G L A LENCOE ANGUAGE RTS Teacher’s Annotated Edition Grammar and Language Workbook G 8 RADE Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright ©by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240-4027 ISBN 0-07-820544-1 Printed in the United States of America 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 066 03 02 01 00 Contents Handbook of Definitions and Rules.........................1 Unit 5 Adjectives and Adverbs Troubleshooter........................................................23 5.31 Adjectives..................................................121 5.32 Articles and Proper Adjectives.................123 Part 1 Grammar......................................................45 5.33 Comparative and Unit 1 Subjects, Predicates, and Sentences Superlative Adjectives..............................125 1.1 Kinds of Sentences: Declarative and 5.34 Demonstratives..........................................127 Interrogative................................................47 5.35 Adverbs......................................................129 1.2 Kinds of Sentences: Exclamatory and 5.36 Comparative and Superlative Adverbs....131 Imperative....................................................49 5.37 Using Adverbs and Adjectives.................133 1.3 Sentence Fragments....................................51 5.38 Avoiding Double Negatives......................135 1.4 Subjects and Predicates: Simple and Unit 5 Review........................................................137 Complete......................................................53 Cumulative Review: Units 1-5..............................138 1.5 Subjects and Predicates: Compound..........55 1.6 Simple and Compound Sentences.............57 Unit 6 Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections Unit 1 Review..........................................................59 6.39 Prepositions and Prepositional Cumulative Review.................................................60 Phrases.......................................................141 6.40 Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions........143 Unit 2 Nouns 6.41 Prepositional Phrases as Adjectives 2.7 Nouns: Proper and Common......................61 and Adverbs..............................................145 2.8 Nouns: Concrete and Abstract ...................63 6.42 Conjunctions: Coordinating and 2.9 Nouns: Compounds, Plurals, Correlative.................................................147 and Possessives...........................................65 6.43 Conjunctive Adverbs and Interjections....149 2.10 Nouns: Collective........................................67 Unit 6 Review........................................................151 2.11 Distinguishing Plurals, Possessives, and Cumulative Review: Units 1-6..............................152 Contractions................................................69 2.12 Appositives..................................................71 Unit 7 Clauses and Complex Sentences Unit 2 Review..........................................................73 7.44 Sentences and Main Clauses ...................155 Cumulative Review: Units 1-2................................74 7.45 Complex Sentences and Subordinate Clauses..................................157 Unit 3 Verbs 7.46 Adjective Clauses......................................159 3.13 Action Verbs................................................75 7.47 Essential and Nonessential Clauses.........161 3.14 Verbs: Transitive and Intransitive..............77 7.48 Adverb Clauses..........................................163 3.15 Verbs with Indirect Objects........................79 7.49 Noun Clauses.............................................165 3.16 Linking Verbs and Predicate Words ..........81 Unit 7 Review........................................................167 3.17 Present and Past Tenses..............................85 Cumulative Review: Units 1-7..............................168 3.18 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs...................89 Hill 3.19 Verb Forms: Present Progressive Unit 8 Verbals w- and Past Progressive....................................91 8.50 Participles and Participial Phrases...........171 a 3.20 Perfect Tenses: Present and Past................93 8.51 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases...................175 r G c 3.21 Expressing Future Time..............................95 8.52 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases.............179 M / 3.22 Active and Passive Voices..........................97 Unit 8 Review........................................................183 e o c 3.23 Irregular Verbs I...........................................99 Cumulative Review: Units 1-8..............................184 n Gle 3.24 Irregular Verbs II.......................................101 y Unit 3 Review........................................................105 Unit 9 Subject-Verb Agreement b © Cumulative Review: Units 1-3..............................106 9.53 Making Subjects and Verbs Agree............187 ht 9.54 Locating the Subject..................................189 g ri Unit 4 Pronouns 9.55 Collective Nouns and