GLOBAL HEALTH AND GLOBAL AGING M A RY R O B I N S O N W I L L I A M N O V E L L I C L A R E N C E P E A R S O N L A U R I E N O R R I S E D I T O R S Foreword by Robert N. Butler, M.D. ffffiirrss..iinndddd iiiiii 88//2211//0077 11::3311::0077 PPMM ffffiirrss..iinndddd iiii 88//2211//0077 11::3311::0066 PPMM GLOBAL HEALTH AND GLOBAL AGING ffffiirrss..iinndddd ii 88//2211//0077 11::3311::0055 PPMM ffffiirrss..iinndddd iiii 88//2211//0077 11::3311::0066 PPMM GLOBAL HEALTH AND GLOBAL AGING M A RY R O B I N S O N W I L L I A M N O V E L L I C L A R E N C E P E A R S O N L A U R I E N O R R I S E D I T O R S Foreword by Robert N. Butler, M.D. ffffiirrss..iinndddd iiiiii 88//2211//0077 11::3311::0077 PPMM Copyright © 2007 by The AARP Foundation. All rights reserved. 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Jossey-Bass books and products are available through most bookstores. To contact Jossey-Bass directly call our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 800-956-7739, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3986, or fax 317-572-4002. Jossey-Bass also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Global health and global aging / [edited by] Mary Robinson . . . [et al.]; foreword by Robert Butler.—1st ed. p.; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7879-8810-4 (cloth) 1. World health. 2. Population aging—Health aspects. I. Robinson, Mary, 1944- [DNLM: 1. Aging. 2. World Health. 3. Health Policy. 4. Health Services for the Aged. 5. Internationality. 6. Population Dynamics. WT 104 G5615 2007] RA441.G565 2007 362.1—dc22 2007026852 Printed in the United States of America FIRST EDITION HB Printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ffffiirrss..iinndddd iivv 88//2211//0077 11::3311::0077 PPMM CONTENTS About the AARP Foundation viii Foreword x Robert N. Butler, M.D. Preface xi Mary Robinson The Editors xv Contributors xvi PART ONE: THE WORLD AND ITS AGING POPULATION 1. World Policies on Aging and the United Nations 3 Alexandre Sidorenko 2. Population Aging: A Global Overview 15 Mary Beth Weinberger 3. The World Health Organization and Global Aging 31 Alex Kalache 4. Leadership and Governance Challenges for Global Health and Aging 47 Derek Yach 5. Perception of Aging in Different Cultures 58 Frank E. Eyetsemitan PART TWO: COUNTRIES WITH HIGH RATES OF LONGEVITY 6. Healthy Aging in Denmark? 71 Bjarne Hastrup 7. Challenges of Longevity in France: The International Longevity Centre-France Perspective 85 Françoise Forette and Marie-Anne Brieu 8. Healthy Aging in Finland 96 Pekka Puska v ffttoocc..iinndddd vv 88//2211//0077 11::3366::4444 PPMM vi Contents 9. Healthy Aging in Germany 106 Ulla Schmidt 10. Healthy Aging from Seventy to Over One Hundred in Germany: Lessons from the Berlin Aging Study 118 Jacqui Smith and Paul B. Baltes 11. Challenges of Productive Aging in Japan 128 Shigeo Morioka 12. Healthy Aging in the Netherlands 140 C.I.J.M. Ross-van Dorp 13. Aging in Spain: Working Toward Creating New Rights in the Welfare State 149 José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 14. Health and Aging in Sweden 157 Barbro Westerholm 15. Aging in the United Kingdom 168 Sally Greengross 16. Healthy Aging in the United States 177 Jeanette C. Takamura PART THREE: COUNTRIES FACING RAPID POPULATION AGING IN THE NEXT TWENTY TO THIRTY YEARS 17. Health and Aging in Africa 187 Nana Araba Apt 18. Aging of Populations: Is China’s Pattern Unique? 197 Lincoln Chen and Lingling Zhang 19. Health and Aging in India 208 Sharad D. Gokhale 20. Health and Aging in the Eastern Mediterranean Region 215 Mohamed H. El-Banouby 21. Health and Aging in Russia 226 Vladimir Kh. Khavinson and Olga N. Mikhailova 22. Health and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean 238 Enrique Vega ffttoocc..iinndddd vvii 88//2211//0077 11::3366::4455 PPMM vii Contents PART FOUR: LEADERS IN RESEARCH AND INNOVATIVE PROGRAMS 23. The Biology of Aging: Current Research and 249 Expected Future Gains George M. Martin and Joshua Lederberg 24. Exceptional Longevity 257 Thomas Perls and Dellara F. Terry 25. Cities, Sociodiversity, and Strategy 275 Jaime Lerner 26. Creating a Healthy Environment for Aging Populations 281 Gloria M. Gutman 27. How Government, Business, and Social Sector Partnerships 292 Can Finance Programs for the Aging A. James Forbes, Jr. 28. Policies and Practices Affecting Health and Longevity of People 300 with Disabilities: Lessons from the United Kingdom Hector Medora and Angela Hassiotis 29. Keeping People Active: Continuing Education Programs that Work 313 Julia Preece and Brian Findsen 30. Longevity’s Impact on Retirement Security 323 C. Robert Henrikson 31. Improving Health Care in America: Lessons Learned from the 337 Global Village William D. Novelli PART FIVE: EPILOGUE: THE ROAD AHEAD 32. Epilogue: The Road Ahead 351 Erik Olsen ffttoocc..iinndddd vviiii 88//2211//0077 11::3366::4466 PPMM ABOUT THE AARP FOUNDATION Opportunity, justice, and security. These are the words that best describe what the AARP Foundation offers every day to improve the lives of people as they age. The foundation is committed to helping the most vulnerable members of our society: low- income individuals, women, and minorities are primary target audiences. Its work includes the direct delivery of programs and services, legal advocacy, and the fostering of debate around the extent to which public programs are meeting the needs of these individuals and protecting them from fraud and abuse. The foundation is also committed to helping individuals at risk of falling into poverty in the second half of life. We know that millions of people are a paycheck away from disaster. A major illness, loss of employment, and death of a spouse are all exam- ples of common life events that could move an individual quickly from a relatively secure situation to one fraught with fear and uncertainty. The foundation is engaged in a variety of activities intended to help individuals avert such a crisis. Through the delivery of information, education, programs, advocacy, and services, the foundation helps individuals to help themselves so that they can be better prepared for the second half of life and the inevitable unexpected life events that can disrupt one’s life. In sum, the AARP Foundation serves as a catalyst for social change and as a champion for people age fi fty and older, particularly those facing signifi cant challenges in meeting basic needs. It creates opportunities for individuals to improve their lives; it protects their rights and seeks to ensure that they will be fi nancially secure in the second half of life. THE WORK OF THE FOUNDATION As the charitable arm of AARP, the AARP Foundation delivers direct community service, information, legal advocacy, and education to improve the experience of aging in America. The foundation raises money to support its efforts through government grants and from individuals, corporations, foundations, and AARP. Tax-deductible donations enable the Foundation to serve more people who need help, protect individ- uals from discrimination and abuse, and develop new programs and initiatives. The AARP Foundation engages in a wide variety of activities that directly benefi t individuals and society and encourages other organizations to make aging issues a part of their agendas for change. It brings national attention to the issues and challenges viii ffbbeettww..iinndddd vviiiiii 88//2255//0077 1111::1188::5511 AAMM