Table Of Content

ttPPmm¿¿PPnn--bb≥≥ aanndd¿¿ tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ ○ MISSION STATEMENT ○ ○ ○ hnip-≤-∑m¿°v G{]n¬˛Pq¨, 2009 ○ To fight ○ Hcn-°-em-bn´v ○ ]pkvXIw 1 e°w 2 for the MOST ○ ○ `c-ta¬]n-®n- ]memc- nh- ´w sk‚ vtPm¿P vHm¿Øt-UmIkv vhenb]≈n {]kn≤- oI- c- Ww ○ HOLY FAITH ○ cn°- p∂ AXn- ○ that God has ○ hni- p≤ hnizm- ○ ○ once for all kØn\p th≠n ○ ○ entrusted to t]mcmtS- ○ ○ ≠-Xn-\v His Saints ○ ○ (hn. bqZm 3,20) ○ (St. Jude 3,20) ○ ○ ○ D≈S°w c£m-[n-Im-cn- ○ A`n-: kJ-dn-bm am¿ At¥m-Wn-tbmkv ○ No^v FUn-‰¿ ○ ○ 1. FUnt‰mdnb¬.......................................................................................................................................4 ^m. sI.‰n. ^nen∏v ○ FUn-‰¿ ○ 2. am¿ F∏n-^m-\n-tbmkv, am¿ butk-_n-bqkv ˛˛t{ijvT ]nXm-°-∑m¿°v BZcmRvPen-Iƒ..5 ]n. F. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ ○ ○ 3. Ih¿tÃmdn ˛ ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv ˛ amt\-PnwKv FUn-‰¿ ○ VI kPp kn. Um\n-tb¬ ○ ae-¶-c-k`-bpsS hntam-N-I≥ $ ]n.F. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿..........................................................6 ○ FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv FUn-‰¿ ○ 4. Ih¿tÃmdn ^o®-dp-Iƒ ]n. hn. amXyp ○ t^mt´m FUn-‰¿ ○ hnip-≤n-bn-te-°p≈ ]S-hp-Iƒ........................................................................................................9 ○ G{_lmw Xc-I≥ ○ Kpcp-Z-£nW...........................................................................................................................................11 am¿°-‰nwKv amt\-P¿ ○ ]n. sF. _m_p ○ Poh-\p-Xpeyw k`sb kvt\ln® ]m∏n-km¿..........................................................................13 ○ k¿°p-te-j≥ amt\-P¿ ○ Xncp-h-N-\-߃....................................................................................................................................14 ]n. Fw. ]o‰¿ ○ FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ t_m¿Uv ○ Mar Dionysius Shrine, Spring valley $ Fr. Sanjay Geevarghese ................................ 14 ○ ^m. Ipcym-t°mkv XÆn-t°m´v ○ My Patron Saint $ C.K. Kochukoshy IAS (Retd.)........................................................ 17 ^m. sska-¨ tPmk-^v ○ s{]m^. tXmakv ]n. h¿Kokv ○ I¿Ω-[o-c-\mb alm-]-cn-ip-≤≥ $ sI.kn. tPm¿Pv Iøm-emØv........................................18 tP°_v Um\n-tb¬ ]n. ○ ○ 5. PmeIw: Hcp hnip-≤s‚ `mkpc tcJ-Iƒ $ t]mƒ aW-en¬........................................19 AUz. h¿Kokv ]n. tXma-kv ○ eoemΩ Ipcy≥ ○ 6. Iu¨k-enwKv A\p-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ $ ^m. tUm. Hm. tXmakv..................................20 AssUz-kdn t_m¿Uv ○ _m_p kn. tPm¿Pv ○ 7. hnizmk kXy-߃: hn. Ip¿_m-\-bnse {]Xo-I-߃ $ s{]m^. tXmakv ]n. h¿Kokv.21 ○ kn.hn. _©-an≥ ○ 8. ka-Im-eo\ N¥-Iƒ: sImbvØpw hnf-sh-Sp∏pw $ ]n.hn. amXyp...............................23 AUz. ]n.kn. Nmt°m ○ kn.hn. tkmf-a≥ ○ 9. kpµ-c-hm-Xn-en-¬ (Ihn-X)$ Fw.kn. h¿Ko-kv, Beph.......................................................24 im¥m tPmkv ○ ○ 10. thZ-hn-Nmcw: \ΩpsS ssZhw {]Xn-Im-c-Øns‚ ssZhtam? ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ○ ]n.F. tPm¿Pv ○ $ ^m. tUm. Ipcym-t°mkv XÆn-t°m´v....................................................................................29 ○ sSIv\n-°¬ AssUz-k¿ ○ 11. ss{IkXv h kaql- hpw \nba- ]- c- nj- Iv c- W IΩoj- s‚ \n¿t±i- ß- fpw amXyq B≥{Uqkv ○ ○ $ AUz. tPm¿P kJ-dnb Fcp-Øn-°¬.....................................................................................30 ○ Editorial Office: ○ 12. Ip´n-Isf \ap°p kvt\ln®p XpSßmw $ s{]m^. hn.sP. B‚Wn..........................31 Georgian Mirror, St. George Orthodox Valiyapally ○ Palarivattom, Kochi-682 025 ○ 13. k`m hm¿Ø-Iƒ................................................................................................................................34 Phone: 0484-2346096 ○ e-mail:[email protected] ○ 14. `{Zm-k\ hm¿Ø-Iƒ.........................................................................................................................42 ○ Chief Editor: 94468 41200, Editor: 98475 44046 ○ 15. CS-hI hm¿Ø-Iƒ............................................................................................................................43 Marketing Manager: 94461 35081 ○ Circulation Manager: 94478 19048 ○ 16. 