Nat6_pi-iv_MSS05_RE 6/8/04 3:24 PM Page i impos03 301:goscanc:Reading Essentials - FM-BM-AK:layouts: Reading Essentials An Interactive Student Workbook red.msscience.com Nat6_pi-iv_MSS05_RE 6/14/04 3:41 PM Page ii mirellad 301:goscanc:Reading Essentials - FM-BM-AK:layouts: Glencoe Science To the Student In today’s world, knowing science is important for thinking critically, solving problems, and making decisions. But understanding science sometimes can be a challenge. Reading Essentials takes the stress out of reading, learning, and understanding science. This book covers important concepts in science, offers ideas for how to learn the information, and helps you review what you have learned. In each chapter: • Before You Read sparks your interest in what you’ll learn and relates it to your world. • Read to Learn describes important science concepts with words and graphics. Next to the text you can find a variety of study tips and ideas for organizing and learning information: • The Study Coach offers tips for getting the main ideas out of the text. • Foldables™ Study Organizers help you divide the information into smaller, easier- to-remember concepts. • Reading Checks ask questions about key concepts. The questions are placed so you know whether you understand the material. • Think It Over elements help you consider the material in-depth, giving you an opportunity to use your critical-thinking skills. • Picture This questions specifically relate to the art and graphics used with the text. You’ll find questions to get you actively involved in illustrating the concepts you read about. • Applying Math reinforces the connection between math and science. • Use After You Read to review key terms and answer questions about what you have learned. The Mini Glossary can assist you with science vocabulary. Review questions focus on the key concepts to help you evaluate your learning. See for yourself. Reading Essentials makes science easy to understand and enjoyable. Copyright © by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240 ISBN 0-07-867214-7 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 024 09 08 07 06 05 04 Nat6_pi-iv_MSS05_RE 6/8/04 3:24 PM Page iii impos03 301:goscanc:Reading Essentials - FM-BM-AK:layouts: Table of Contents To the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii Chapter 1 The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Chapter 2 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Chapter 3 Matter and Its Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Chapter 4 Atoms,Elements,and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Chapter 5 Motion,Forces,and Simple Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Chapter 6 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Chapter 7 Electricity and Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Chapter 8 Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Chapter 9 Rocks and Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Chapter 10 Forces Shaping Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 Chapter 11 Weathering and Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171 Chapter 12 The Atmosphere in Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 Chapter 13 Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 Chapter 14 Exploring Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Chapter 15 The Solar System and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 Chapter 16 Cells—The Units of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 Chapter 17 Invertebrate Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Chapter 18 Vertebrate Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281 Chapter 19 The Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 Chapter 20 The Role of Genes in Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311 c. n s, I Chapter 21 Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 e ani Chapter 22 Earth’s Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335 p m o C Hill w- a Gr c M e h T of n o si vi di a Hill, w- a Gr c M / e o c n e Gl © ht g pyri o C iii Nat6_pi-iv_MSS05_RE 6/8/04 3:24 PM Page iv impos03 301:goscanc:Reading Essentials - FM-BM-AK:layouts: 634_p01-20_MSS05_RE 6/8/04 3:38 PM Page 1 impos03 301:goscanc:Reading Essentials - PS:layouts: The Nature of Science chapter 1 3 ● What is science? section 1 Before You Read What You’ll Learn ■what science is and Have you ever wondered how something works? On the what science cannot lines below, describe a time that you wondered how some- answer thing worked. Did you find out how it worked? Explain how. ■what theories and laws are ■identify a system and its parts ■the three main branches of science Read to Learn Study Coach Outlining As you read the Learning About the World section, create an outline using each heading from the text. When you think of a scientist, do you think of someone Under each heading, write the in a laboratory with charts, graphs, and bubbling test tubes? main points or ideas that you Anyone who tries to learn about the natural world is a sci- read. c. entist—even you. Science is a way of learning more about n es, I the natural world. Scientists want to know why, how, or when ni a mp something happened. Learning usually begins by keeping o C Hill your eyes open and asking questions about what you see. w- Gra What kinds of questions can science answer? c M e Scientists ask many questions. How do things work? What h T of are they made of? Why does something take place? Some n o si questions cannot be answered by science. Science cannot vi di ● a help you find the meaning of a poem or decide what your A Build Vocabulary Hill, favorite color is. Science cannot tell you what is right, Make the following Foldable to w- Gra wrong, good, or bad. help you define and learn the