Other y p 4.25 Pronouns: Personal...................................107 Special Subjects........................................191 o C 4.26 Pronouns and Antecedents.......................109 9.56 Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects...............193 4.27 Using Pronouns Correctly.........................111 9.57 Agreement with Compound Subjects.......195 4.28 Pronouns: Possessive and Indefinite........113 Unit 9 Review........................................................197 4.29 Pronouns: Reflexive and Intensive...........115 Cumulative Review: Units 1-9..............................198 4.30 Pronouns: Interrogative and Demonstrative...........................................117 Unit 10 Diagraming Sentences Unit 4 Review........................................................119 10.58 Diagraming Simple Subjects Cumulative Review: Units 1-4..............................120 and Predicates...........................................201 Table of Contents iii 10.59 Diagraming Direct and Indirect Part 4 Vocabulary and Spelling...........................281 Objects and Predicate Words....................203 Unit 14 Vocabulary and Spelling 10.60 Diagraming Adjectives and Adverbs........205 14.88 Building Vocabulary: Learning 10.61 Diagraming Prepositional Phrases............207 from Context..............................................283 10.62 Diagraming Compound Sentence Parts....209 14.89 Building Vocabulary: Word Roots............285 10.63 Diagraming Compound Sentences ..........211 14.90 Building Vocabulary: Prefixes 10.64 Diagraming Complex Sentences with and Suffixes...............................................287 Adjective or Adverb Clauses....................213 14.91 Building Vocabulary: Synonyms and 10.65 Diagraming Noun Clauses.........................215 Antonyms..................................................289 10.66 Diagraming Verbals...................................217 14.92 Building Vocabulary: Homographs and 10.67 Diagraming Infinitives..............................219 Homophones.............................................291 Unit 10 Review......................................................221 14.93 Basic Spelling Rules I ..............................293 Cumulative Review: Units 1-10............................222 14.94 Basic Spelling Rules II..............................295 Review: Building Vocabulary ..............................297 Part 2 Usage Glossary...........................................225 Review: Basic Spelling Rules ...............................299 Unit 11 Usage Glossary 11.68 Usage: accept to a lot................................227 Part 5 Composition................................................301 11.69 Usage: beside to less..................................229 Unit 15 Composition 11.70 Usage: formally to teach...........................231 15.95 The Writing Process: Prewriting...............303 11.71 Usage: leave to sit......................................233 15.96 The Writing Process: Drafting...................307 11.72 Usage: than to you’re.................................235 15.97 The Writing Process: Revising..................311 Unit 11 Review......................................................237 15.98 The Writing Process: Editing....................315 Cumulative Review: Units 1-11............................238 15.99 The Writing Process: Presenting...............319 15.100 The Writing Process: Outlining................321 Part 3 Mechanics...................................................241 15.101 Writing Effective Sentences......................323 Unit 12 Capitalization 15.102 Building Paragraphs..................................327 12.73 Capitalization of Sentences, 15.103 Paragraph Ordering...................................331 Quotations, and Salutations.....................243 15.104 Personal Letters: Formal...........................335 12.74 Capitalization of Names and 15.105 Personal Letters: Informal.........................337 Titles of Persons........................................245 15.106 Business Letters: Letters of 12.75 Capitalization of Names of Places............247 Request or of Complaint...........................339 12.76 Capitalization of Other Proper Nouns 15.107 Business Letters: Stating and Adjectives...........................................249 Your Opinion............................................341 Unit 12 Review......................................................251 Cumulative Review: Units 1-12............................252 Index ...................................................................343 TAE Tests Unit 13 Punctuation Unit 1: Subjects, Predicates, and Sentences.......349 13.77 Using the Period and Other Unit 2: Nouns......................................................351 End Marks..................................................255 13.78 Using Commas to Signal Pause Unit 3: Verbs........................................................353 Hill or Separation.............................................257 Unit 4: Pronouns.................................................357 w- Unit 5: Adjectives and Adverbs..........................359 ra 13.79 Using Commas with Clauses ...................259 G 13.80 Using Commas with Titles, Addresses, Unit 6: Prepositions, Conjunctions, Mc and Dates...................................................261 and Interjections.....................................361 oe/ Unit 7: Clauses and Complex Sentences............365 c 13.81 Using Commas with Direct Quotes, in en Letters, and for Clarity..............................263 Unit 8: Verbals.....................................................369 Gl Unit 9: Subject-Verb Agreement.........................371 y 13.82 Using Semicolons and Colons..................265 b Unit 10: Diagraming Sentences.............................373 © 13.83 Using Quotation Marks and Italics...........267 Unit 11: Usage.......................................................375 ht 13.84 Using the Apostrophe...............................269 Unit 12: Capitalization..........................................377 yrig 13.85 Using the Hyphen, Dash, p Unit 13: Punctuation.............................................379 o and Parentheses.........................................271 C Unit 14: Vocabulary and Spelling........................381 13.86 Using Abbreviations..................................273 Unit 15: Composition............................................383 13.87 Writing Numbers.......................................275 Unit 13 Review......................................................277 Answer Key ..........................................................387 Cumulative Review: Units 1-13............................278 iv Grammar and Language Workbook, Grade 8 H andbook of Definitions and Rules Handbook 1 H a n d b o o SUBJECTS AND PREDICATES k 1. The simple subject is the key noun or pronoun that tells what the sentence is about. A compound subject is made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined by a conjunction and have the same verb. The lantern glows. Moths and bugs fly nearby. 2. The simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase that expresses the essential thought about the subject of the sentence. A compound predicate is made up of two or more verbs or verb phrases that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject. Rachel jogged down the hill. Pete stretched and exercised for an hour. 3. The complete subject consists of the simple subject and all the words that modify it. Golden curly hair framed the child’s face. The soft glow of sunset made her happy. 4. The complete predicate consists of the simple predicate and all the words that modify it or complete its meaning. Lindy ate a delicious muffin for breakfast. The apple muffin also contained raisins. 5. Usually the subject comes before the predicate in a sentence. In inverted sentences, all or part of the predicate precedes the subject. (You) Wait for me at the corner. (request) Through the toys raced the children. (inverted) Is the teacher feeling better? (question) There are seats in the first row. PARTS OF SPEECH Nouns Hill w- 1. A singular noun is a word that names one person, place, thing, or idea. a Gr aunt meadow pencil friendship c M e/ A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing, or idea. o c n aunts meadows pencils friendships e Gl by 2. To help you determine whether a word in a sentence is a noun, try adding it to the © ht following sentences. Nouns will fit in at least one of these sentences: g ri He said something about ________. I know something about a(n) ________. y p o He said something about aunts. I know something about a meadow. C 3. A common noun names a general class of people, places, things, or ideas. sailor city holiday music A proper noun specifies a particular person, place, thing, event, or idea. Proper nouns are always capitalized. Captain Ahab Rome Memorial Day Treasure Island Handbook 3 k o o b d n a H 4. A concrete noun names an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the senses. leaf melody desk aroma An abstract noun names an idea, a quality, or a characteristic. peace health strength contentment 5. A collective noun names a group. When the collective noun refers to the group as a whole, it is singular. When it refers to the individual group members, the collective noun is plural. The family eats dinner together every night. (singular) The council vote as they wish on the pay increase. (plural) 6. A possessive noun shows possession, ownership, or the relationship between two nouns. Monica’s book the rabbit’s ears the hamster’s cage Verbs 1. A verb is a word that expresses action or a state of being and is necessary to make a statement. A verb will fit one or more of these sentences: He _________. We _________. She ________ it. He knows. We walk. She sees it. 2. An action verb tells what someone or something does. The two types of action verbs are transitive and intransitive. A transitive verb is followed by a word or words—called the direct object—that answer the question what? or whom? An intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what? or whom? Transitive: The tourists saw the ruins. The janitor washed the window. Intransitive: Owls hooted during the night. The children played noisily. 