24 This book develops and employs a new methodology—Global Technography—to investigate wireless mobility from a sociological and cul- tural perspective. It illustrates that technologies are created to perform roles—to act—in everyday life, and this demands an ethnography that K can track the social performativity of technology in addition to that of IE human beings. The book is suitable for graduate and upper level under- N graduate courses in methodology, communications, and cultural work dealing with globalization and new digital communications media. “This is a powerful, richly nuanced, evocative work; a stunning and bril- G liantly innovative pedagogical and methodological intervention. It provides lo b ground zero—the starting place for the next generation of scholars who a study the self and its technologies, the post-global citizen, ethnography l T in the mobilized field, humanizing technology in a world without borders e c or boundaries. [This is] a path-breaking accomplishment by a major new h social theorist. In these pages McLuhan meets James Carey in a new per- n o formative space.” g Norman K. Denzin, College of Communications Scholar, r a University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign p h y GRANT KIENis Assistant Professor of New Media in the Department of Communication at California State University, East Bay. He received his Ph.D. in communications research from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Kien’s recently pub- lished work has appeared in the scholarly journals Qualitative Inquiryand Cultural Studies/Critical Methodologies, and the AOIR Researcher Annual. P E T E R L A N G www.peterlang.com Contents INTRODUCTION Mobility, Being, Global Network ....................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE Global Technography: Ethnography in the Mobilized Field .....................................................................................9 CHAPTER TWO Network and Power: The Global Landscape ..................................................................................27 CHAPTER THREE Technological Mobility and Cultural Practice ............................................57 CHAPTER FOUR Ontology, Technological Mobility, and “Belonging” ............................................................................................71 CHAPTER FIVE Mobility, Globalization and Culture ............................................................85 CHAPTER SIX Post-Global Citizenship ...............................................................................103 CHAPTER SEVEN A Theory of Home for the Mobile, Globalized Citizen .......................................................................................119 CHAPTER EIGHT Technology is Human .................................................................................137 APPENDIX From Heidegger to Technography: A Way Outward in a Distanceless World ...................................................147 Glossary of Actor-Network Theory Terms .................................................169 Bibliography ................................................................................................179 Index ............................................................................................................191 Illustrations FIGURE 1-1 A view of Itaewon from the balcony of Star Express ..............................................................................................11 FIGURE 1-2 Laptop Pirates on Hou Hai Lake ...............................................................25 FIGURE 2-1 First Street and Springfield Avenue in Champaign, Illinois .................................................................................28 FIGURE 3-1 Nationalism Online ......................................................................................58 FIGURE 4-1 Swami Nitya Muktananda in his Yoga studio .............................................75 FIGURE 5-1 Children of Chiapas .....................................................................................91 FIGURE 6-1 CBC Online ................................................................................................110 FIGURE 7-1 Toronto Icons .............................................................................................120 Acknowledgments Thank you to Cameron McCarthy, Norman Denzin, Clifford Christians, and James Hay. Your assurances allowed me to find the courage to fol- low my own intellect, explore the unconventional, and invent what has been needed to bridge the spaces between. Thanks to Jia Jia for having confidence in me. Thanks to Sean Nevins, a rare friend. Thanks to Swami Nitya Muktananda, my patient teacher, friend, and comrade in headstands and meditation. Thanks to my family. Big thanks to Kevin Dolan for shar- ing your technical expertise. Thanks to Sharon Tettegah, Paula Treichler, my colleagues James Salvo and Michael Giardina, my guides Yoshitaka and Koji, Father John, Zhou Yuanzhi, the staff of Hoyah Academy, Yan Rui, the staff and guests of the Juyoh Hotel, los hermanos Baldizón, Veronica, Wal- ter Podilchack, Luz Briseida, the people of La Nueva Revolución Chiapas, Michael Kilcullen, Celiany Rivera-Velázquez, Ted Gournelos, Shoshana Magnet, and all the unknown lovers and incognito citizens of our global village. And of course, the CBC—one could hardly be Canadian without you! Thanks to the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Ur- bana-Champaign and the International Institute of Qualitative Inquiry for financial support. This research would not have been possible without the sponsorship of the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada, so a BIG thank you to my fellow citizens! INTRODUCTION Mobility, Being, Global Network This book develops and exemplifies an ethnographic methodology I am calling Global Technography.1 I was inspired to innovate this methodology in due course while exploring the broad social phenomenon of mobility in the context of global network, media, and everyday cultural performances in which human actors and media technologies interact to produce the meaningful encounters that we know as our life experiences. Finding the tradition of conceptually demarcating and enclosing a space designated as the ethnographic field to be untenable in documenting how mobility is actually experienced in everyday life, I instead work with the notion of momentary spatialization as a means of finding and defining a physical lo- cation for observation. In addition to this methodological innovation, two further aspirations have driven this work forward. First, I offer an example of how sociotechno researchers, scholars in science and technology stud- ies, philosophers of technology, and