46 Georgian Kids...................................................................................................................................... ○ Printed and Published by: ○ 17. Letter Box............................................................................................................................................47 The Managing Committee for St. George Orthodox ○ ○ 18. hntij Znhk߃, Bcm[\m kabw....................................................................................48 Valiyapally, Palarivattom, Kochi-682 025. ○ Chuer-cmha Wil:e sbgsoitvep: [email protected] ○○ Ih¿Nn{Xw: ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv VI ○ Printed at Viani Printings, Lisie Hospital Road, ○ (IS-∏mSv: ae-bm-f -a-t\m-ca) Kochi-682 018. Phone: 0484-2401635 ○ ○ 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ 1 tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ FUnt‰mdnb¬ Db-cØn-ep≈Xv Nn¥n-∏n≥ man’s cry of despair'' Fs∂mcp Nn¥I- ≥ `m-KØv Ccn-°p-t∂-S-amb Db-c-Øn-ep- ]d™- n´- p≈- Xv Cu kµ¿`Ø- n¬ kvac- ≈Xv At\z-jn-∏n≥.'' Wo-b-am-Wv. amXr-Im-]-c-amb Hcp {InkvXob ""B I-bm¬ \n߃ {InkvXp-hn- A≥]Xp \mfpI- f- psS {]m¿∞\- bpw PohnX- Øn\- p≈ Blzm\- a- mWv ChnsS t\m-Sp-IqsS Db¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰n-cn-°p∂p D]h- mk- hpw t\mºpw IpºnS- oepw sIm≠v \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hnizm-kn-I-fp-sS F¶n¬ {InkvXp ssZhØ- ns- ‚, heØ- p- Hcp ssZh-ss]-X¬ Bflm-hn¬ kzmb- Pohn-XØn¬ acn-∏n-t°-≠-Xmb A©v `m-KØv Ccn-°p-t∂-S-amb Db-c-Øn- Ø-am-°p-∂Xv hen-sbmcp hnZyp-Xv{]-hm- Imcyß- s- f°- pd- n®v A©mw hmIyØ- n¬ ep≈Xv At\z-jn-∏n≥. `qan-bn-ep-≈-X√ la- mWv (High Voltage) F∂m¬ Dbn¿∏p- ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah Zp¿∂-S-∏v, Aip- Db-c-Øn-ep-≈Xp Xs∂ Nn¥n-∏n≥. s]c- p∂- mf- ns‚ BtLmj- t- ØmsS XW- p ≤n, AXn-cm-Kw, Zp¿tam-lw, hn{K-lm-cm- \n߃ acn® v\nßf- psS Poh≥ {InkXv p Øp-t]m-Ip∂ A\p-`hw BWv ]e- [-\-bmb AXym-{Klw F∂n-h-bm-Wv. h- nt- \mS- pI- qsS ssZhØ- n¬ ad™- nc- n°- p- t∏mgpw ImWp∂- Xv. ""N¶c- ≥ ]ns∂bpw acn-∏n°pI F∂-Xn\v \n¿÷o-h-am-°p- ∂p. \ΩpsS Poh-\mb {InkvXp shfn- sXt߬ Xs∂'' F∂p ]d-™Xp I, i‡n-c-ln-X-am-°pI Fs∂-√m-amWv s∏-Sp-tºmƒ \nßfpw Ah-t\m-Sp-IqsS t]mse. A¿∞w. ]m]-Øn-\-[o-\-amb ico-c- tXP - n¬ shfns- ∏S- pw'' (sImsem 3:1˛- 4). CNvOm-i‡n AYhm Will Power Øn¬ Ccn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂. CNvOm-i- ‡ns- Im≠ v{InkXv ph- ns‚ Dbn¿∏n\- m¬ temI-c-£-I-\mb tbip-hns‚ ]p\- ]cn{-iaw sIm≠pw ssZhI- r]- s- Im≠pw Dƒs°m≠ D◊bpsS Poh-\n¬ \ne- cp∞- m\- s- ∏c- p∂- mƒ ho≠pw \mw BtLm- t\Sn-sb-Sp-t°≠ A\p-`hw BWv. \n-ev°p-hm≥ km[n-°-Ww. At∏mƒ jn®pw BN-cn®pw 2000 h¿jw apºp- \∑sb \∑b- mbpw Xn∑sb Xn∑b- mbpw \∑bpw kam-[m-\hpw A\p-`-hn-°p-hm ≠m-b Ncn{X kw`-h-Øns‚ km£n-I- D≈pX- pd- ∂p ImWph- m\pw a\ - ne- m°- p- \pw ]¶nSphm\pw km[n°pw. AXmWv fm-Ip-I-bm-Wv. I¿Øm-hns‚ Dbn¿∏p - hm\pw Ign-b-Ww. Aev]-em-`-Øn\p Dbn¿∏ns‚ A\p-`-hw. am\- h- c- mi- n°p \¬Ip∂ {]Xymi AXp th≠n Xn∑-bpsS kzm[o-\-Øn\v hnt[- -ey-am-Wv. GXp kXyhpw Ipgn-®p-aqSmw bs- ∏S- mX- nc- n°- m≥ Ignb- Ww. `uaoI- I- m- awK-fm-iw-k-Iƒ! ]s£ Dbn¿sØg- pt- ∂¬°pw F∂ ]c- cy-ß-tfmSpw kºm-Zy-ß-tfmSpw AXym- am¿∞w tbip shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. \ncm- k‡n ]pe¿Øp∂ Hcp-h\v Db-c-Øn- kvt\l]q¿∆w, ibpw ZpxJhpw taml-`w-Khpw \nanØw ep-≈Xv Nn¥n-°p-hmt\m- Xncn-®-dn-bp- XI¿∂p Xf¿∂p he-bp-∂-h¿°v I¿ hmt\m Ign-bp-I-bn-√. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ømh- ns‚ Dbn¿∏v ]I¿∂ps- ImS- p°- p∂ sk‚v t]mƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv: ""{InkvXp-hn- Bflob- m\- p`- hw hm°pI- ƒ°∏- pd- a- mWv t\m-Sp-IqsS Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰n-cn-°p∂p ""Resurrection is God’s answer of hope to F¶n¬ {InkvXp ssZh-Øns‚ he-Øp- ^nen∏®≥ A`n. Xncp-ta-\n-am¿°v tPm¿Pn-b≥ anddns‚ P∑-Zn-\m-iw-k-Iƒ A`n. tXmakv am¿ AØ-m\m-tkymkv A`n. tUm. