GLOBAL AFFAIRS FINAL PROJECTS November 2015- A COLLECTION OF THE TOP 18 ESSAYS January 2016 The assignments presented in this E- book were written by students of the specialization track - Challenges in Global Affairs. The selection of papers was made by the instructors of three courses based upon the chosen subject, the quality of the analysis, and presentation- related criteria. GLOBAL AFFAIRS FINAL PROJECTS GLOBAL AFFAIRS FINAL PROJECTS A COLLECTION OF THE TOP 18 ESSAYS Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 6 1.1. About the Course..........................................................................................................................................6 1.2. About the Assignment .................................................................................................................................6 1.3 A Note from the Instructors.......................................................................................................................7 2.BILATERAL CONFLICTS ..................................................................................................... 8 2.1 PAKISTAN AND INDIA CONFLICT: FEDERALISM AS A PEACE POLICY........................ 8 Essay by ANSHUL PANDEY Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................8 State Institutions and Federalism ........................................................................................................................1 Conflicts ........................................................................................................................................................................2 Indian View .................................................................................................................................................................3 Pakistani View............................................................................................................................................................4 Other’s View ...............................................................................................................................................................4 Way Forward ............................................................................................................................................................4 Conclusions...................................................................................................................................................................5 References ...................................................................................................................................................................5 2.2 PEACE AND GOOD NEIGHBORLINESS TO THE FALKLANDS AND ARGENTINA ....... 20 Essay by LUIS ROBERTO FADER I- Can Argentina and the United Kingdom normalize their relations?.............................................. 20 Objectives to be achieved: ................................................................................................................................ 21 Main agreement proposals................................................................................................................................ 21 A diplomatic conflict resolution......................................................................................................................... 21 What can hinder the diplomatic rapprochement ...................................................................................... 23 II -How to prevent a new armed conflict...................................................................................................... 23 Is a new war latent? ............................................................................................................................................. 23 The role of some peace missions that could maintain the peace in the region ............................. 24 Obstacles to reaching an agreement ............................................................................................................ 25 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................. 25 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................ 26 2.3 COLOMBIAN-VENEZUELAN BORDER CONFLICT AND THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS.............................................................................................................. 27 Essay by JUANA VALDERRUTEN BORRERO Page 2 GLOBAL AFFAIRS FINAL PROJECTS Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 27 How could regional organizations help to solve the conflict? .............................................................. 28 What are the regional organizations doing to help solving the conflict? ....................................... 30 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................. 32 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................ 32 2.4 NEGOTIATIONS WITH FARC: IS IT THE BEST PATH TO A LONG-LASTING PEACE IN COLOMBIA?....................................................................................................................... 33 Essay by PAOLA L. ARBELAEZ 2.5 TAIWAN STRAIT ISSUE OR DESCRIBING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEOPLE`S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND REPUBLIC OF CHINA .............................................................................. 40 Essay by TEMIRLAN MUKASHEV Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 40 Main Part .................................................................................................................................................................. 42 Best Alternative to a Negotiation Agreement............................................................................................ 46 Bargaining Space .................................................................................................................................................. 46 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................. 47 Bibliography: ........................................................................................................................................................... 47 2.6 THE AGREEMENT OF THE US AND IRAN ................................................................... 49 Essay by JULIA GLADKA References ................................................................................................................................................................ 54 3 CHALLENGES TO INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS .............................................. 55 3.1 UN: WHY DOES IT FAIL AND WHAT CAN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY DO TO STRENGTHEN IT? ............................................................................................................... 55 Essay by JONAS TEIXEIRA MARINHO 3.2 WHAT CHALLENGES DOES THE INFLUX OF REFUGEES TO EUROPE IN RECENT YEARS POSE FOR THE UNHCR? .................................................................................................... 