qualitative researchers can escape the traditional interactionist approach to technology that treats devices and machinery as dead props. Rather, I seek to illustrate how technology dy- namically works with human actors to create and maintain the world we live in. Secondly, I aspire to demonstrate to researchers and scholars in general that acknowledging and documenting the participatory role of technology in everyday life and culture need neither sensationally cele- brate technology nor denounce it out of paranoia. Instead, I wish to make obvious the value of exploring the role of technology in a way consistent with how we actually experience everyday life. A quick review of how I got to this place is in order. The year was 1997 in Boboli Gardens, Florence, Italy. Like birds call- ing throughout the gardens, cell phone ringers would randomly break the silence from all directions, prompting their owners to squawk their singular reply, “Pronto!” It created a cacophony of precise technological noise mixed with the absurdity of human communication. Then, like a shot breaking through the afternoon air, I heard a crisp, English “Hello.” I suddenly realized the significance of the wireless future of communica- 1 For an overview of technography, see Kien (2008). 2 Global Technography tions technology. I could see that much of the wired infrastructure could be bypassed altogether, that the advance of personal appliances would make mobility the new normal circumstance on a global scale. I realized that “wireless” means everywhere, anywhere, any moment, every moment. Like others, I had been aware of the Zapatista uprising in Chiapas, Mexico, which was said to be possible in large part by the globalization of wireless communication that allowed them to globalize their brand of resistance, in effect using the tools of neoliberalism against themselves. As a result, the Zapatista’s struggle was almost as much about communication and aesthet- ics and turning the global network on itself as it was about confrontation in physical space. However, the full impact of what the mobile evolution in technology meant in everyday life didn’t hit me until that day in Boboli Gardens. It was my moment of epiphany, after which my understanding of globalization and communications would never be the same again. There would no longer be a need to go to technology, or even for technology to come to you—once networked successfully, it becomes part of our ontol- ogy and we are simply never apart from it again. Although mobility and human influence on environment are not new phenomena, we are living through a seismic shift in our media environment that is bringing with it unprecedented freedoms and changes in power relationships that are enacted in the physical world through mobility. It’s already banal to point out how the array of products on and coming to the market demonstrate that technology is rapidly progressing from portability to extreme mobil- ity, to be used reliably while in transit—to be part of the experience of transit—making constant movement and positional fluidity to be a normal condition of technological subjectivity. Meanwhile, transit itself is a new normal. There is a class of global citizen constantly in motion for whom the term migration is meaningless, as the act of settlement isn’t much part of their everyday experience. This is the set of circumstances in which evolve the portrait of the technologically mobile subject: a hypermediated 24/7 virtual environment (Kien, in press a). Advanced miniaturized tech- nology, especially in medicine,2 is designed to function both inside and outside, to travel with and within the human body as both enhancement 2 With approval from the United States Food and Drug Agency (see http://www.fda. gov/cdrh/emc/wmt-about.html) and the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (see http://wireless.fcc.gov/services/personal/medtelemetry/). For a downloadable study guide on wireless medical technology development, see http://www.monitoring. welchallyn.com/products/wireless/resourcelib.asp. Introduction 3 and appendage. Historical precedents given their due,3 it is the networked nature of new digital appliances that distinguishes them from their prede- cessors. National territory is no longer confined to the physical borders of the nation, it rather erupts in the spontaneous performances of citizens in transit. As an ethnographic project, the field itself needs redefinition to ac- curately reflect the nature of space in this age of global mobility. While theory and philosophy are strategically deployed throughout this book, it is my intention that vignettes illustrating eruptions of every- day experience should form the basis of a conversation between idealistic theoretical absolutes and the messiness of life on the ground as we live it. The work presented in this book takes a cue from Carey’s directive, “to examine the actual social process wherein significant symbolic forms are created, apprehended, and used” (Carey, 1989, p.30). My interpretation of Carey’s words is informed by Heidegger’s philosophy of technology, in which technologies are created to be intrinsically part of ontological ex- perience. In other words, they are created to perform roles—to act—in everyday life, and this demands an ethnography that can track the social performativity of technology as well as human beings. The performance of technology in everyday life is an important aspect informing the inven- tion of Actor-Network Theory (ANT), which offers a methodological tech- nique in which dichotomies such as “network” versus “individual” can be reconciled.4 However, the technical details of technical relationships can sometimes be lost or simply ignored in the exploration of performative moments. When there are neither individuals nor power, but only “col- lectifs” (Callon and Law, 1995) and “network effects” (Latour, 1986) in which singularity is an aesthetic slight of hand (see glossary), the experi- ence of how one actually tends to conduct oneself and be treated—as an individual singular entity—can feel lacking. Theoretical interventions can help reconcile the nuances of individual performativity (of both human and nonhuman actors) within schematized geographical and geometric concepts, while instances drawn from messy everyday situations make such speculations understandable in life as we experience it. Practice constantly exceeds the field and any theoretical attempt to define it. Everyday life is complex and confusing. In the emerging tradition of critical qualitative inquiry, I resist reducing everyday experiences to one-dimensional anec- 3 i.e., walkie-talkies, transistor radios, the walkman. 4 For an overview of my interpretation of ANT, see Kien, in press b.