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ Znb-kvtImtdmkv A`n. -tUm. amXyqkv am¿ Xntam-Øn-tbmkv sNß-∂q¿ `{Zm-k-\w. -G-{]n¬ 3 sNss∂ `{Zm-k-\w. G{]n¬ 8 bp.sI., bqtdm∏- ,v B{^n°- `{Zmk- \w. tabv 3 A`n. Ctøm_v am¿ ]ne-Ivkn-t\mkv A`n. tUm. tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A`n. tUm. tXmakv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv sU¬ln `{Zm-k-\w. tabv 8 sIm¬°Ø `{Zm-k-\w. Pq¨ 15 I≠-\mSv CuÃv `{Zm-k-\w. Pq¨ 25 2 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ am¿ F∏n-^m-\n-tbm-kv, am¿ butk-_n-bqkv t{ijvT-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿°v BZ-cm-RvP-en-Iƒ k`-bpsS {]Imi Zo]vXn {]Xn_- ≤- X- b- psS {]hmN- I- ≥ sN ""s\m -¶pfw Ip´-d-gn-IØv Fw. Ipcn-tI-ip-hn-s‚bpw timim-Ω- Sn-t\-c-tØ-°p≈ Rß-fpsS eLp-hmb IjvSw bp-sSbpw aqØ-a-I≥ Ip™q™v F∂ sI. aØm-bn. P\-\w 1928 AXy¥w A\h- [- nb- mbn tXP - ns‚ \nXyL- \w R߃°p In´p- \hw_- ¿ 25˛\v. NmØ∂- q¿ F≥.F- k- v.F- k- v. sslkvIqf- nse hnZym- hm≥ tlXph- mI- p∂- p. ImWp∂- X- ns\ A√, ImWmØ- X- ns\ At{X `ym-k-Øn\p tijw, Xncp-\¬then sk‚v tPm¨kv tImtf-Pn¬ R߃ t\m°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p; ImWp-∂Xp Xmev°m-en-Iw, C‚¿ aoUn-tb‰v (1948˛50), Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw alm-cm-Pmkv tImf- ImWmØ- tXm \nXyw'' (2 tImcn¥- y¿ 4:17,18) F∂ ]utemk v«olm- Pn¬ \n∂p ^nkn-Ivkn¬ _ncpZw (1950˛53), 1953˛¬ sIm√w `{Zm- bpsS hN\- ß- f- n¬ \n∂v i‡n B¿÷n®v ae¶- c- k- `- b- psS i‡n k-\m-[n]≥ Bbn-cp∂ amXyqkv am¿ Iqdotemkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo- tI{µa- mb Xpºa- ¨ `{Zmk- \- sØ 24 h¿jw \bn® hµy]- nX- m- Øm-bm¬ ssZh-th-e-°mbn th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏-´p. hmWv Imew sNbvX A`n. ^nent- ∏mkv am¿ butk_- nb- qkv Xncp- Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv skan- ta\- n. Xs‚ \ne]- mS- pI- t- fmSv \m-cn-bn¬ \n∂p Pn.F-kv.Sn Im´nb {]Xn-_-≤X Cu (1954˛58), am∂m\w sk. BNmcy t{ijvTs\ Nnck- va- tPmk^v tImf-Pn¬ \n∂p cW- ob- \- m°- p∂p. hnZym¿∞n _n.FUv (1961), Xriq¿ {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Aa-c-°m- t_knIv s{Sbn-\nwKv tImf- c≥, FIyps- a\- n°- ¬ {]ÿm- Pn¬ \n∂p hnZym-`ym-k-Øn- \Ø- ns‚ i‡\- mb h‡m epw (1963), _mw•q¿ doPn\- ¬ hv F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ k`m Cw•ojv C≥Ãn-‰yq-´n¬ Ncn{-XØ- n¬ hy‡na- p{-Z -]X- n- \n∂p Cw•ojv `mjbnepw ∏n-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\p (1969) {]tXyI {]mK¤yw km[n®p. ]n¬°me- Ø vAt± t\Sn. lw A[y£- ÿ- m\w Ae¶- - cn® hnZym¿∞n {]ÿm-\- 1957 am¿®n¬ {]nb Kpcp amWv sshZnI ip{iq-j-bn- amXyqkv am¿ Iqdotemkv te°v IS∂phcm≥ At±l- - siΩm-i-]-´hpw 1958 am¿®v Øn\p t{]c-W-bm-bXv. amXyqkv am¿ F∏n-^m-\n-tbmkv 25˛\v Iio»m ]´hpw \evIn. ^nent- ∏mk vam¿ butk_- nb- qkv ssZh-Øn\p th≠n Pohn- (1928˛2009) tIm´bw Genb Nm∏¬ (1931˛2009) °pI F∂ _nj]v s]°≥ Akn. hnImcn (1958), 1959˛¬ lmw hm¬jns‚ Blzm\- a- mWv ae¶- c Hm¿Øt- UmIvkv k`sb hnImcn. sIm√w sk. tXmak v(1964˛67); Xncph- \- ¥- ]- pcw sk. tPm¿Pv ip{iqj- n°- m≥ At±l- Ø- n\p t{]cI- a- mbn `hn®- X- .v k\ymk {]ÿm- (1967˛69); hmgp-hmSn am¿ _t -en-tbm-kv, tIm´-∏pdw am¿ C·m- \ß- ƒ hf¿s∂¶- n¬ am{Xsa k`b°v p hfc- ph- m\mh- pI- b- p≈q F∂- Øn-tbm-kv, Adp-\q-‰n-aw-Kew am¿ Ipcn-bm-t°mkv F∂o ]≈n-I- t±lw hnizk- n®nc- p∂- p. bphP- \- ß- ƒ ssZhh- nf- n°v ImtXm¿°W- - fnepw sshZnI ip{iqj Ign-®p. 1983 tabv 14˛\v ]cp-ae skan-\m- sa∂v At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXnc- p∂- p. cn-bn¬ sh®v \nbp‡ ImtXm-en-°m amXyqkv am¿ Iqdotemkv dºm≥ ÿm\hpw 1985 tabv 15˛\v ]pXn-b-Imhv sk. tacokv IØo- ]Ø\wXn´ \mcß- m\w t]cß- mS v]pØ≥]dº- n¬ ]n.Pn. tXma- {U-en¬ sh®v ]. amXyqkv {]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm amXyqkv kn-s‚bpw kmdm-Ω-bp-sSbpw \mem-asØ aI-\mbn 1931 Pq¨ am¿ F∏n-^m-\n-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ F∏n-kvtIm∏m ÿm\hpw 16˛\mW vam¿ butk_- nb- qk vP\n®- X- .v ^nent- ∏mk vtXmak vF∂m- \¬In. 1985 apX¬ sIm√w `{Zm-k-\-Øns‚ klm-b-sa-{Xm\mbn bnc- p∂p t]cv. 1949˛apX- ¬ hnZym¿∞n {]ÿm\- h- pa- mbn ^nent- ∏mkv \nb-an-X-\m-bn. 1991˛¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn Db¿Ø-s∏-´p. 1992 tXmakv _‘-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. 1953˛¬ ]Ø\wXn´ ImtXm-en-t°‰v apX¬ 2009 hsc sIm√w `{Zmk- \- m[- n]- \- mb- nc- p∂- p. \o≠ 24 h¿jw tImtfP- n¬ \S∂ hnZym¿∞n {]ÿm\w hm¿jnI tIm¨^d- ≥kv sIm√w `{Zm-k-\-Ø- ns‚ \√ CS-b-\mbn Xs‚ BSp-Isf ]p¬∏p- At±l- Ø- ns‚ PohnX- Ø- n¬ hgnØ- nc- nh- m- bnc- p∂- p. d-ß-fn¬ tabn-®p. 1954˛¬ Z£nW dbn¬thb- n¬ sImtag- vky¬ ¢m¿°mbn tPmen ""km[mc- W- °- mc- n¬ km[mc- W- °- mc- ≥, thZi- mk{v-XØ- ns‚ \nd- e`n®- p. F∂m¬ 1961˛¬ tPmen cmPnh- ®v ssZhØ- n\p th≠n kzbw IpSw F∂m¬ Xs∂-°p-dn®v bmsXmcp Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-hp-an-√m-Ø- hn´ps- ImS- pØ- p. 1974 Pq¨ 7˛\v sshZnI- ]- ´w e`n®- p. 1983 tabv 14˛\v h≥, k¿∆¿°pw \∑ am{Xw sNøp-∂-h≥, Xm≥ H∂pw sNøp- dºm\- mb- n. 1985 tabv 15˛\v ]pXnbImhv sk‚v tacokv ]≈nb- n¬ ∂n√ F∂ `mh-ap≈-h≥, \nc-¥c {]m¿∞\ Ign-°p-tºmgpw ]._t- ke- nt- bmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv {]Ya- ≥ ImtXme- n°m {]m¿∞\m hcy≥ F∂ `mh-an-√m-Ø-h≥,'' CXm-bn-cp∂p {]Im-in- _mhmb- n¬ \n∂v F∏nk- vtIm∏m ÿm\w e`n®- p. Xpºa- ¨ `{Zm- ∏n-°p-∂-h≥ F∂¿∞ap≈ F∏n-^m-\n-tbmkv F∂ t]cp-Im-c- k-\-Øns‚ klm-b-sa-{Xmt∏meo-Øm-bmbn Npa-X-e-tb‰p. 1990 \mb ae-¶-c-bnse BZysØ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm. apX¬ `{Zmk- \- m[- n]- \- mb- n. 1991 HIvtSm_- d- n¬ sa{Xmt- ∏me- oØ- m- bmbn Db¿Øs- ∏´- p. \√-h\pw hniz-kvX-\p-amb Zmk-\mbn k`sb DØa Imcy-hn- Nm-c-I-Xz-tØmsS \bn®v \oXn-bpsS hmSmØ IncoSw {]m]n-°p- efnX PohnXw \bn® At±lw Xn∑b- psS i‡nI- ƒs°X- nsc hm-\mbn kz¿§ob atlm-∂-X-ßfnte°v bm{X-bmb Cu ]pWy- HØpX- o¿∏n√- mØ \ne]- mS- mWv kzoIc- n®- nc- p∂- -Xv. B t{ij- vTmN- m- ]n-Xm-hns‚ a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ \ap°p icWw {]m]n-°mw. cys‚ a≤yÿX- b- n¬ \ap°p A`bw {]m]n°mw. Z Z 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ 3 tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ Ih¿ tÃmdn ae-¶-c-k`bpsS hntamN-I≥ ]n.F. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ ""...Rm≥ \ns‚ k¥-Xn°p b≥ _mhm \SØ- nb aqtdm≥ sImSp°p-sa∂p kXyw sNbvX tZiw IqZm-i-bn-eqsS ae-¶c k` CXp Xs∂; Rm≥ AXp \ns‚ IÆn\p bpsS -kzbw io¿jI- X- zsØ ImWn®p X∂p; F∂m¬ \o Ahn-tS°p ]q¿Æ-X-bn-se-Øn-°m≥ h´- IS-°-bn√ F∂p btlmh Ah-t\mSp t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°p Ign- Iev]n-®p.'' (Bh. 34:4). ™p. ASn-a- ho-Smb an{k-boan¬ \n∂pw _lp-apJ {]Xn` kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ Xd-hm-Smb I\m-\n-te°v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n- bn{km-tb¬ P\-ßsf \bn® tamibv°v bpsS thZ-im-kv{X -hn-⁄m- ka\- mbn Hcp ]pWyh- m≥ ae¶- c- b- n¬ Pohn- \-Øns‚ \nZ¿i-\-amWv ae- ®nc- p∂- p˛- ˛- ]c- ni- p≤ h´t- »c- n¬ Koh¿Kokv ¶c k`-bpsS BZy hnizm-k- am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n. Iq\≥ {]-Jym-]\ {KŸ-amb atXm- Ipcnip kXy-tØmsS ae-¶c k` ]-tZ-i-km-c-߃. ae-¶c ]m›mXy \pI-Øn¬ \n∂v tamNn-X-bm-sb- sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ]pen-t°m- ¶nepw Fcn-Xo-bn¬ \n∂v hd-N-´n-bn-te°v ´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m- F∂-t]mse At¥ym-Iy≥ ASn-a-Xz-Øn- tkymkv A©ma- s‚ HutZym- te°v hoWp-t]m-bn. B]-Øn¬ klm-b- KnI A\pa- X- nt- bmsS 1892˛¬ lkvXw \o´n-b-h¿ A[o-i-Xzw ÿm]n®v {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Cu {KŸ- Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn ae-¶-csb ssI∏n-Sn- Øn¬ k`-bpsS hnizm-k-k- bn¬- H-Xp-°m≥ {ian-®p. Xy-߃ B[n-Im-cn-I-ambpw ""One Man’s courage makes a majority'' kw£n-]vX-ambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn- -Andrew Jackson ®n-cn-°p-∂p. hntZ-im-[n-]Xyw ae-¶c k`-bpsS Ip¿_m\- {-Ia- w, IywXm Bflob hf¿®°p XS- -am-Ip-sa∂p a\- \a-kvImcw XpS-ßnbh ae-  n-em-°nb h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n At¥ym- bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿-Ø\w Iym-bpsS AXym-{K-l-ßsf {]Xn-tcm-[n®v sNø-s∏-´Xv Bcm-[\ {]mtZ- ae-¶c k`-bpsS kzmX{¥y kwc-£W inI `mj-bn-em-bn-cn-°-W- Øn\mbn s]mcpXn. temI-sa-ßp-ap≈ sa∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp≈ Hm¿Ø- at‰Xv Hm¿Øt- UmIvkv k`s- bbpw t]mse tUmIvkv k`b- n¬ BXvaob `mcX- k- `- b°v vkzbw io¿jI- Xzw \¬Im≥ ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv VI hnπ-h-Øn\v hgn-sX-fn-®p. ]cn-{i-an-®p. `mc-X-k-`-bpsS `mhn ap∂n¬ (1858-˛1934) I]S- `- ‡n eht- ei- a- n- I≠v am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm- \oXn-bnepw Dd®p \n∂p-sIm-≠p≈ h´-t»- √m-Xn-cp∂ Xncp-ta\n A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬ k\w ae-¶-c-bn¬ ]p\-xÿm-]n-®p. As∏m- cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t]mcm-´-Øns‚ -^-e- apdn-bn¬ Ibdn hmXn-e-S-®mWv {]m¿∞n- kvXe- nI ]n¥pS- ¿®bv°pw F∏nk- vtIm∏- ¬ am-Wv. ®ncp-∂-Xv. Xncp-a-\- ns\ sIme-s∏-Sp-Øm- \¬h-c-Øn\pw hntZ-i-k-`-Isf B{i-bn- s\-Ønb Kp≠-Iƒ {]m¿∞-\m-\n-c-X-\m-bn- °p∂ Ahÿ- b- n¬ \n∂v \sΩ kzmX{-¥y- `mc-X-k-`-bpsS sFIysØ apgp-h- cp∂ At±-lsØ I≠v `b∂v ]n∑m-dn- Øn-te°v hgn-\-S-Øn. ]uckvXy k`b- psS \mbn {]Xn\- n[- oI- c- n°- p∂ am¿tØmΩ- m«- o- sb∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ]mcº- c- yhpw X\na- bpw ImØp kq£n-®p. lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ hmW-cp-fp∂ C∂v `mcX k`-sb∂ kz]\v w ImWm≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS ÿm\w ae-¶c Cu ]pWym-flm-hn¬ \n›b-Zm¿ \ap° vIgnb- p∂- X vB ]cn -ip≤ ]nXmh- ns‚ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ÿm\-tØ-°mƒ Vyw, \n¿`bXzw, [ocX F∂o kZvKp-W- ]cn-{iaw H∂p-sIm-≠pam{X-am-Wv. D∂-X-ambn h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Icp-Xn. ߃ {]tim-`n-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Fs¥√mw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpsS `c-W-Im-eØv {]bm-k-߃ t\cn-´mepw hnj-a-X-Iƒ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ta¬ bmsXmcp (1911˛1934) aq∂p ImtXme- n°- ma- msc ÿm\- Aev]am-sb¶- nepw ]pdØ- pI- mW- n°- m≥ a\- hntZi k`bv°pw B[n-]-Xy-an-s√∂pw tcm-lWw sNøn-®p-sh-¶nepw Hcn-°¬  ph- c- msX t\Xr-ÿm-\-Øn\v tbmKyamw AXns‚ Bflo-bhpw euIo-I-hp-amb `c- t]mepw B al-\ob ÿm\w B ]pWy- hn[w A®-S-°hpw Bflm-`n-am-\hpw W-{I-a-Øn¬ AXv k¿∆-kz-X-{¥-am-sW- hm≥ B{K-ln-®n-√. ]pe¿Ønb- nc- p∂- p. ∂pw- 1912˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n®- ps- Im≠ v]. A_Zv pƒ ainl ]m{Xn- 1932 G{]n¬ 22˛\v aq∂mw ImtXm- Cu henb a\pj- ys‚ ]ucpjw ae- b¿°ok- ns‚ Ie]v \ kXyh- ni- zmk- Ø- nepw en°m ]. _t e- nt- bmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo- ¶c k`m-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ°v {]Xn-k‘n L´- 4 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ © Georgian Mirror ""GXp Imcy-Øn\p th≠n Fs‚ Bbp v D]-tbm-Kn-®pthm B Imcy-Øn\pth≠n bp≤w sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn- °p-∂-XmWv a\- n\v kzÿ-Xbpw Bizm-k-hpw. Aß-s\-b-s√-¶n¬ a\- n\v kam-[m-\-°p-dhpw \o‰-ep-am-Wv.'' 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ 5 tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ ] cni- p≤ h´t- »c- n¬ ]nXmhv bp≤w sNøm≥ ]pds- ∏´- h- \- √- . ASnt- ®¬]n°- - s∏´ A[o-i-i-‡n-Iƒ Agn-®p-hn´ ae- ¶-c-bp-≤-Øn¬ kl-\-k-a-c-Øns‚ Acq]n ssIhn-SmsX alm-tacp t]mse Icf- pd- t- ∏msS btlmh- bv°pw ae¶- c- k- - `bv°pw th≠n At±lw k`sb kwc- £n-®n-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, C∂v Cu k` Bcp-sStbm NqjW hnt[-b-amb Hcp tImf-\n-bmbn Ah-ti-jn-t®t\. -Z.M. ]mtd-´v ßf- n¬ ss[cyw ]I¿∂p \¬In. "Pbn°- p- tºmƒ ssZh-Øns‚ Icp-Wsb Hm¿Øv Xmgp-Ibpw tXm¬°p-tºmƒ ss[cy-s∏- Sp-Ibpw BWv th≠-Xv' F∂mWv hµy- Xn-cp-ta\n ]Tn-∏n-®-Xv. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hn\- b-Øns‚ aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-amWv ]m{Xn- b¿°okv _mhmsb t\cn¬ I≠v kam- [m\w D≠m-°m-\mbn hm¿≤-Iy-Øn¬ \S- 1899-˛¬ FSp-Ø t^mt´m. Ccn-°p-∂-h¿:˛ am¿ Cuhm-\ntbmkv apd-n-a‰w (]n∂oSv ae- ¶-c-bnse {]Ya ImtXm-en-°m), am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv IS-hn¬, am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Ønb t¢i-I-c-amb a¿±o≥ bm{X. alm- ]pen-t°m-´n¬, am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv ]cp-a-e. \n¬°p-∂-h¿:˛ h-´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv \mb kn.F^- v. B≥{Uqkv h´t- »c- n¬ Xncp- IØ-\m¿ (]n∂oSv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv -˛ ), I√m-t»-cn¬ ]p∂qkv dºm≥ (]n∂oSv ta\n Hcp ]cn-ip≤\msW∂v hniz-kn-®n-cp- VI aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°m), sIm®p-]-d-ºn¬ ]ueqkv dºm≥ (]n∂oSv am¿ Iqdn-temkv), ∂p. At±lw c≠p-{]m-hiyw Xncp-ta-\nsb ImcpN- nd Kohd- pK- okv dºm≥ (]n∂oSv c≠mw ImtXme- n°- m), tIm\m´v amØ≥ a¬]m≥ kµ¿in®v ap´p-IpØn \ΩpsS I¿Ømhv kwkm-cn® `mj-bn¬ Xs∂ A\p-{K-ln-°- ae-¶c k`-bn¬ C∂p-hsc Hcp Xo£Wv X- bpw \ΩpsS ]nXmh- mb am¿tØm W-sa∂v At]-£n-°p-Ibpw Xncp-ta\n {InkvXob k`m t\Xm-hn\pw D≠m-bn-´n- Ωm «olmb- psS [ocX- bpw `mcX- Z- ¿i\- hpw A{]-Imcw A\p{K-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. √mØ hn[w am\k- nIhpw imcoc- nI- h- pa- mb ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\nbpsS ssZhm-{i-bhpw `mc-X-k-`bv°p aptº \S∂ ]nU-Iƒ G‰p-hm-ßn-s°m≠v h´-t»-cn¬ PohnX- h- ni- p≤- nbpw ITn\- a- mb t\mºpw D]- alm-]-cn-ip-≤≥ Xncp-ta\n ssIh-cn® hnP-b-߃ `mc-X-k- hm-khpw bma-{]m¿∞-\-Ifpw HØp-tN¿ `-bpsS hcpw Xe-ap-d-Iƒ AXy¥w BZ-c- ∂p-ff Bflo-b-tX-P- mbn-cp-∂p ae-¶-c- ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ thmsS a\- n-em-°m-\n-cn-°p-∂-tX-bp-≈q. bnse Cu ]pWy-hm≥. hn[m-Xm-hv, ae-¶-c-bp-sS kzmX-{¥y-in-ev]n, ae-¶-c-bn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ ]e k`m- ae¶- c- k- `- m`- mk- pc- s‚ Bflob {]`m- k`m-`-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS apJy Bkq-{X-I≥, t\-Xm-°fpw hntZ-i-k-`-bpsS XW-en¬ h-Øns‚ Znhy-tX-P v C∂v k`-bv°m-I- `mc-X-Øn-s‚ \mfsØ ss{IkvXh k` tNt°d- nb- t- ∏mƒ (kz¥w injy≥ t]mepw!) am\w {]Imiw