G l e n c o e Reading Essentials and Study Guide Student Workbook To the Teacher Glencoe World History Reading Essentials and Study Guide is designed to help you use recog- nized reading strategies to improve your reading-for-information skills. For each section of the student textbook, you are alerted to key terms and are asked to draw from prior knowl- edge, organize your thoughts with a graphic organizer, and then follow a process to read and understand the text. The Reading Essentials and Study Guide was prepared to help you get more from your textbook by reading with a purpose. 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Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240 ISBN 0-07-865365-7 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 009 08 07 06 05 04 Table of Contents Chapter 1: The First Humans Section 1: Early Humans.........................................................................................1 Section 2: The Neolithic Revolution and the Rise of Civilization.............................5 Chapter 2: Western Asia and Egypt Section 1: Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia........................................................9 Section 2: Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile”.........................................14 Section 3: New Centers of Civilization..................................................................20 Section 4: The Rise of New Empires......................................................................24 Chapter 3: India and China Section 1: Early Civilization in India......................................................................27 Section 2: New Empires in India...........................................................................33 Section 3: Early Chinese Civilizations....................................................................38 Section 4: Rise and Fall of Chinese Empires..........................................................44 Chapter 4: Ancient Greece Section 1: The First Greek Civilizations.................................................................48 Section 2: The Greek City-States...........................................................................52 Section 3: Classical Greece....................................................................................57 Section 4: The Culture of Classical Greece............................................................62 Section 5: Alexander and the Hellenistic Kingdoms..............................................67 Chapter 5: Rome and the Rise of Christianity Section 1: The Rise of Rome..................................................................................71 Section 2: From Republic to Empire......................................................................76 Section 3: Culture and Society in the Roman World.............................................81 Section 4: The Development of Christianity..........................................................85 Section 5: Decline and Fall....................................................................................89 Chapter 6: The World of Islam Section 1: The Rise of Islam..................................................................................92 Section 2: The Arab Empire and Its Successors.....................................................96 Section 3: Islamic Civilization..............................................................................101 Section 4: The Culture of Islam...........................................................................104 Chapter 7: Early African Civilizations Section 1: The Development of Civilizations in Africa.........................................108 Section 2: Kingdoms and States of Africa............................................................112 Section 3: African Society and Culture................................................................116 Chapter 8: The Asian World Section 1: China Reunified..................................................................................120 Section 2: The Mongols and China......................................................................124 iii Section 3: Early Japan and Korea........................................................................128 Section 4: India After the Guptas........................................................................134 Section 5: Civilization in Southeast Asia.............................................................138 Chapter 9: Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire Section 1: Transforming the Roman World.........................................................143 Section 2: Feudalism...........................................................................................147 Section 3: The Growth of European Kingdoms....................................................151 Section 4: The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades............................................156 Chapter 10: Europe in the Middle Ages Section 1: Peasants, Trade, and Cities.................................................................161 Section 2: Christianity and Medieval Civilization................................................167 Section 3: The Culture of the High Middle Ages..................................................171 Section 4: The Late Middle Ages.........................................................................175 Chapter 11: The Americas Section 1: The Peoples of North America............................................................180 Section 2: Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica.....................................................184 Section 3: Early Civilizations in South America...................................................188 Chapter 12: Renaissance and Reformation Section 1: The Renaissance.................................................................................191 Section 2: The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance............................................196 Section 3: The Protestant Reformation................................................................200 Section 4: The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response....................205 Chapter 13: The Age of Exploration Section 1: Exploration and Expansion.................................................................210 Section 2: Africa in an Age of Transition.............................................................215 Section 3: Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade......................................218 Chapter 14: Crisis and Absolutism in Europe Section 1: Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion...............................................222 Section 2: Social Crises, War, and Revolution.....................................................226 Section 3: Response to Crisis: Absolutism...........................................................231 Section 4: The World of European Culture..........................................................235 Chapter 15: The Muslim Empires Section 1: The Ottoman Empire..........................................................................239 Section 2: The Rule of the Safavids.....................................................................244 Section 3: The Grandeur of the Moguls...............................................................247 Chapter 16: The East Asian World Section 1: China at Its