Key Challenges in Geography EUROGEO Book Series Kostis Koutsopoulos Rafael de Miguel González Karl Donert Editors Geospatial Challenges in the 21st Century Key Challenges in Geography EUROGEO Book Series Series editors Kostis Koutsopoulos, European Association of Geographers, National Technical University of Athens, Pikermi, Greece Rafael de Miguel González, Faculty of Education, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Daniela Schmeinck, Institut Didaktik des Sachunterrichts, University of Cologne, Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany This book series addresses relevant topics in the wide field of geography, which connects the physical, human and technological sciences to enhance teaching, research,anddecisionmaking.Geographyprovidesanswerstohowaspectsofthese sciencesareinterconnectedandareformingspatialpatternsandprocessesthathave impact on global, regional and local issues and thus affect present and future generations. Moreover, Geography by dealing with places, people and cultures, explores international issues ranging from physical, urban and rural environments andtheirevolution,toclimate,pollution,developmentandpolitical-economy. Key Challenges in Geography is an initiative of the European Association of Geographers (EUROGEO), an organization dealing with examining geographical issuesfromaEuropeanperspective,representingEuropeanGeographersworkingin differentprofessionalactivitiesandatalllevelsofeducation.EUROGEO’sgoaland thecorepartofitsstatutoryactivitiesistomakeEuropeanGeographyaworldwide reference and standard. The book series serves as a platform for members of EUROGEOaswellasaffiliatednationalGeographicalAssociationsinEurope,butis equallyopen to contributions from non-members. Thebookserieshasaglobalscopeandincludescontributionsfromawiderange of theoretical and applied geographical disciplines. Key Challenges in Geography aims to: (cid:129) present collections of chapters on topics that reflect the significance of Geography as a discipline. (cid:129) provide disciplinary and interdisciplinary titles related to geographical, envi- ronmental,cultural,economic,political,urbanandtechnologicalresearchwitha European dimension, but not exclusive. (cid:129) deliverthought-provokingcontributionsrelatedtocross-disciplinaryapproaches and interconnected works that explore the complex interactions among geography, technology, politics, environment and human conditions. (cid:129) publishvolumestackling urgenttopicstogeographers andpolicymakersalike. (cid:129) publish comprehensive monographs, edited volumes and textbooks refereed by European and worldwide experts specialized in the subjects and themes of the books. (cid:129) provide a forum for geographers worldwide to communicate on all aspects of research and applications of geography, with a European dimension, but not exclusive. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15694 á Kostis Koutsopoulos Rafael de Miguel Gonz lez (cid:129) Karl Donert Editors Geospatial Challenges in the 21st Century 123 Editors Kostis Koutsopoulos KarlDonert National Technical University of Athens EUROGEO Pikermi,Greece Liverpool, UK Rafael deMiguelGonzález University of Zaragoza Zaragoza, Spain ISSN 2522-8420 ISSN 2522-8439 (electronic) Key Challengesin Geography ISBN978-3-030-04749-8 ISBN978-3-030-04750-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04750-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018962768 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Contents1 1 Key Challenges in Geography Research with Geospatial Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Rafael de Miguel González, Kostis Koutsopoulos and Karl Donert Part I Geospatial Challenges and Geographical Problems 2 The Geographical Systems Information: Tools for the Effective Management of the Cultural Heritage from Natural Disasters . . . . 