sNmcn™- psIm≠- nc- n°- p∂- p. kz]v\w I≠ Zm¿i-\o-I≥ XpS-ßnb \ne- H´-\-h[n t¢i-߃ kln®v h´-t»-cn¬ I-fn-ep≈ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ I¿Ω- ]cn-ip≤ am¿tØmΩm «olm-bv°p- Xncp-ta\n `mc-X-k-`bv°p aptº \S-∂p. \n-jvT-Iƒ Hcp ]pcp-jm-bp v sIm≠v ]q¿ tijw `mc-X-k` I≠ alm-]-cn-ip-≤-\mb Øn-bm-°m≥ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ \S-Øn- tami-bpsS kuay-Xbpw t\Xr-Xz-i- am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkns‚ Hm¿Ω \ap°v ∏m-e-√msX km≤y-am-hp-∂-X-√. ‡nbpw Genbm {]hm-N-Is‚ hnizmk hmgvhn-\mbn Xocs´! Z Power Without Responsibility "a e-¶c k`-bpsS A[n-Im-chpw henb cmPysØ ss{IkvXh- k- `- bv°p t\ Øp-Iƒ ap≥Iq´n I≠n-cp-∂p. bPa- m\- \pw kºØpw X߃°v kz¥w' F∂ Imgv-N- XrXzw \¬In ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv? A ASna- bpw F∂ t]mse-bp≈ Hcp DS-ºSn ∏mSv ]pe¿Ønb At¥ym-Iy≥ ]m{Xn-b¿ ‘\ vFßs\ hgnI- mW- n°- m≥ km[n°pw? Ad-_n-Iƒ°v \¬Im≥ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp- °ok- pa- m¿°v `cXss{IkvXh k`sb∏‰n kotdm ae_- m¿ k`bv°p IqSpX- ¬ ta\n Xøm-d-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o- F¥p kz]v\a- mWv D≠mb- n´- p≈- Xv? h´t- »- A[nI- mc- ß- ƒ \¬Im≥ hØn°- m≥ Xøm- kns‚ apS°p `oj-WnbpsS apºn¬ h´- cn¬ Xncpt- a\- nb- psS kaI- me- o\- \- mb- nc- p∂ dm-hp-∂n-s√∂v I¿±n-\mƒ am¿ h¿°n hnX- t»-cn¬ sa{Xm-t∏me- oØ ap´pI- pØ- nb- n√- . temI-{]-kn≤ BwK-teb Ihn InπnwKv b-Øn¬ CubnsS Xpd∂p ]d-™p. (hnX- "Rm≥ Aßs\ sNøm≥ Fs‚ a\ - m£n (Rudyard Kipling, 1865-˛1936) Cu hntijm- b-Øn¬ ]nXmhv Fgp-Xnb "Straight from A\ph- Z- n°- p∂- n√. k` hnizmk- a- mbn Fs∂ [nI- mc- sØ A¿∞i- ¶- °- nS- b- n√- mØ- h- n[w the Heart' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ {]Im-i- Ge]v n®- n´- p≈ {SÃm-Wv. AXns\ Rm≥ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-ßs\: \-N-S-ßv, ae-bmf at\m-c-a, 11 am¿®v 2009) Fßs\ H‰n-s°m-Sp°pw? AXv Fs∂- ‘Power without responsibility--the pre- GXv hntZ-i-k-`-bv°mWv as‰mcp s°m≠v Hcn°- epw km[ya- √,' Xncpt- a\n rogative of the harlot throughout the ages' cmPysØ k`-bpsS kzX-{¥-amb hf¿®- ]. ]m{Xnb- ¿°okv _mhm-tbmSv ]d-™p. As√¶- n¬ Xs∂, kz¥w \m´n¬ bn¬ Bflm¿∞-amb XmXv]-cy-ap-≈-Xv? ae-¶-c-bpsS A¥ v Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn- t]mepw kz¥w k`sb kwc-£n-°m≥ Zo¿LZ¿in-bmb h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp- °m≥ HSph- n¬ B kXym{-Kln kzbw _en- Ign-hn-√m-Ø-h¿ Gß-s\-bmWv as‰mcp ta\n `mc-X-k-`bv°p h∂p-`-hn® Cu hn]- bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Z 6 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ Ih¿ tÃmdn ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n hnip-≤n-bn-te-°p-≈ ]S-hp-Iƒ ""Rm≥ \√ t]m¿ s]mcp-Xn, Hm´w XnI-®p, hnizmkw ImØp. C\n \oXn-bpsS IncoSw F\n-°mbn sh®n-cn-°p∂p'' (2 XntamØn 4: 7,8). 1858 HIvtSm-_¿ 31: ]I-tem-a‰w ]mc-º-cy-ap≈ ]∆-Øn-°p- 1908 s^{_p-hcn 27: ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ tN¿∂ ]≈n {]Xn- t∂¬ Xd-hm-´n¬ a√-∏-≈n h´-t»-cn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ buk- ]p-cp-j-tbmKw Koh¿Kokv dºms\ sa{Xm≥ ÿm\-tØ°v Xnc- ^ns‚bpw Genb- mΩ- b- ps- Sbpw aI\- mbn hn.sP. Koh¿Kokv P\n®- p. s™-Sp-Øp. 1876 HIvtSm-_¿ 12: avkt{amt\m ÿm\w (]t{Xmkv XrXo- 1908 sabv 31: tbdpi- t- ea- n¬ sh®v sa{Xmt- ∏me- oØ- b- mbn hmgn- b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bn¬ \n∂v ]pXp-∏-≈n-bn¬ sh®v) °-s∏-´p, Koh¿Kokv am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv F∂-t]-cn¬. (At¥ym- 1879 HIvtSm-_¿ 16: ]q¿Æ siΩm-i-]´w (]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n- Iym-bpsS am¿ A_vZp≈ ZznXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv apJy Im¿Ωn- bn¬ \n∂v) (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) Kpcp-hmb ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS sk{I-´-dn-bmbn I\- mb- nc- p∂- p) (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) AknÃ- ‚v ae¶- c sa{Xmt- ∏me- oØ- b- mbn tkh\w A`nhµy-Xn-cp-ta-\n-tbm-sSm∏w ]≈n-Iƒ kµ¿in-®p. (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) ]cp-ae 1909 : ae¶- c sa{Xmt- ∏me- oØ tPmk^ v am¿ Zoh∂- mt- kymk v V Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS injy-\mbn A`y-kn®v thZ-im-kv{X-Ønepw kpdn- 1909 Pqsse 11 \v Imew sNbvXXns\-Øp-S¿∂v ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m- bm-\n-bnepw ]mfinXyw t\Sn. eo-Ø-bmbn ÿm\-ta-‰p. 1880 P\p-hcn 18: ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ \n∂v I»oi ]´w 1909 sk]v‰w-_¿ 25: am¿ A_vZp≈ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ kzoI-cn-®p. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS t\Xr-ÿm\w hln-®n-cp∂ hµy- (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) t_ms_-bn¬ kzoI-cn-®p. ae-¶-c-sb-Ønb A_vZp≈ ]m{Xn- (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) b¿°okv euIoI A[n-Im-c-apƒs∏sS ]q¿Æ A[n-Imcw ]m{Xn- b¿°o-kn\v ae-¶-c-bpsS taep-s≠∂ cPn-tÿUv DS-ºSn Bh- iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1911 Pq¨ 8: tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n°v (1889) hncp-≤-ambn DS- ºSn \veIm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn® ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb apS-°n- s°m-≠p≈ am¿ A_vZp≈ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iev]-\. ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ sXm´-SpØ apdn-bn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ am¿ Znh-∂m- tkym-kn\v 9.6.1911˛¬ Ab®v IØv e`n®Xv Pq¨ 27˛mw Xob-Xn. Aflmb {SÃnbpw sshZnI {SÃnbpw ]m{Xob- ¿°ok- ns- \m∏w IqSn. 1911 Pq¨ 27: Fw.Un. skan-\mcn Nm∏-en¬ k`m amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n IqSn am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\v ]n¥pW \¬Ip-∂p. 1911 Pqsse 9: ae¶c At m-kn-tb-j≥ Fw.Un. skan-\m-cn- bn¬ IqSn h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-°v ]q¿Æ ]n¥pW \¬In. ]m{Xn- ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]gb Xd-hm´p hoSv bn¿°ok- ns- \m∏w tN¿∂ amØ≥ a¬]ms- \bpw kn.sP. Ipcys- \bpw ]nX- m°- ∑- mc- pa- mbn tN¿∂v {]h¿Øn°- p∂- X- n\v hn. sP. Koh¿Kokv {SÃn ÿm\Øp \n∂p \o°n ]pXnb c≠pt- ]¿°v ÿm\w \¬In. IØ-\m¿°v `mKyw e`n-®p. 1911 BKÃv : At¥ymIym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv am¿ A_vZpƒ 1881 : ae¶c aev]m≥ F∂ al-\ob ÿm\w e`n®p. ]cp-ae ainlm, A_vZp≈ ]m{Xnb- ¿°ok- ns‚ apS°v \ne\- n¬°ns- √∂pw skan-\m-cn-bn¬ amt\-P¿, a¬]m≥ F∂o \ne-I-fnepw tkh-\w. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw Iq´cpw A\p-{K-ln-°-s∏-´-h-cm-sW∂pw (]cp-ae skan-\mcn amt\-P-cmbn 30 h¿jw XpS¿∂p). sSen{Kmw hgn Adn-bn-°p-∂p. 1885 : ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bpsS \nb-{¥Ww ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Zoh- 1912 am¿®v 31 : ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS {][m\ kwc- ∂m-tkymkv hos≠-Sp-Ø-tijw ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ V £-I-\m-bn-cp∂ h¿°n h¿§okv (]m∏n-km¿) sIm√-s∏-´p. a¬]m\mbn tkh\w. (1909 hsc a¬]m-\mbn {]h¿Øn-®p.) (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) 1912 Pq¨ 13 : ]m{Xn-b¿°okv am¿ A_vZpƒ ainl tIc-f- tIm\m´v amØ≥ a¬]m-\p-ambn tN¿∂v Ip¿_m-\-{Iaw ae-bm-f- Øn-se-Øn. Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. (1903˛¬ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn). (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) IywXm \a-kvIm-c-Ønse Km\-߃ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ i¶p-Æn-bpsS 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15 : ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w ae-¶c k`- klm-b-tØmsS ae-bm-f-Øn-em-°n. bn¬ ]p\ÿ- m]- n®- p. BZy ImtXme- n°- b- mbn am¿ _tke- nt- bmkv ]utemkv (apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ _mhm) ÿm\-ta-‰p. 1889 : tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n-bn¬ At¥ymIym ]m{Xn-b¿°o- I kn\v ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ euIoI A[n-Im-c-an-s√∂v hy‡-am-°n. 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 17 : am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\- Øn¬ ImtXm-en-°sb hmgn-®-Xmbn A_vZpƒ ainlm ]m{Xn- 1893 : Fw.Un. skan-\mcn kvIqƒ Bcw-`n-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS I¬]-\. ae-¶c At m-kn-tb-js‚ D]- Npa-Xe Koh¿Kokv a¬]m\v \¬In ( 1901 hsc {]n≥kn-∏m-fmbn tZ-i-{]-Imcw sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-amsc hmgn-°p-∂-Xn\pw aqtdm≥ tkh-\w) IqZmi \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw ImtXm-en-°m-bv°v A[n-Im-c-ap-s≠∂v 1903 \hw-_¿ 1: ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Znh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a\m¬ I¬]-\-bn¬ hy‡-am-°n. dºm≥ ÿm\-tØ°v Db¿Øs∏-´p. 