Addis Ababa University College of Social Science Department of Geography and Environmental Studies GIS Based Assessment of Road Traffic Accidents in Adama (Nazerth) City By: Berhane G/Yesus Advisor: Dr. Yohannes G/Michael June, 2015 Addis Ababa GIS Based Assessment of Road Traffic Accidents in Adama (Nazerth) City By: Berhane G/Yesus In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Geography and Environmental Studies with Specialization in GIS and Digital Cartography Advisor: Dr. Yohannes G/Michael June, 2015 Addis Ababa Addis Ababa University College of Social Sciences School of Graduate Studies This is certifying that the project prepared by Berhane G/yesus, entitled: GIS Based Assessment of Road Traffic Accident in Adama (Nazerth) City and submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Geography and environmental Studies with Specialization in GIS and Digital Cartography. Examining Committee Advisor Signature Date External Examiner Signature Date Internal Examiner Signature Date Acknowledgment First and for most I would like to thanks God who fulfill our wants and then my deepest appreciation goes to my advisor Dr. yohannes, for his constructive and crucial advice in shaping and correcting this research paper. His encouragement and well coming face at a time will never be forgotten. My gratitude goes to thank the Adama City Municipality particularly the Land Administration Office, the Adama Statistics Agency, Adama Traffic Police Department, and Adama Transport agency. Adama Education Department, Adama Health center, Adama Hospital, Adama Medhanialem hospital and Adama General Hospital were all generous enough to put at my disposal data that were needed for the research. My sincere thanks go to the numerous men and women particularly: officers, police, Pedestrians, teachers, students, drivers who willingly respond my questionnaires to full fill the study in qualitative and quantitative data of the research. Finally, I wish to express my profound appreciation to Ato Kemal who is a kind person and facilitate to get GIS data from his staff members in the Land Administration section of the Adama City Municipality. i Table of Contents Contents Page Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................. i Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. v List of Photos ................................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ viii CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Statement of the Problem .................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Objectives of the Study ....................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1. General-objective ........................................................................................................ 2 1.2.2. Specific objectives ....................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Research Questions ............................................................................................................. 3 1.4. The Scope of the Study ....................................................................................................... 3 1.5. Significance of the Study .................................................................................................... 3 1.6. Limitations of the Study...................................................................................................... 4 1.7. Organization of the Study ................................................................................................... 4 1.8. Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................ 5 1.8.1. Materials ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.8.2. Sampling Procedure .................................................................................................... 5 1.8.3. Data collection, Processing, Presentation and Analysis. ............................................. 6 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 7 Review of the Literature ................................................................................................................. 7 2.1. Overview ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.2. Dynamics of Road Traffic Accidents ................................................................................. 8 2.2.1. Globally ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.2. Africa ......................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.3. Ethiopia ..................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.4. Trend of Road Traffic Accident in Ethiopia. ............................................................ 18 CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 20 ii Profile of Adama City ................................................................................................................... 20 3.1. Overview ........................................................................................................................... 20 3.2. Location ............................................................................................................................ 20 3.3. Climate of Adama(Nazreth) .............................................................................................. 22 3.4. Socio-Economic Profile .................................................................................................... 23 3.4.1. Demography .............................................................................................................. 23 3.4.2. Socio-Economic Aspect ............................................................................................ 24 3.4.3. Education ................................................................................................................... 26 3.4.4. Health ........................................................................................................................ 27 3.5. Land Use Patterns and Master Plan .................................................................................. 28 3.6. Topography of Adama. ..................................................................................................... 32 3.7. Soil Type in Adama .......................................................................................................... 33 Figure 8 Map of Soil type in Adama. ....................................................................................... 33 3.8. Road and Transport ........................................................................................................... 34 3.8.1. Classification of Roads .............................................................................................. 34 3.8.2. Transportation ........................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 37 Analysis of Research Finding ....................................................................................................... 37 4.1. Road Traffic Accident Situation in Adama City ............................................................... 37 4.1.1. Estimated Cost of Road Traffic Accident in Adama City 2004/05 to 2013/14 ........ 39 4.2. The Temporal Variation of Road Traffic Accidents ......................................................... 39 4.2.1. Day and Night Variation. .......................................................................................... 39 4.2.2. Daily Distribution of Road Traffic Accidents ........................................................... 