Matthias Finger Gunnar Rekvig   Editors Global Arctic An Introduction to the Multifaceted Dynamics of the Arctic Global Arctic Matthias Finger • Gunnar Rekvig Editors Global Arctic An Introduction to the Multifaceted Dynamics of the Arctic Editors Matthias Finger Gunnar Rekvig Northern Arctic Federal UiT The Arctic University of Norway University (NArFU) Tromsø, Norway Arkhangelsk, Russia ISBN 978-3-030-81252-2 ISBN 978-3-030-81253-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81253-9 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Gunnar Rekvig dedicates this book to his wife, Minako Kikkawa, and son, Arn Kikkawa Rekvig. Their patience, love, and support were invaluable. Acknowledgment Gunnar Rekvig would like to acknowledge the Nansen Professorship at the University of Akureyri for having supported the production of this book. vii Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Matthias Finger and Gunnar Rekvig Part I Evolving Images and Perceptions 2 Indigenous Peoples of the Circumpolar North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Yvon Csonka 3 Arctic Cities-Pioneers of Industrialization: More than “Mining Towns” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Nadezhda Zamyatina 4 Arctic as a New Strategic Region in the Soviet Union in the 1920s–1930s and Transformation of the Arctic Science . . . . . . 63 Alexander Saburov 5 Norway in the Cold War – A Contemporary Case for Today . . . . . . . 91 Lars Saunes 6 The Post-Cold War Arctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Lassi Heininen 7 The Arctic as the Last Frontier: Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Edward H. Huijbens 8 A Primary Node of the Global Economy: China and the Arctic . . . . 147 Liisa Kauppila Part II G eography, Environment, and Climate 9 Climate Effects of Other Pollutants – Short-Lived Climate Forcers and the Arctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Kaarle Kupiainen, Mark Flanner, and Sabine Eckhardt ix x Contents 10 Permafrost Climate Feedbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Benjamin W. Abbott 11 Impacts of Global Warming on Arctic Biota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Mathilde Le Moullec and Morgan Lizabeth Bender 12 Pollution and Monitoring in the Arctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Tatiana Yu. Sorokina Part III E conomics and Geopolitics 13 The Quest for the Ultimate Resources: Oil, Gas, and Coal . . . . . . . . . 257 Andrey Krivorotov 14 Arctic Fisheries in a Changing Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Franz J. Mueter 15 Infrastructure Projects in the Global Arctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Alexander Pilyasov 16 New Arctic Seaways and the Role of China in Regime Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Mariia Kobzeva 17 Sustainable Development of the Arctic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Matthias Finger Part IV Governance 18 Between Resource Frontier and Self- Determination: Colonial and Postcolonial Developments in the Arctic . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Peter Schweitzer 19 Understanding Cold War Trust-Building Between Norway and the Soviet Union. Norwegian-Russian Relations – A History of Peaceful Coexistence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Gunnar Rekvig 20 Regional Governance: The Case of the Barents Region . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Florian Vidal 21 The Arctic Council at 25: Incremental Building of a More Ambitious Inter- governmental Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Timo Koivurova and Malgorzata Smieszek 22 The European Union and Arctic Security Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Andreas Raspotnik and Andreas Østhagen Contents xi 23 Global Conventions and Regional Cooperation: The Multifaceted Dynamics of Arctic Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Cécile Pelaudeix and Christoph Humrich 24 Arctic Order(s) Under Sino-American Bipolarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Rasmus Gjedssø Bertelsen Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 Abbreviations 2D Two-Dimensional 3D Three-Dimensional A5 Five Arctic Ocean Rim States AC Arctic Council ACAP Arctic Contaminants Action Program ACIA Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Report AD Anno Domini AEPS Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy AFN Alaska Federation of Natives AFNORTH Allied Forces Northern Europe AHDR Arctic Human Development Report AMAP Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program AMSA Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment ANCSA Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act ANWR Alaska National Wildlife Refuge ANWR Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska AZRF Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation B/D Barrels a Day BAEC Barents Euro-Arctic Council Bbl Billion Barrel Bcm Billion Cubic Meters Bcm/Y Billion Cubic Meters a Year BEAC Barents Euro-Arctic Council Bfrs Brominated Flame Retardants Bn Billion BRC Barents Regional Council BRI Belt and Road Initiative Bt Billion (Metric) Tons CAFF Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (Working Group of the Arctic Council) CAO Central Arctic Ocean xiii