Height..............................................................................252 Section 2: Chinese Society and Culture...............................................................256 Section 3: Tokugawa Japan and Korea................................................................259 iv Chapter 17: Revolution and Enlightenment Section 1: The Scientific Revolution....................................................................264 Section 2: The Enlightenment..............................................................................269 Section 3: The Impact of the Enlightenment........................................................274 Section 4: Colonial Empires and the American Revolution..................................279 Chapter 18: The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 1: The French Revolution Begins............................................................284 Section 2: Radical Revolution and Reaction........................................................289 Section 3: The Age of Napoleon..........................................................................294 Chapter 19: Industrialization and Nationalism Section 1: The Industrial Revolution...................................................................299 Section 2: Reaction and Revolution.....................................................................304 Section 3: National Unification and the National State.......................................309 Section 4: Culture: Romanticism and Realism.....................................................315 Chapter 20: Mass Society and Democracy Section 1: The Growth of Industrial Prosperity...................................................319 Section 2: The Emergence of Mass Society..........................................................323 Section 3: The National State and Democracy.....................................................328 Section 4: Toward the Modern Consciousness.....................................................334 Chapter 21: The Height of Imperialism Section 1: Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia..........................................................339 Section 2: Empire Building in Africa...................................................................344 Section 3: British Rule in India............................................................................350 Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America........................................................354 Chapter 22: East Asia Under Challenge Section 1: The Decline of the Qing Dynasty........................................................359 Section 2: Revolution in China............................................................................365 Section 3: Rise of Modern Japan.........................................................................369 Chapter 23: War and Revolution Section 1: The Road to World War I...................................................................375 Section 2: The War..............................................................................................379 Section 3: The Russian Revolution......................................................................385 Section 4: End of the War...................................................................................390 Chapter 24: The West Between the Wars Section 1: The Futile Search for Stability.............................................................394 Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes..........................................................399 Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany....................................................................404 Section 4: Cultural and Intellectual Trends..........................................................408 v Chapter 25: Nationalism Around the World Section 1: Nationalism in the Middle East...........................................................412 Section 2: Nationalism in Africa and Asia...........................................................417 Section 3: Revolutionary Chaos in China.............................................................422 Section 4: Nationalism in Latin America.............................................................426 Chapter 26: World War II Section 1: Paths to War.......................................................................................430 Section 2: The Course of World War II...............................................................434 Section 3: The New Order and the Holocaust.....................................................439 Section 4: The Home Front and the Aftermath of the War..................................444 Chapter 27: Cold War and Postwar Changes Section 1: Development of the Cold War............................................................450 Section 2: The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.................................................455 Section 3: Western Europe and North America...................................................459 Chapter 28: The Contemporary Western World Section 1: Decline of the Soviet Union................................................................466 Section 2: Eastern Europe...................................................................................470 Section 3: Europe and North America.................................................................474 Section 4: Western Society and Culture..............................................................479 Chapter 29: Latin America Section 1: General Trends in Latin America........................................................485 Section 2: Mexico, Cuba, and Central America....................................................489 Section 3: The Nations of South America............................................................493 Chapter 30: Africa and the Middle East Section 1: Independence in Africa.......................................................................497 Section 2: Conflict in the Middle East..................................................................502 Chapter 31: Asia and the Pacific Section 1: Communist China...............................................................................508 Section 2: Independent States in South and Southeast Asia................................513 Section 3: Japan and the Pacific..........................................................................518 Chapter 32: Challenges and Hopes for the Future Section 1: The Challenges of Our World.............................................................523 Section 2: Global Visions.....................................................................................528 Answer Key.........................................................................................................531 vi NNaammee DDaattee CCllaassss Reading Essentials and Study Guide Chapter 1, Section 1 For use with textbook pages 19–25 EARLY HUMANS KEY TERMS prehistory the period in human history before writing was developed (page 19) archaeology the study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind (page 19) artifacts objects that archaeologists examine, such as tools, pottery, paintings, weapons, build- ings, and household items (page 20) anthropology the study of human life and culture (page 20) fossils remains of humans, plants and animals (page 20) australopithecines (“southern apes”) the earliest humanlike creatures that lived in Africa three to four million years ago (page 21) hominids