41 4.2.3. Seasonal Distribution of Road Traffic Accident ....................................................... 42 4.3. The Spatial Variation of Road Traffic Accidents ............................................................. 44 4.3.1. Place of Occurrence ................................................................................................... 44 4.3.2. The Distribution of Hot Spot Areas of Road Traffic Accidents ................................ 46 4.4. Respondents’ Profile ......................................................................................................... 48 4.4.1. Respondents’ (officers, pedestrians, police, students and teachers) General Background. .......................................................................................................................... 48 4.4.2. Respondents’ Related to Road Traffic Accident ....................................................... 50 4.5. Drivers Respondent Related to Road Traffic Accident .................................................... 52 iii 4.5.1. Profile of the Drivers ................................................................................................. 53 4.5.2. Drivers’ View of Traffic Laws and Regulations ....................................................... 53 4.6. Finding .............................................................................................................................. 55 4.7. The Major Causes of Road Traffic Accidents in Adama City. ......................................... 56 4.7.1. Drivers’ Characteristics ............................................................................................. 56 4.7.2. Pedestrians’ Characteristics ....................................................................................... 57 4.7.3. Vehicle Characteristics .............................................................................................. 58 4.7.4. Road Environment ..................................................................................................... 59 4.8. Traffic Law and Legislation Enforcement ........................................................................ 61 4.9. Necessity of Law Intervention. ......................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 66 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations. ............................................................................ 66 5.1. Summary and Conclusion ................................................................................................. 66 5.2. Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 70 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 71 Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 74 iv List of Figures Page Figure 1 Traffic Accident Deaths worldwide by sex and age group ----------------------- 9 Figure 2Traffic Accidents trend in Percent in central part of Ethiopia --------------------- 19 Figure 3 Location of Adama map ------------------------------------------------------------------ 21 Figure 4 Map of Adama City ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 Figure 5 Mean Monthly Distribution of Rain fall in Adama---------------------------------- 22 Figure 6 Monthly Average Temperature Distribution of Adama------------------------------- 22 Figure 7 Contour Elevation Model Map------------------------------------------------------------ 32 Figure 8 Map of Soil Type in Adama--------------------------------------------------------------- 33 Figure 9 Graph of RTA in Adama ------------------------------------------------------------------ 38 Figure 10 Road Traffic Accident Variations in 24 Hours--------------------------------------- 40 Figure 11Graph of Daily Variation of Road Traffic Accident in Adama--------------------- 42 Figure 12 Graph of Spatial Variation of Road Traffic Accident in Adama----------------- 43 Figure 13 Map of Spatial Road Traffic Accidental Areas------------------------------------- 45 Figure 14 Graph of Spatial Variation of Road Traffic Accident in Adama------------------ 45 Figure 15 Graph of Victims of Road Traffic Accident by age and sex in Adama----------- 46 Figure 16 Location Maps of Hot Spot Areas ----------------------------------------------------- 48 v List of Photos Photo 1 Driver who do not wear seat belt in Adama ------------------------------------------- 11 Photo 2 Accidents of Vehicles around Kaliti, Addis Ababa -------------------------------------- 18 Photo 3 View of the Adama city entering from Addis Ababa ---------------------------------- 29 Photo 4 Aerial photo of Adama --------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 Photo 5 Driver’s not giving priority to other vehicles and driving along pedestrian walk way- 57 Photo 6 crossing the main road outside of Zebra-Crossing --------------------------------------- 58 Photo 7 Congestion of Bajaj vehicles around commercial center (Nur-gebeya) and Derartu Avenue---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 Photo 8 Bicycle with Isuzu vehicle crash along out let to Assela road ------------------------ 60 Photo 9 Out let to Harar main road from Adama city -------------------------------------------- 61 Photo 10 Road traffic congestion and Lessazfaire traffic police controlling ------------------ 64 Photo 11 Poor maintenance of road out let to Wonji-Shewa ------------------------------------ 68 Photo 12 Bicycle use Derartu Avenue vehicle congestion road -------------------------------- 69 vi List of Tables Table 1 various modes of transport that killed road users ---------------------------------------- 10 Table 2 Top 20 nations by road traffic accident --------------------------------------------------- 12 Table 3 Road traffic safety in African countries --------------------------------------------------- 13 Table 4 Road traffic safety in Ethiopia -------------------------------------------------------------- 15 Table 5 Regional number of traffic accidents ------------------------------------------------------ 16 Table 6 Accidents of main cities in Ethiopia -------------------------------------------------------- 17 Table 7 Population Characteristics in Gender ------------------------------------------------------ 23 Table 8 Number of schools and teachers ------------------------------------------------------------ 26 Table 9 Number of students in Adama -------------------------------------------------------------- 27 Table 10 Health Information -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 Table 11 Health workers and professional----------------- ----------------------------------------- 28 Table 12 Road types in Adama ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 Table 13 Transportation Characteristics in Adama ------------------------------------------------- 36 Table 14 Road traffic accident situation------------------------------------------------------------- 37 Table 15 Estimated cost of property damage ------------------------------------------------------- 39 Table 16 Road traffic accident variation in 24 hours ---------------------------------------------- 40 Table 17 Daily variation of road traffic accident --------------------------------------------------- 41 Table 18 Seasonal variation of road traffic accident ----------------------------------------------- 43 Table 19 Road traffic accident by place ------------------------------------------------------------- 44 Table 20 Road traffic accident victims by age and sex ------------------------------------------- 46 Table 21 Accident Spot Areas ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 vii