63 Essay by TYYNE PARAKHEN Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 63 The Relationship between States and UNHCR ........................................................................................... 63 Networks and Hierarchies .................................................................................................................................. 64 Operating within the UN System and the 1950 UNHCR Statute ....................................................... 65 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................. 66 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................ 66 4 TRANSNATIONAL ISSUES........................................................................................... 68 4.1 TRANSNATIONAL CAPITAL FLOWS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................................................. 68 Essay by AIDA CARRAZCO Page 3 GLOBAL AFFAIRS FINAL PROJECTS 4.2 THE NEED FOR A TRANSNATIONAL CRITICAL AND STRATEGIC MINERALS ALLIANCE...76 Essay by ALAIR EMORY Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 76 Background .............................................................................................................................................................. 76 Political Dimensions ............................................................................................................................................... 78 Social and/or Economic Issues .......................................................................................................................... 79 Conceptual/Theoretical Aspects ...................................................................................................................... 80 Support for the Concept ..................................................................................................................................... 80 Specific Recommendations ................................................................................................................................. 81 Proposed Approach.............................................................................................................................................. 81 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................. 82 Bibliography: ........................................................................................................................................................... 82 4.3 DAESH ATTACKS IN EUROPE: A DEEP ANALYSIS...................................................... 85 Essay by BEATRIZ GONZÁLEZ DEL VALLE Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 85 DAESH and civil war in Syria............................................................................................................................ 85 DAESH in an economic perspective ................................................................................................................ 87 Jihadist terrorism in Europe................................................................................................................................ 88 Bibliography: ........................................................................................................................................................... 92 4.4 WAR, CHILDREN, IT’S JUST A SHOT AWAY! – THE ROAD AHEAD FOR NUCLEAR WEAPONS .......................................................................................................................... 92 Essay by VARSHA YOGISH Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 92 Part I – Nuclear Proliferation – Reasons, Threats and Effects ............................................................. 93 Part II – International legal regime governing nuclear weapons....................................................... 94 Part III – Comprehensive Covenant as a solution...................................................................................... 96 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................. 97 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................ 97 5 OECD CHALLENGE ..................................................................................................... 99 5.1 EVALUATING THE RELEVANCE OF GLOBAL WATER PARTNERSHIPS IN EFFECT OF GLOBAL WATER GOVERNANCEADDRESSING THE ISSUE OF HOW EFFECTIVE ARE GWG ORGANIZATIONS/ORGANIZATIONAL NETWORKS IN TODAY’S 21ST CENTURY ........... 99 Essay by DANIELLE K. COCHRANE 5.2 LEARNING FROM CURRENT REFUGEE MOVEMENT IN ORDER TO PREVENT FUTURE CRISES 110 Essay by ETHAN MARTIN Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 110 The Present State of Refugee Movement.................................................................................................. 110 Dealing With Refugees in the Future .......................................................................................................... 111 The Climate Factor: A Syrian Case Study................................................................................................. 112 Page 4 GLOBAL AFFAIRS FINAL PROJECTS Anticipating Climate Refugees ...................................................................................................................... 113 Challenges and Opportunities on the Path Forward ............................................................................ 113 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................................. 114 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................... 114 5.3 EXTRACTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE AFFECTATION FOR THE POPULATIONS 116 Essay by JUAN CARLOS ARTEAGA ESPAÑA Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 116 Extractivism and Its Consequences ............................................................................................................... 117 Conclusions............................................................................................................................................................. 120 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................... 121 5.4 CAN THE EUROZONE BE SALVAGED? A CLOSER LOOK AT THE DEBT CRISIS IN GREECE AND HOW TO AVERT FRACTURING OF THE EURO ........................................................ 123 Essay by JULIE PAPANICOLAOU 5.5 TACKLING THE GENDER WAGE GAP ....................................................................... 133 Essay by LAURA SCHWEIGER Gender Wage Gap Overview..................................................................................................................... 133 Factors Influencing The Gender Wage Gap........................................................................................... 134 Tackling The Gender Wage Gap ............................................................................................................... 135 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................................. 138 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................... 