humans and other creatures that walk upright (page 21) Homo erectus (“upright human being”) a hominid species that emerged around 1.5 million years ago and used fire and larger tools (page 21) Homo sapiens (“wise human being”) a hominid species that emerged around 250,000 years ago and developed into two subgroups, Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens(page 21) Neanderthals a subgroup of Homo sapienswhose remains were first found in the Neander Valley in Germany(page 21) Homo sapiens sapiens (“wise, wise human beings”) the first anatomically modern humans that appeared in Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago (page 22) Paleolithic Age (“Old Stone Age”) the early period of human history (approximately 2,500,000 to 10,000 B.C.) when humans used simple stone tools (page 22) c. n nomads people who moved from place to place in search of food (page 23) es, I ni a p m o C Hill DRAWING FROM EXPERIENCEII w- a Have you ever wondered about the earliest humans? How did they get Gr Mc their food and clothing? What did they use for shelter? e Th In this section, you will learn about the early stages of human development. y b You will also learn how scientists analyze the remains that early humans left © ht behind and what they have learned from these remains. g yri p o C Glencoe World History 1 Name Date Class Reading Essentials and Study Guide Chapter 1, Section 1 (continued) ORGANIZING YOUR THOUGHTSII Use the diagram below to help you take notes. Three stages in early human development are described in this section. Identify and summarize these stages. Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Name of hominids 1. 4. 7. Time period 2. 5. 8. Location(s) 3. 6. 9. READ TO LEARNII • Before History (page 19) Prehistory is the period of human history before writing was developed. Because there are no writings to tell us what happened during this time, sci- entists must study other things to learn about early humans. Archaeology is the study of past societies through an analysis of what people left behind. Archaeologists dig up and study the tools, pottery, paintings, weapons, buildings, and household items that people used. These objects are called artifacts. Anthropology is the study of human life and culture. Anthropologists use artifacts and human fossils (the remains of humans) to find out how early people lived. Archaeologists and anthropologists use scientific methods to help them with their work. For example, they learn what early people ate by analyzing the bones, skins, and plant seeds that they find. They also need to determine how old the objects are. This is called dating a find. One method is radiocarbon dat- ing. This method dates (determines the age of) an object by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon (C-14) left in it. This method can only be used for C dating objects that are less than 50,000 years old. Another method is thermolu- op y minescence dating. This method dates objects by measuring the light given off rig h by electrons in the soil around the objects. This method helps scientists date t © b objects as far back as 200,000 years ago. Scientists have also begun to use biolog- y T h ical methods, such as DNAtesting, to learn more about the lives of early people. e M c 10. How do archaeologists and anthropologists determine the age of the G ra w objects they find? -H ill C o m p a n ie s, In c . 2 Glencoe World History Name Date Class Reading Essentials and Study Guide Chapter 1, Section 1 (continued) • Early Stages of Development (page 21) Archaeologists and anthropologists use their discoveries to create theories about early human history. According to the current theory, there were three stages in the development of early humans. The earliest humanlike creatures lived in Africa three to four million years ago. They were called australop- ithecines or “southern apes” by their discoverer, Donald Johanson. They lived in eastern and southern Africa. They were the first hominids to make stone tools. Hominids are humans and other creatures that walk upright. Archaeol- ogists have recently discovered a skull that they think is from yet another form of hominid. They think it is about 3.5 million years old. It is called Kenyanthropus platyops (the flat-faced man of Kenya). The second stage in human development is marked by the appearance of Homo erectus (“upright human being”). These hominids emerged about 1.5 million years ago in Africa. Then they moved into Europe and Asia. They used fire and made larger and more varied tools. The third stage in human development began about 250,000 years ago. This stage is marked by the emergence of Homo sapiens (“wise human being”). Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens both developed from Homo sapiens. The remains of Neanderthals were first discovered in the Neander Valley in Germany. Remains have also been found throughout Europe and Southwest Asia. Neanderthals lived between 100,000 and 30,000 B.C. They used a variety of stone tools and buried their dead. They also made clothes from animal skins. Homo sapiens sapiens (“wise, wise human being”) appeared in Africa 150,000 to 200,000 years ago. They were the first anatomically modern humans (people who looked like us). By 30,000 B.C., they had replaced the Neanderthals. They spread gradually from Africa to other parts of the world. All humans today belong to the subgroup Homo sapiens sapiens. 11. What two subgroups developed from Homo sapiens? c. n es, I ni a p m o C Hill w- a Gr c M e h T y b © • The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age (page 22) ht yrig Early humans used tools made of stone. The period in history when op humans used simple stone tools is called the Paleolithic Age (“Old Stone C Age”). This period lasted from about 2,500,000 to 10,000 B.C. During this period, humans used hunting and gathering to get their food. They gathered Glencoe World History 3 Name Date Class Reading Essentials and Study Guide Chapter 1, Section 1 (continued) wild nuts, berries, fruits, wild grains, and green plants. They hunted and ate various animals, such as buffalo, horses, reindeer, and fish. They were nomads (people who moved from place to place). They moved in order to find food. Both men and women were responsible for finding food. Men probably did most of the hunting of large animals. Women may have gathered berries, nuts, and grains, so that they could stay closer to their camps. Paleolithic people found shelter in caves. They also created shelters made of wood poles or sticks covered with animals hides. They used fire to stay warm and to protect themselves from wild animals. They also used fire to cook food. Archaeologists believe that friction (rubbing two pieces of wood together) was probably the earliest method for starting fires. Fire allowed humans to survive during the Ice Ages. During the most recent Ice Age, ice covered large parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. This Ice Age lasted from about 100,000 B.C. to 8000 B.C. Paleolithic people also created art. Cave paintings have been found in various parts of the world, including Lascaux in southwestern France and Altamira in northern Spain. Most cave paintings focused on large animals, such as lions, oxen, and panthers. According to archaeologists, these cave paintings were done between 25,000 and 12,000 B.C. 12. How did Paleolithic people get their food? C o p y rig h t © b y T h e M c G ra w -H ill C o m p a n ie s, In c . 4 Glencoe World History