G I V E M E L I B E R T Y ! AN A ME RICAN HISTOR Y  Brief Fifth Edition G I V E M E L I B E R T Y ! AN A ME RICAN HISTOR Y  Brief Fifth Edition 1: 1877 volume to E R I C F O N E R B . . W W NORTON & COMPANY . NEW YORK LONDON For my mother, Liza Foner (1909–2005), an accomplished artist who lived through most of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By midcentury, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program— trade books and college texts—were firmly established. 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Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 by Eric Foner All rights reserved Printed in Canada Editor: Steve Forman Associate Editor: Scott Sugarman Project Editors: Katie Callahan, Jennifer Barnhardt Editorial Assistants: Travis Carr, Kelly Rafey Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson Managing Editor, College Digital Media: Kim Yi Production Manager: Sean Mintus Media Editor: Laura Wilk Associate Media Editor: Michelle Smith Media Project Editor: Rachel Mayer Media Assistant Editor: Chris Hillyer Marketing Manager, History: Sarah England Bartley Associate Design Director: Hope Miller Goodell Designer: Chin-Yee Lai Photo Editor: Stephanie Romeo Permissions Manager: Megan Schindel Permissions Specialist: Bethany Salminen Composition: Jouve Illustrations: Mapping Specialists, Ltd. Manufacturing: Transcontinental Permission to use copyrighted material is included on page A-105. ISBN 978-0-393-60339-2 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110-0017 wwnorton.com W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ABOUT THE AUTHOR  ERIC FONER is DeWitt Clinton Professor of History at Columbia University, where he earned his B.A. and Ph.D. In his teaching and scholarship, he focuses on the Civil War and Reconstruction, slavery, and nineteenth-century America. Professor Foner’s publications include Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War; Tom Paine and Revolutionary America; Nothing but Freedom: Emancipa- tion and Its Legacy; Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877; The Story of American Freedom; and Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. His history of Reconstruction won the Los Angeles Times Book Award for History, the Bancroft Prize, and the Parkman Prize. He has served as president of the Organization of American His- torians and the American Historical Association. In 2006 he received the Presidential Award for Outstanding Teaching from Columbia University. His most recent books are The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery, winner of the Bancroft and Lincoln Prizes and the Pulitzer Prize for History, and Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad, winner of the New York Historical Society Book Prize. CONTENTS About the Author ... v List of Maps, Tables, and Figures ... xvi Preface ... xviii Acknowledgements ... xxv 1. A NEW WORLD ... 1 THE FIRST AMERICANS ... 3 The Settling of the Americas ... 3  Indian Societies of the Americas ... 3 Mound Builders of the Mississippi River Valley ... 5  Western Indians ... 6  Indians of Eastern North America ... 6  Native American Religion ... 7  Land and Property ... 9  Gender Relations ... 10  European Views of the Indians ... 10 INDIAN FREEDOM, EUROPEAN FREEDOM ... 11 Indian Freedom ... 11  Christian Liberty ... 12  Freedom and Authority ... 12  Liberty and Liberties ... 13 THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE ... 13 Chinese and Portuguese Navigation ... 14  Freedom and Slavery in Africa ... 14  The Voyages of Columbus ... 16 CONTACT ... 16 Columbus in the New World ...16  Exploration and Conquest ... 17  The Demographic Disaster ... 19 THE SPANISH EMPIRE ... 