3. An indirect object receives what the direct object names. Marcy sent her brother a present. 4. A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative. The trucks were red. (adjective) She became an excellent swimmer. (nominative) Hill w- a r 5. A verb phrase consists of a main verb and all its auxiliary, or helping, verbs. G c M We had been told of his arrival. / e o They are listening to a symphony. c n e Gl 6. Verbs have four principal parts or forms: base, past, present participle, and past y b participle. © ht Base: I talk. Present Participle: I am talking. g ri y Past: I talked. Past Participle: I have talked. p o C Regular verbs form their past form and past participle by adding -ed to the base form. 4 Grammar and Language Workbook, Grade 8 H a n d b o o 7. Irregular verbs form their past form and past participle without adding -ed to the base k form. PRINCIPAL PARTS OF IRREGULAR VERBS Base Form Past Form Past Participle Base Form Past Form Past Participle be was, were been lead led led beat beat beaten lend lent lent become became become lie lay lain begin began begun lose lost lost bite bit bitten or bit put put put blow blew blown ride rode ridden break broke broken ring rang rung bring brought brought rise rose risen catch caught caught run ran run choose chose chosen say said said come came come see saw seen do did done set set set draw drew drawn shrink shrank or shrunk or drink drank drunk shrunk shrunken drive drove driven sing sang sung eat ate eaten sit sat sat fall fell fallen speak spoke spoken feel felt felt spring sprang or sprung find found found sprung fly flew flown steal stole stolen freeze froze frozen swim swam swum get got got or gotten take took taken give gave given tear tore torn go went gone tell told told grow grew grown think thought thought hang hung or hung or throw threw thrown Hill hanged hanged wear wore worn w- have had had win won won a Gr know knew known write wrote written c M lay laid laid / e o c n e Gl 8. The principle parts are used to form six verb tenses. The tense of a verb expresses time. by Simple Tenses © ht Present Tense: She speaks. (present or habitual action) g ri Past Tense: She spoke. (action completed in the past) y p o Future Tense: She will speak. (action to be done in the future) C Perfect Tenses Present Perfect Tense: She has spoken. (action just done or still in effect) Past Perfect Tense: She had spoken. (action completed before some other past action) Future Perfect Tense: She will have spoken. (action to be completed before some future time) Handbook 5 k o o b d n a H 9. Progressive forms of verbs are made up of a form of be and a present particicple and express a continuing action. Emphatic forms are made up of a form of do, and a base form and add emphasis or ask questions. Progressive: Marla is babysitting. The toddlers have been napping for an hour. Emphatic: They do prefer beef to pork. We did ask for a quiet table. 10. The voice of a verb shows whether the subject performs the action or receives the action of the verb. A sentence is in the active voice when the subject performs the action. A sentence is in the passive voice when the subject receives the action of the verb. The robin ate the worm. (active) The worm was eaten by the robin. (passive) Pronouns 1. A pronoun takes the place of a noun, a group of words acting as a noun, or another pronoun. 2. A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing. First-person personal pronouns refer to the speaker, second-person pronouns refer to the one spoken to, and third-person pronouns refer to the one spoken about. Singular Plural First Person I, me, my, mine we, us, our, ours Second Person you, your, yours you, your, yours Third Person he, she, it, him, her, his, hers, its they, them, their, theirs 3. A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the sentence. An intensive pronoun adds emphasis to a noun or another pronoun. A demonstrative pronoun points out specific persons, places, things, or ideas. Reflexive: Nikki prepares himself for the day-long hike. Intensive: Nikki himself prepares for the day-long hike. Demonstrative: That was a good movie! These are the files you wanted. 4. An interrogative pronoun is used to form questions. A relative pronoun is used to Hill introduce a subordinate clause. An indefinite pronoun refers to persons, places, or w- a things in a more general way than a personal pronoun does. Gr c Interrogative: Whose are these? Which did you prefer? M / e Relative: The bread that we tasted was whole wheat. o c n Indefinite: Someone has already told them. Everyone agrees on the answer. Gle y b 5. Use the subject form of a personal pronoun when it is used as a subject or when it follows © a linking verb. ht g ri He writes stories. Are they ready? It is I. (after linking verb) y p o C 6. Use the object form of a personal pronoun when it is an object. Mrs. Cleary called us. (direct object) Stephen offered us a ride. (indirect object) Sara will go with us. (object of preposition) 7. Use a possessive pronoun to replace a possessive noun. Never use an apostrophe in a possessive personal pronoun. Their science experiment is just like ours. 6 Grammar and Language Workbook, Grade 8