139 5.6 WHY ARE GLOBAL PROBLEMS SO HARD TO SOLVE? THE PROBLEM OF GLOBAL WARMING 141 Essay by SONIA CUESTA DE ANDRÉS Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 141 What makes a problem global? .................................................................................................................. 141 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................................. 144 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................... 145 Page 5 GLOBAL AFFAIRS FINAL PROJECTS GLOBAL AFFAIRS FINAL PROJECTS A COLLECTION OF THE TOP 18 ESSAYS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. About the Course This Final Project of the Specialization “Challenges in Global Affairs” on Coursera brings together the knowledge, insights and skills learned in three MOOCs: The Changing Global Order (Leiden University), Configuring the World (Leiden University) and International Organizations Management (University of Geneva). The leading instructors of these courses joined forces in order to present this capstone and allow students to contribute their creative solutions to the ongoing challenges in international relations in practice. The instructors of the three courses, Prof. Madeleine Hosli, Prof. Richard Griffiths, and Dr. Lea Stadtler presented serious and highly challenging subjects the students could write about. The course students, which were from 67 different countries, different backgrounds and life experiences, understood and analyzed the assignment in their own ways, creating various interpretations and creative solutions with the aim to apply academic knowledge to challenges in practice. For more information about the Specialization “Challenges in Global Affairs” please click here. 1.2. About the Assignment The assignment purpose was to establish links between the theoretical and academic aspects of an issue to the practical dimension of the issue such as social, economic, political or organizational dimension. Students were instructed to present evidence as well as quantitative and/or qualitative data by appropriate sources for their chosen topic. They needed to determine what was their ideal solution for the problem and by whom it can be done, and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of their answer. Students choose between 4 options: 1. A bilateral conflict (such as the current tensions between Russia and the ‘West’ about the Ukraine) 2. A challenge to an international organization (such as related to climate change, trade, internet, public health, or even its own functioning / relevancy / governance / partnership strategies etc.) 3. A transnational issue (such as problems associated with transnational capital flows) 4. OECD challenge (“Why are global problems so hard to solve?”) Page 6 GLOBAL AFFAIRS FINAL PROJECTS 1.3 A Note from the Instructors Dear all, We are honoured to present this collection of 18 essays written for the final project of the specialization 'Challenges in Global Affairs'. We greatly appreciated the enthusiasm with which the authors of these essays and the many other participants embarked on the journey of analysing and discussing a bilateral conflict, a challenge to an international organization, or a transnational issue. Many of the assignments that were submitted were of a high quality. They addressed topics ranging from the gender wage gap, natural resources, the refugees challenge, reforms of the EU, conflicts and tensions around the world, and many, many more. Hence, it was not easy to choose the 'top' 18 essays from all the submissions that had obtained the highest ranks in the peer-review process, but as the instructors of this specialization, we agreed on the essays you find in this e-book. Many more essays could have been included, but this selection shows the broad range of topics chosen, the different ways of approaching a theme and the various ways in which the analyses have been conducted. We appreciated the fact that many of the essays drew explicitly on the three MOOCs that were the foundation for this specialization (The Changing Global Order, Configuring the World, and International Organizations Management). At this point we would like to thank the people who helped us carry out this course. Thank you Einat Shitrit, Robert Lynam and Leontine van Melle for all your patience and support. You made the process of designing the course and the course materials much smoother and swifter. Lastly, we would like to thank all the participants of the specialization track; those of you who agreed to be with us in the final Google Hangout (present and by video), those of you who kept the forum alive and fruitful and those who just enjoyed being part of our course. We enjoyed working with you and we are proud to present this collective product of the capstone: the e-book containing 18 essays written in the framework of the specialization 'Challenges in Global Affairs'. We hope you will enjoy it and be as inspired by this essay collection as we were, Kind regards, Page 7 GLOBAL AFFAIRS FINAL PROJECTS 2 BILATERAL CONFLICTS . 2.1 PAKISTAN AND INDIA CONFLICT: FEDERALISM AS A PEACE POLICY ANSHUL PANDEY Introduction 1 India and Pakistan were formed out of erstwhile British India when the British left the colony and transferred power to Indian leaders. Pakistan was carved out of India to create a separate homeland for Muslims of Indian subcontinent. The demand for separate nation for Muslims was driven by the idea of “Two Nation Theory” essentially outlining (in the words of M. A. Jinnah) that “In all things (Muslims’) outlook is not only fundamentally different but often radically antagonistic to the Hindus. We are different beings. There is nothing in life, which links us together” (Jinnah, Bhutto and the legacy of intolerance). India and Pakistan are today nuclear armed countries and at loggerheads with each other. Both countries started at the same platform but have taken different paths since 1947 and represent different ideas to the world. Even though both are diverse and share much of the cultural heritage, different paths taken by them have shaped them differently and how it has aggravated the conflicts. This allows us to investigate on how some political reforms can be used to resolve this never-ending conflict. The essay will first go into some historical background on both the countries and the conflicts between the two and then will cover how the state structure differs between them. Finally, it will go into some of the recommendation on how federalist governance structure would assist in resolving the conflict. 