c M vocabulary terms in this section. / e o What are possible explanations? c n e © Gl Learning about your world begins with asking questions. Science ght Science tries to find answers to these questions. However, Scientific Theory Copyri science can answer questions only with the information that SciSenytsitfeicm Law exists at the time. Any answer found by science could be Life Science wrong or could change because people can never know Earth Science Physical Science everything about the world around them. Technology Reading Essentials 5 634_p01-20_MSS05_RE 6/8/04 3:38 PM Page 2 impos03 301:goscanc:Reading Essentials - PS:layouts: How does new information affect old explanations? As time passes, people learn more about the world around them. As you can see in the diagram below, new information might make scientists look at old ideas and think of new explanations. Science finds only possible expla- nations. For example, people once thought Earth was the center of the solar system. Through the years, new informa- tion about the solar system showed this is not true. Picture This Possible outcomes 1. Explain Look at the Explanation diagram to the right. How still possible can new information affect an old explanation for Explanation something? changed One New Question explanation information Explanation tossed out New possible explanation What are scientific theories? A scientific theory is an attempt to explain a pattern seen repeatedly in the natural world. Theories are not just c. guesses or opinions. Theories in science must have observa- s, In tions and results from many investigations to back them up. nie a p They are the best explanations that have been found so far. m o C Theories can change. As new data are found, scientists Hill w- decide how the new data fit the theory. Sometimes the new Gra c data do not support the theory. Then scientists can change M e h the theory to fit the new data better. of T n o What are scientific laws? visi di a A scientific law is a rule that describes a pattern in Hill, nature. For an observation to become a scientific law, it w- a Gr must be observed happening over and over again. The law is c M / what scientists use until someone makes observations that oe c n e do not follow the law. A law helps you predict what will Gl © 2. Determine Which happen. If you hold an apple above the ground and drop it, ht g describes a pattern in it always will fall to Earth. The law tells you the apple will pyri o nature, a scientific theory or C fall, but the law does not explain why the apple will fall. A a scientific law? law is different from a theory. It does not try to explain why something happens. It simply describes a pattern. 6 The Nature of Science 634_p01-20_MSS05_RE 6/8/04 3:38 PM Page 3 impos03 301:goscanc:Reading Essentials - PS:layouts: Systems in Science Scientists can study many different things in nature. Some scientists study how the human body works. Others might study how planets move around the Sun. Still others might study the energy in a lightning bolt. What do all of these things have in common? All of them are systems. A system is a group of structures, cycles, and processes that are related to each other and work together. Your stomach is a structure, or one part of, your digestive system. Where are systems found? 3. List What are the three parts of a system? You can find systems in other places besides science. Your school is a system. It has structures like school buildings, furniture, students, teachers, and many other objects. Your school day also has cycles. Your daily class schedule and the school calendar are examples of cycles. Many processes are at work during the school day. Your teacher may have a process for test taking. Before a test, the teacher might ask you to put your books away and get out a pencil. When the test is over, the teacher might ask you to put down your pencil and pass the test to the front of the room. In a system, structures, cycles, and processes work together, or interact. What you do and what time you do it depends on your daily schedule. A clock shows your teacher that it is time for your lunch break. So, you go to lunch. c. n s, I How are parts of a system related to a e ni pa whole system? om 4. Describe Buildings C Hill All systems are made up of other systems. For example, usually have a heating aw- the human body is a system. Within the human body are system. Write each of the Gr Mc many other systems. You are part of your school. Your following by the part of the The school is probably part of a larger district, state, or national system it best represents. of turning on and off, n system. Scientists often solve problems by studying just one sio thermostat, spreading heat divi part of a system. A scientist might want to know how the a Hill, construction of buildings affects the ecosystem. Because an Structure: aw- ecosystem has many parts, the scientist might study one Gr Mc particular animal in the ecosystem. Another might study the / Process: e co effect on plant life. n e Gl © ht The Branches of Science Cycle: g pyri o C Science is often divided into three main parts, or branches. These branches are life science, Earth science, and physical science. Each branch asks questions about different kinds of systems. Reading Essentials 7 634_p01-20_MSS05_RE 6/8/04 3:38 PM Page 4 impos03 301:goscanc:Reading Essentials - PS:layouts: What is life science? Life science is the study of living systems and the ways in which they interact. Life scientists try to answer questions like “How do whales know where they are swimming in the ocean?” and “How do vaccines prevent disease?” Life scien- tists can study living things, where they live, and how they act together. People who work in the health field, like doctors and nurses, know a lot about