11 Javier Aragoneses and Carmen Mínguez 3 Using Geospatial Technologies in Mapping the Distribution and Quality of Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Mihai-Răzvan Niță, Gabriel Ovidiu Vânău, Diana-Andreea Onose, Mihaiță-Iulian Niculae, Athanasios Alexandru Gavrilidis, Cristiana-Maria Pioarcă-Ciocănea and Marius Lucian Matache 4 Linking Real Geographies and Virtual Realties with Immersive Geospatial Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Florian Hruby, Rainer Ressl and Genghis de la Borbolla del Valle 5 Location Is Value: Spatial and Business Modeling Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Eugenia Sarafova 6 Mining Big Data for Tourist Hot Spots: Geographical Patterns of Online Footprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Luis Encalada, Carlos C. Ferreira, Inês Boavida-Portugal and Jorge Rocha 1Note: All the chapters have participated in a blind review process with a minimum of two reviewers. v vi Contents 7 ContributionofGISandHydraulicModelingtotheManagement of Water Distribution Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Chérifa Abdelbaki, Bénina Touaibia, Abdelhadi Ammari, Hacène Mahmoudi and Mattheus Goosen 8 Remote Sensing Technology for Evaluation of Variations in Land Surface Temperature, and Case Study Analysis from Southwest Nigeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Adebayo Oluwole Eludoyin, Iyanuoluwa Omotoso, Oyenike Mary Eludoyin and Kehinde Solomon Popoola Part II Geospatial Challenges and Geographical Skills 9 Web Map Application to Support Spatial Planning, Decision-Making and Transition Toward Climate-Smart Landscapes in the Taita Hills, Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Tino Johansson, Janne Heiskanen, Mika Siljander and Petri Pellikka 10 The Role of Geographic Technologies in the Measure of Spatial Equity. Twenty-First Century Solutions for Old Geographical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 María D. Pitarch-Garrido 11 Changing River Courses and Border Determination Challenges: The Case of the Slovenian–Croatian Border . . . . . . . . 213 Drago Perko, Matija Zorn, Rok Ciglič and Mateja Breg Valjavec 12 Cultural Heritage and Collective Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Teresa Amodio 13 Geoweb Methods for Public Participation in Urban Planning: Selected Cases from Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Piotr Jankowski, Michał Czepkiewicz, Zbigniew Zwoliński, Tomasz Kaczmarek, Marek Młodkowski, Edyta Bąkowska-Waldmann, Łukasz Mikuła, Cezary Brudka and Dariusz Walczak 14 Quest to Define the Knowledge and Skills Needed by Geospatial Professionals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Ann Johnson 15 UncertaintyChallengeinGeospatialAnalysis:AnApproximation from the Land Use Cover Change Modelling Perspective. . . . . . . . 289 David García-Álvarez, Hedwig Van Delden, María Teresa Camacho Olmedo and Martin Paegelow 16 The Pervasive Challenge of Error and Uncertainty in Geospatial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Suzanne Perlitsh Wechsler, Hyowon Ban and Linna Li Contents vii Part III Geospatial Challenges and Geographical Knowledge 17 Navigational Strategies in Transition from Initial Route. . . . . . . . . 335 Margarita Zaleshina, Alexander Zaleshin and Adriana Galvani 18 Perspectives About the Meaning of Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Mairie Doufexopoulou 19 Visual and Spatial Thinking in the Neogeography Age. . . . . . . . . . 369 Juan Antonio García González 20 The Tail Wagging the Dog: Developing Business Processes to Enable Spatial Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Stephen Glackin 21 Multihazard Risk Assessment from Qualitative Methods to Bayesian Networks: Reviewing Recent Contributions and Exploring New Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 John Tsiplakidis and Yorgos N. Photis Chapter 1 Key Challenges in Geography Research with Geospatial Technologies RafaeldeMiguelGonzález,KostisKoutsopoulosandKarlDonert Abstract Geospatial challenges in the twenty-first century is an initiative of the European Association of Geographers (EUROGEO), addressing relevant topics in the wide field of geography, which connects the physical, human, environmental, andtechnologicalsciencestoenhanceteaching,research,anddecision-making.In recent years, geography as a discipline has been changing due to several essential factors, in particular, thanks to the deployment of geospatial technologies. Thus, geography is also changing in the research methods, data collection, processing, andrepresentationituses.Thischapterwilltrytoanswerthreemainrelationships betweengeospatialtechnologiesingeographicalresearch:geospatialchallengesand geographicalproblems,geospatialchallengesandgeographicalskills,andgeospatial