20 Governing Spanish America ... 20  Colonists and Indians in Spanish America ... 21  Justifications for Conquest ... 22  Reforming the Empire ... 24  Exploring North America ... 24  Spain in Florida and the Southwest ... 26  The Pueblo Revolt ... 27 Voices of Freedom: From Bartolomé de las Casas, History of the Indies (1528), and From “Declaration of Josephe” (December 19, 1681) ... 28 THE FRENCH AND DUTCH EMPIRES ... 30 French Colonization ... 30  New France and the Indians ... 32  The Dutch Empire ... 33  Dutch Freedom ... 34  The Dutch and Religious Toleration ... 34  Settling New Netherland ... 35  Features of European Settlement ... 35  Borderlands and Empire in Early America ... 36 REVIEW ... 37 2. BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH AMERICA, 1607–1660 ... 38 ENGLAND AND THE NEW WORLD ... 40 Unifying the English Nation ... 40  England and Ireland ... 40  England and North America ... 40  Spreading Protestantism ... 41  The Social Crisis ... 42  Masterless Men ... 43 vi Contents THE COMING OF THE ENGLISH ... 43 English Emigrants ... 43  Indentured Servants ... 44  Land and Liberty ... 44  Englishmen and Indians ... 45  The Transformation of Indian Life ... 45 SETTLING THE CHESAPEAKE ... 47 The Jamestown Colony ... 47  Powhatan and Pocahontas ... 48  The Uprising of 1622 ... 49  A Tobacco Colony ... 50  Women and the Family ... 50  The Maryland Experiment ... 51  Religion in Maryland ... 52 THE NEW ENGLAND WAY ... 52 The Rise of Puritanism ... 52  Moral Liberty ... 53  The Pilgrims at Plymouth ... 54  The Great Migration ... 55  The Puritan Family ... 55  Government and Society in Massachusetts ... 56  Church and State in Puritan Massachusetts ... 58 NEW ENGLANDERS DIVIDED ... 58 Roger Williams ... 59  Rhode Island and Connecticut ... 60  The Trial of Anne Hutchinson ... 60  Puritans and Indians ... 61 Voices of Freedom: From “The Trial of Anne Hutchinson” (1637), and From John Winthrop, Speech to the Massachusetts General Court (July 3, 1645) ... 62 The Pequot War ... 64  The New England Economy ... 65  A Growing Commercial Society ... 66 RELIGION, POLITICS, AND FREEDOM ... 67 The Rights of Englishmen ... 67  The English Civil War ... 68  England’s Debate over Freedom ... 68  The Civil War and English America ... 69  Cromwell and the Empire ... 70 REVIEW ... 71 3. CREATING ANGLO-AMERICA, 1660–1750 ... 72 GLOBAL COMPETITION AND THE EXPANSION OF ENGLAND’S EMPIRE ... 74 The Mercantilist System ... 74  The Conquest of New Netherland ... 74  New York and the Indians ... 76  The Charter of Liberties ... 77  The Founding of Carolina ... 77  The Holy Experiment ... 78  Land in Pennsylvania ... 79 ORIGINS OF AMERICAN SLAVERY ... 80 Englishmen and Africans ... 80  Slavery in History ... 81  Slavery in the West Indies ... 81  Slavery and the Law ... 82  The Rise of Chesapeake Slavery ... 83  Bacon’s Rebellion: Land and Labor in Virginia ... 83  A Slave Society ... 85 COLONIES IN CRISIS ... 86 The Glorious Revolution ... 86  The Glorious Revolution in America ... 87  The Salem Witch Trials ... 89 THE GROWTH OF COLONIAL AMERICA ... 90 A Diverse Population ... 90  The German Migration ... 91 Contents vii Voices of Freedom: From Memorial against Non-English Immigration (December 1727), and From Letter by a Swiss-German Immigrant to Pennsylvania (August 23, 1769) ... 92 Religious Diversity ... 95  Indian Life in Transition ... 95  Regional Diversity ... 96  The Consumer Revolution ... 97  Colonial Cities ... 97  An Atlantic World ... 98 SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE COLONIES ... 99 The Colonial Elite ... 99  Anglicization ... 100  Poverty in the Colonies ... 100  The Middle Ranks ... 101  Women and the Household Economy ... 101  North America at Mid-Century ... 