1Cover image: http://www.sikharchives.com/wp- content/uploads/2014/09/nuclear_war_india_pakistan.jpg Page 8 GLOBAL AFFAIRS FINAL PROJECTS Idea of a separate Muslim homeland in British India In 1930, Muhammad Iqbal (later national poet of Pakistan (Government of Pakistan Website)) proposed the idea of wanting to see “Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire” (Iqbal’s speech, 1930). This was essentially a proposal to create autonomous muslim regions in the federal polity of India. The movement later took a form of demand for a full nation state called Pakistan and was formally supported by AIML (All India Muslim league) (S. P. Cohen) in its 1940 resolution. Talks over the separate Muslim homeland and Muslim question in India kept going but eventually broke down in 1946, which essentially formalized the formation of separate Pakistan (than India) when British hand over the power. Since Muslims were concentrated in large parts in northwestern India and eastern India (primarily Bengal province (Percentage of Hindus in Undivided India)), these two areas were carved out to create a separate homeland for muslims in India, Pakistan (or land of pure). The partition of land around the religious lines and uprooting of people from their own home (Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan and muslims from border areas of India) created a rift between two new born modern nations that persists to this day. Pakistan subsequently gained freedom on 14th August, 1947 a day before India (15th August, 1947). Violent Start Creation of two nations based on religious identity where muslims were to live in Pakistan and non-muslims in India created a rift that exists to this day. Partition, one of most bloody political events saw the largest mass migration (Partition of India, BBC) in the recorded history with about 200,000 – 500,000 dead (Brass). Communities living together for a millennia fought with each other and families were torn apart by ending up on the wrong side of the border. This sowed the seeds of hatred largely based on religion where Muslims of Pakistan evicted Sikhs and Hindus and Sikhs and Hindus evicted the muslims in border areas. State Institutions and Federalism Federalism in India In post-Independence India, India chose to organize the states along the linguistic lines recognizing that language and local cultural practices are much more important than unifying everyone under the religious umbrella. India chose to preserve the linguistic boundaries to reduce inter-state conflicts and created defined responsibilities for state and central government in the constitutional framework. Even though foreign policy and defense falls into the central government responsibilities, federal politics (multi-party system) restricts Indian government’s ability digress from domestically agreed foreign policy initiatives. Federalism in India acts as a check on central government and how it frames it’s internal and foreign policies. A classic example is India’s lack of support for Israel on world forums, given large muslim population in India that doesn’t want India aligning with Israel. (Aafreedi) Federalism in Pakistan As compared to India, Pakistan relied heavily on religion being the sole organizing principle of the state. However the communities that composed Pakistan are different in many aspects of their daily lives, except that they happen to be muslims. As there is a saying that “I am a Pakistani for 50 years, a Muslim for 1,500 years and a Pashtun for 5,000 years.” (Pashtuns in Pakistan). However post-Independence, Pakistan decided to make Islam, as a state religion, an organizing principle for state politics, therefore asking individuals to “order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran” in their objectives Page 1 GLOBAL AFFAIRS FINAL PROJECTS resolution of 1949 (The Objective Resolution of 1949). This also made Pakistan the Ist “Islamic Republic” in the world. It sought to unite people on the basis on religion and therefore required a clear definition on what constituted that religion. This in subsequent years evolved into excluding large minorities like Ahmadiyas who identified themselves as muslims but were persecuted (starting in 1953) and eventually lost their muslim identity in 1974 (Khan) (Chaudhry). Pakistan in it’s early years also imposed a single language policy. Urdu mostly the language of migrants in Pakistan was chosen to be the official language of the state. The fundamental fallacy here was that Urdu was not the language of any of the communities that originally lived in the geographical area of Pakistan. It alienated half of the population of Pakistan (of East Pakistan) who were Bengalis speaking Bengali and had always practiced much more moderate version of Islam and therefore opposed the idea of one-size-fits- all Islam as being espoused by Punjabi muslims in Pakistan (Pakistan: Transition to nationhood). Beginnings with these one-size-fits-all patterns, realistic politics demanded centralized power structure and thereby reducing the influence of individual communities and alienating them in the national politics and nation building in Pakistan. (Mushtaq) (Waseem) Conflicts 1947 war Just after the independence, tribals and regular Pakistani army men attacked Kashmir to take it by force. Pashtun tribes from Khyber Pakhtunwala entered Kashmir on 22nd October, 1947, approximately a month after independence. The sudden attack of muslim militia forced the Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, to sign the “instrument of accession” to India, thereby allowing India to intervene. Indian forces then repulsed the attack and recaptured most of Kashmir, including the valley with around 70% of the population ending up on Indian side. Pakistan occupied 2/5th of the Kashmir province. India moved to UN against Pakistan’s attack, which subsequently resulted in ceasefire (on January 1, 1949) and maintaining the current held positions as the line of control. 1965 war Demoralizing defeat of India at the hands of Chinese in 1962 and demise of the Nehru in 1964, gave Pakistan a chance to hit India at the right time and annex the remaining territory of Kashmir. Pakistan started “Operation Gibralter” in August 1965 to infiltrate into Jammu and Kashmir, and in response India launched full scale military operation on western Pakistan. Both India and Pakistan claimed victory in the war, but war essentially ended in neutral with each side gaining nothing. 1971 war and liberation of Bangladesh Since Independence the West Pakistan had traditionally dominated the internal politics of Pakistan. Even though East Pakistan was almost half the population, they had always complained of unequal power and resource sharing with West Pakistan. During 1965 war with India, East Pakistanis (later Bangladeshis) came to believe that Pakistani military had left them “unprotected” (Haqqani). Bangladesh constituted almost half the population of the country then, but had to pay for the war with India without having any legitimate interest. The economics dictated the interest of Bangladeshis was not in confrontation but in peace with India. When in 1970 Pakistan election, East Pakistan gained absolute majority in the Pakistani parliament, West Pakistan’s political party PPP refused to yield power to East Pakistanis. This resulted in revolt in East Pakistan and subsequently Pakistani military intervened to crush the rebellion. Massive war crimes were reported against ethnic Bengalis from Pakistani military which had it’s power center in Pakistani Punjab. About 10 million refugees entered India and with world becoming increasingly aware about Pakistani crimes, provided enough ground for India to intervene. Page 2