life science. They work with sys- tems of the human body. Some other people that use life science are biologists, zookeepers, farmers, and beekeepers. What is Earth science? Earth science is the study of Earth systems and systems in space. It includes the study of nonliving things such as rocks, soil, clouds, rivers, oceans, planets, stars, meteors, and black holes. Earth science also includes the weather and cli- mate systems on Earth. Earth scientists ask questions like 5. Apply What might an Earth scientist study that is “How do you know how strong an earthquake is?” and “Is not on Earth? water found on other planets?” They make maps and study how Earth’s crust formed. Geologists study rocks and Earth’s features. Meteorologists study weather and climate. There are even volcanologists who study volcanoes. What is physical science? Physical science is the study of matter and energy. Matter c. n is anything that takes up space and has mass. Energy is the s, I e ni ability to cause matter to change. All systems—living and a p m nonliving—are made of matter. Co Chemistry and physics are the two areas of physical science. w-Hill a Chemistry is the study of matter and the way it interacts. Gr c M Chemists ask questions like “What can I do to make aspirin e h T work better?” and “How can I make plastic stronger?” Physics of n o is the study of energy and its ability to change matter. Physi- visi di cists ask questions like “How does light travel through glass?” a Hill, and “How can humans use sunlight to power objects?” w- 6. Apply Which of the Gra c following is an example of How are science and technology related? M / e technology? Circle the o Learning the answers to scientific questions is important. nc correct answer. Gle a. finding out how light However, these answers do not help people unless they can © b. tcrraevaetilnsg solar-powered bene cue siend oinu rs oevmeer ywdaayy. lTiveecsh.nEonlgoignyeeirss tuhsee p srcaicetniccea l tuos cer oeaftesci- opyright C cars technology. The study of how to use the energy of sunlight c. deciding which rock is is science. Using this knowledge to create solar panels is an the hardest d. making strong plastic example of technology. 8 The Nature of Science 634_p01-20_MSS05_RE 6/14/04 3:56 PM Page 5 mirellad 301:goscanc:Reading Essentials - PS:layouts: After You Read Mini Glossary Earth science: the study of Earth systems and systems scientific law:a rule that describes a pattern in nature inspace scientific theory: an attempt to explain a pattern seen life science: the study of living systems and the ways in repeatedly in the natural world which they interact system:a group of structures, cycles, and processes that are physical science:the study of matter and energy related to each other and work together science:a way of learning more about the natural world technology:is the practical use of science in our everyday lives 1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. When you see lightning strike, you probably will hear thunder soon. Is this statement a scientific theory or a sci- entific law? Explain. 2. Fill in the graphic organizer below with explanations of science, each branch of science, and technology. Science ____________________________ c. n ____________________________ s, I e ni a p m o C Hill Life Science Earth Science Physical Science w- a Gr Mc ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ e h T of ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ n o si vi di a Hill, w- Technology a Gr c M / ____________________________ e o c n Gle ____________________________ © ht g pyri o C Visit red.msscience.comto access your textbook, interactive End of games, and projects to help you learn more about what science is. Section Reading Essentials 9 634_p01-20_MSS05_RE 6/8/04 3:38 PM Page 6 impos03 301:goscanc:Reading Essentials - PS:layouts: The Nature of Science chapter 1 3 ● Science in Action section 2 Before You Read What You’ll Learn ■skills that scientists use Think of some skills that you have. You may be good at ■the meaning of basketball. Of all the skills you have, which do you think is hypothesis ■the difference between your best? How did you learn that skill? observation and inference Read to Learn Highlighting As you read Science Skills the text under each heading, highlight the science skills you You already know that science is about asking questions. see. When you finish reading the How does asking questions lead to learning? There is no section, review the skills you have highlighted. single way to learn. A scientist doesn’t just ask a question and then always follow the same steps to answer the ques- c. n tion. Instead, scientists use many different skills. Some of es, I ni a these skills are thinking, observing, predicting, investigating, mp o C researching, modeling, measuring, analyzing, and inferring. Hill Any of these skills might help answer a question. Some w- a Gr answers to scientific questions are also found with luck and Mc e using creativity. Th of n ●B Organizing What are some science methods? visio di FInolfdoarbmle alikteio thne oMnaek esh aown to onI nthvees ntiegxatt iopnags eo.fMteons tf oilnlovwes taig pataitotenrsn b.eLgoinok b ayt otbhsee rdviainggra,mor Hill, a w- describe science skills, drawing seeing, something and then asking a question about what Gra c conclusions, and experiments. M was seen. Scientists try to find out what is already known e/ o c about a question. They talk with other scientists, and read en Gl Science books and magazines to learn all they can. Then, they try to © Skills ht g find a possible explanation. To collect even more informa- pyri CoDnrcalwusiniogn s tion, scientists usually make more observations. They might Co build a model, do experiments, or both. Experiments 10 The Nature of Science