102 REVIEW ... 103 4. SLAVERY, FREEDOM, AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EMPIRE, TO 1763 ... 104 SLAVERY AND EMPIRE ... 106 Atlantic Trade ... 106  Africa and the Slave Trade ... 107  The Middle Passage ... 108  Chesapeake Slavery ... 109  The Rice Kingdom ... 110  The Georgia Experiment ... 111  Slavery in the North ... 112 SLAVE CULTURES AND SLAVE RESISTANCE ... 113 Becoming African-American ... 113  African Religion in Colonial America ... 113  African-American Cultures ... 114  Resistance to Slavery ... 115 AN EMPIRE OF FREEDOM ... 116 British Patriotism ... 116  The British Constitution ... 116  Republican Liberty ... 117  Liberal Freedom ... 117 THE PUBLIC SPHERE ... 118 The Right to Vote ... 118  Political Cultures ... 119  The Rise of the Assemblies ... 120  Politics in Public ... 121  The Colonial Press ... 121  Freedom of Expression and Its Limits ... 122  The Trial of Zenger ... 123  The American Enlightenment ... 123 THE GREAT AWAKENING ... 124 Religious Revivals ... 124  The Preaching of Whitefield ... 125  The Awakening’s Impact ... 125 IMPERIAL RIVALRIES ... 126 Spanish North America ... 126  The Spanish in California ... 128  The French Empire ... 130 BATTLE FOR THE CONTINENT ... 130 The Seven Years’ War ... 131  A World Transformed ... 132  Pontiac’s Rebellion ... 132  The Proclamation Line ... 133 Voices of Freedom: From Scarouyady, Speech to Pennsylvania Provincial Council (1756), and From Pontiac, Speeches (1762 and 1763) ... 134 Pennsylvania and the Indians ... 137  Colonial Identities ... 137 REVIEW ... 138 viii Contents 5. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1763–1783 ... 139 THE CRISIS BEGINS ... 140 Consolidating the Empire ... 140  Taxing the Colonies ... 142  Taxation and Representation ... 143  Liberty and Resistance ... 144  The Regulators ... 145 THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION ... 145 The Townshend Crisis ... 145  The Boston Massacre ... 146  Wilkes and Liberty ... 147  The Tea Act ... 148  The Intolerable Acts ... 148 THE COMING OF INDEPENDENCE ... 149 The Continental Congress ... 149  The Continental Association ... 150  The Sweets of Liberty ... 150  The Outbreak of War ... 151  Independence? ... 151  Paine’s Common Sense ... 152  The Declaration of Independence ... 153  An Asylum for Mankind ... 154  The Global Declaration of Independence ... 155 Voices of Freedom: From Samuel Seabury, An Alarm to the Legislature of the Province in New-York (1775), and From Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776) ... 156 SECURING INDEPENDENCE ... 158 The Balance of Power ... 158  Blacks in the Revolution ... 159  The First Years of the War ... 159  The Battle of Saratoga ... 160  The War in the South ... 162  Victory at Last ... 164 REVIEW ... 166 6. THE REVOLUTION WITHIN ... 167 DEMOCRATIZING FREEDOM ... 169 The Dream of Equality ... 169  Expanding the Political Nation ... 169  The Revolution in Pennsylvania ... 170  The New Constitutions ... 171  The Right to Vote ... 171 TOWARD RELIGIOUS TOLERATION ... 172 Catholic Americans ... 173  Separating Church and State ... 173  Jefferson and Religious Liberty ... 174  Christian Republicanism ... 175  A Virtuous Citizenry ... 175 DEFINING ECONOMIC FREEDOM ... 176 Toward Free Labor ... 176  The Soul of a Republic ... 176  The Politics of Inflation ... 177  The Debate over Free Trade ... 178 THE LIMITS OF LIBERTY ... 178 Colonial Loyalists ... 178  The Loyalists’ Plight ... 179  The Indians’ Revolution ... 179 SLAVERY AND THE REVOLUTION ... 182 The Language of Slavery and Freedom ... 182  Obstacles to Abolition ... 182  The Cause of General Liberty ... 183  Petitions for Freedom ... 184  British Emancipators ... 185 Contents ix