategic Culture Way of War Renegotiating the transatlantic bargain Cruise missiles and US security policy Asle Toje Reuben E. Brigety II Afghanistan, Arms and Conflict International Law and the Use of Post-9/11 security and insurgency Armed Force Michael Bhatia and Mark Sedra The UN charter and the major powers Punishment, Justice and International Joel H. Westra Relations Disease and Security Ethics and order after the Cold War Natural plagues and biological weapons in Anthony F. Lang, Jr. East Asia Intra-State Conflict, Governments and Christian Enermark Security Explaining War and Peace Dilemmas of deterrence and assurance Case studies and necessary condition Edited by Stephen M. Saideman and counterfactuals Marie-Joëlle Zahar Jack Levy and Gary Goertz Democracy and Security War, Image and Legitimacy Preferences, norms and policy-making Viewing contemporary conflict Edited by Matthew Evangelista, James Gow and Milena Michalski HaraldMüller and Niklas Schörnig Information Strategy and Warfare The Homeland Security Dilemma A guide to theory and practice Fear, failure and the future of American John Arquilla and Douglas A. Borer security Frank P. Harvey Countering the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction Military Transformation and Strategy NATO and EU options in the Revolutions in military affairs and small Mediterranean and the Middle East states Thanos P. Dokos Edited by Bernard Loo Security and the War on Terror Peace Operations and International Edited by Alex J. Bellamy, Roland Bleiker, Criminal Justice Sara E. Davies and RichardDevetak Building peace after mass atrocities Majbritt Lyck The European Union and Strategy An emerging actor NATO, Security and Risk Management Edited by Jan Hallenberg and From Kosovo to Khandahar KjellEngelbrekt M.J. Williams Causes and Consequences of Cyber-Conflict and Global Politics International Conflict Edited by Athina Karatzogianni Data, methods and theory Globalization and Defence in the Edited by Glenn Palmer Asia-Pacific Russian Energy Policy and Military Arms across Asia Power Edited by Geoffrey Till, Emrys Chew and Putin’s quest for greatness Joshua Ho Pavel Baev Globalization and Defence in the Asia-Pacific Arms across Asia Edited by Geoffrey Till, Emrys Chew and Joshua Ho First published 2009 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2009 Selection and editorial matter Geoffrey Till, Emrys Chew and Joshua Ho; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Globalisation and defence in the Asia-Pacific : arms across Asia / edited by Geoffrey Till, Emrys Chew and Joshua Ho. p. cm. – (Contemporary security studies) 1. Globalization–Pacific Area. 2. Security, International–Pacific Area. 3. Pacific Area–Foreign relations. 4. Pacific Area–Foreign economic relations. 5. Military policy–Pacific Area. 6. Defense industries–Pacific Area. I. Till, Geoffrey. II. Chew, Emrys. III. Ho, Joshua. JZ6009.P16G56 2008 355'.03305–dc22 2008013407 ISBN 0-203-89053-1 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-44048-3 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-203-89053-1 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-44048-6 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-89053-0 (ebk) Contents List of illustrations ix Notes on contributors x 1 Introduction 1 JOSHUA HO PART I Theories of globalization and defence 15 2 Globalization and armed conflict among nations: prospects through the lens of International Relations Theory 17 BRIAN M. POLLINS 3 Beyond interdependence: globalization, state transformation andsecurity 34 CHRISTOPHER W. HUGHES PART II Globalization and defence policy in the Asia-Pacific 51 4 Globalization and military–industrial transformation in SouthAsia:ahistorical perspective 53 EMRYS CHEW 5 Globalization’s impact on threat perceptions and defence posturesinNortheast Asia 73 GUIBOURG DELAMOTTE 6 Globalization’s impact on threat perceptions and defence posturesinSoutheast Asia: two views 90 RIZAL SUKMA AND K.S. NATHAN viii Contents 7 Globalization’s impact on threat perceptions and defence posturesinSouth Asia 121 B. RAMAN PART III Globalization and the defence economy in the Asia-Pacific 131 8 Defence and the economy: an introduction 133 RON MATTHEWS 9 Globalization and defence industry in East Asia: seeking self-sufficiency and teaming up for dual-use technology 148 ARTHUR S. DING 10 Exploring Southeast Asia’s twenty-first century defence economies:opportunities and challenges in the era of globalization,1993–2005 166 RENATO CRUZ DE CASTRO 11 Globalization’s impact on defence industry in Southeast Asia 194 ROMMEL C. BANLAOI 12 Globalization and the defence economy of South Asia: two views 219 VIJAY SAKHUJA AND DEBA R. MOHANTY 13 Conclusion 246 GEOFFREY TILL Index 261 Illustrations Figure 8.1 Japan’s integrated security strategy 143 Tables 6.1 Defence expenditure of ASEAN countries as a percentage of GDP 114 10.1 Indonesia 181 10.2 Malaysia 182 10.3 Singapore 183 10.4 Thailand 184 10.5 Summary table for correlations between defence expenditure andselectedvariable of four ASEAN states 186 11.1 Publication of defence white papers in Southeast Asia 194 11.2 ASEAN regional forum annual security outlook, 2000–2005 195 11.3 Defence industrial development in ASEAN countries 197 11.4 Major weapons production in the ASEAN countries (early 1950stomid-1980s) 199–200 11.5 Top 20 countries with the largest arms industries in the world, 2002 201 11.6 Annual percentage changes in ASEAN defence spending, 1998–2003 207 11.7 Defence spending in ASEAN countries as a percentage of GDP,1998–2002 208 11.8 Arms deliveries to developing nations in 2003 208 12.1 Defence expenditure in Pakistan 222 12.2 Selected macroeconomic indicators growth rates 223