challengesandgeographicalknowledge. · · · Keywords Geospatialtechnologies Geography Research Challenges 1.1 Introduction Geospatial challenges in the twenty-first century is the first book of the Series KeyChallengesinGeography.ThisisaninitiativeoftheEuropeanAssociationof Geographers (EUROGEO), an organization examining geographical issues from a EuropeanperspectiveandrepresentingEuropeanGeographersworkingindifferent professional activities and at all levels of education. EUROGEO’s goal and the B R.deMiguelGonzález( ) UniversityofZaragoza,EUROGEO,Saragossa,Spain e-mail:[email protected] K.Koutsopoulos NationalTechnicalUniversityofAthens,EUROGEO,Athens,Greece e-mail:[email protected] K.Donert EUROGEO,Liverpool,UK e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 1 K.Koutsopoulosetal.(eds.),GeospatialChallengesinthe21stCentury, KeyChallengesinGeography,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04750-4_1 2 R.deMiguelGonzálezetal. core part of its statutory activities are to make European Geography a worldwide reference and standard. The Series Key Challenges in Geography addresses rele- vant topics in the wide field of geography, which connects the physical, human, environmental, and technological sciences to enhance teaching, research, and decision-making. Geography provides answers concerning how aspects of these sciences areinterconnected such that they formspatial patterns and processes that impact on global, regional, and local issues and thus affecting present and future generations. Moreover, Geography by dealing with places, people, and cultures, exploresinternationalissuesrangingfromphysical,urban,andruralenvironments andtheirevolution,toclimate,pollution,development,andeconomy. Inrecentyears,Geographyasadisciplinehasbeenchangingduetotwoessential factors. On the one hand, there are new spatial challenges that must be analyzed in order to understand the complexity of the current world: globalization, climate change, sustainable development goals, smart and livable cities, migration crisis, twenty-firstcenturygeopolitics,spatialinequalities,oceans,naturalresources,world trade, or landscape and ecosystems evolution are, among others, key topics for an increasinglyinterdisciplinaryresearch. But geography is also changing in the research methods, data collection, pro- cessing, and representation it uses. Geospatial technologies, GIS, remote sensing, virtual globes, and geomedia linked to social media have also recently altered the very foundations of geography as a research field. Some authors have defined the neogeography as a new paradigm based on digital mapping technologies and the socialnetworkingpractices.RegardlessoftheuseofGISandothergeospatialtech- niquesbynonprofessionalacademicsorgeographers,itisundeniablethatgeospatial technologies are essential tools for current geographic research, due to: the large amount of geographical information they can manage, the possibilities of spatial analysisanddeterminationofspatialpatterns,theircontributiontothedefinitionof spatialprocesses,aswellasthequalityofspatialrepresentationsthroughmultiple visualformats. Thecombinationofbothchallenges,geographicalandthematic,iswhatthisfirst bookintheSeriesKeyChallengesinGeographyseekstointegrate.Nowadays,itis difficulttocarryoutageographicalresearchofqualitywithoutusinggeospatialtech- nologies.Butalsotheotherwayaround:theuseofthemostmodernGIStechniques is only meaningful when a specific geographical problem is posed with its basic attributes:location,distribution,regionalization,systemicinteractionbetweenphys- icalenvironmentandhumanaction,impactonthelandscapeandlanduses,ecological footprint, sustainability, etc. Thus, the subsequent chapters respond to this double concernandtheydemonstrate,inmostcases,thatadvancedgeospatialanalysisand representationtechniquescorrespondtocomplexmodelsofgeographicinformation processing,becausetheyinvestigatecomplexmodelsofspatialorganization. Thiscomplexityisreflectedinmanyofthecontributions,whichreflectcommon issues that arise for researchers, who face key challenges of a geographical nature through geospatial technology: What are the key skills needed by geographers to createanempiricalandgeographicalknowledgebasedonspatialevidences?Which arethemostaccuratemodelsandmethodstoprocessgeospatialinformationneeded