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ 7 tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ 1930 P\p-hcn 23 : h´-t»-cn¬ Xncpta-\n-s°-Xn-cmb tIkv tImSXn X≈n-°-f-™p. F√m \nb-a-bp-≤-ß-fnepw hnP-bn®v (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) ae-¶c k`-bpsS kzmX-{¥yhpw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ F∂ ÿm\hpw \nb-a-]-c-ambn h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n hos≠-Sp-Øp. 1930 sk]v‰w-_¿ 20 : injy-\mb _Y-\n-bpsS am¿ Cuhm-\n- tbmkv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizmkw Dt]-£n®v k`-bpsS ÿm]-\- ß-fp-ambn ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ tNcp-∂p. 1931 am¿®v 20 : At¥ymIym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv am¿ Gen-bmkv Bep-h-bn-se-Øn. Xs∂ kµ¿in® ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ III (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ apS°v \o°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xmbn Gen-bmkv ]m{Xnb- ¿°okv ]cky {]ÿmh- \ \SØ- n. CXn¬ ]pXpa D≠m- III bn-cp-∂n√ Ggp h¿j-߃°v apºv Xs∂ a¿±o-\n¬ sh®v Gen- bmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv apS°v am‰n-bn-cp-∂p. {_n´ojv III (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) sshkvtdmbv C¿hn≥ {]`p ( ) XmXv]-cy-sa-SpØv ae-¶-c- Lord Irwin bn¬ sFIyw ]p\-ÿm-]n-°m≥ {ian-s®-¶nepw hnP-bn-®n-√. ]t{Xmkv A_vZp≈ , Gen-bmkv XpS-ßnb F√m ]m{Xn- III, II III b¿°o-k-∑mcpw ae-¶c k` ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iogn¬ Bbn-cn- ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Cdm-°nse samkq-fn¬ (1923) °-W-sa∂pw ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w Dt]-£n-°-W-sa∂pw 1913 s^{_p-hcn 24 : ae-¶-c-bnse taev]-´-°m¿°v ImtXm- \n¿_‘w D≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w Dt]-£n- en°m _mhm-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-Isf hmgn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff Ah-Imiw °-W-sa∂ hmZw ae-¶-c-k-`bv°p kzoI-cy-am-bn-√. A_vZpƒ ainlm ]m{Xnb- ¿°okv Hcp Iev]\- b- n¬ IqSn \¬In. 1932 Pq¨ 30 : Ipdp-∏w]-Sn-bn¬ sh®v ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ 1919 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15 : h´n-∏-W-t°-kn¬ PÃnkv i¶-c-∏n≈ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ hnNm-cW sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Gen-bmkv h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n-®p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ DZyaw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. III 1923 am¿®v 10 : h´n-∏-W-t°-kn¬ PÃnkv hoc-cm-Lh Aø-¶m- 1934 s^{_p-hcn : tcmK-_m-[n-X-\mbn h´-ti-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n cpsS (tZmj-I-c-am-b) tImS-Xn-hn-[n. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ ac-W-i-ø-bn¬ A_vZp≈ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm apS-°n-bXv icn-sh-®p. 1934 s^{_p-hcn 23 : h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n ]gb skan-\m-cn- bn¬ sh®v \mev]Xmw sh≈n-bmgvN Imew sNbvXp. Imew (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) sNøp-∂-Xn\v Hcp h¿jw apºv hn¬]{Xw Xøm-dm°n cPn-ÿ sNbvXp. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Npa-X-e-bn¬ D≈ F√m kzØp°- fpw AhI- mi- ß- fpw kp∂l- t- Zmk- n\v \¬In. k`bv°p (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) Hcp `c-W-L-S-\-sb∂ kz]v\w bmYm¿∞y-am-°p-∂-Xn\v A¥y- ImeØpw Xncp-ta\n ]cn-{i-an-®p. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Hcp \°¬ Xøm-dm°n F∂m¬ AXv AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-thmfw `c-W-L-S\m inev]n Pohn-®n-cp-∂n-√. 2003 s^{_ph- cn 24 : ]. _t e- nt- bmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ sh®v h´- t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv s\ ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn VI {]Jym-]n®p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ssI∏-S-bn-se-gp-Xnb Ub-dn-bn¬ \n∂v Z 1923 Pq¨ 26 : Gen-bmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhmsb I≠v III ae-¶-c-bnse {]iv\-߃ N¿®-sN-øp-∂-Xn\v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n t_ms_-bn¬ \n∂v I∏¬I-b-dn. 1923 HIvtSm-_¿ : apS°v Xo¿Øv Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ae-¶-c- VI bn¬ aS-ßn-sb-Øn. alm-Ihn h≈-tØmƒ k`m-`m-kp-c≥ F∂v (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb \ma-I-cWw sNøp-∂p. 1925 G{]n¬ : c≠mw ImtXm-en-°-bmbn Koh¿Kokv am¿ ]oe- Ivkn-t\m-kv am¿ _t -en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv {]Y-a≥ F∂ \ma- Øn¬ hmgn-°-s∏-´p. 1928 Pqsse 2: dnhyq s]‰o-j-\n¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn PÃokv Nm‰v^o¬Uv hn[n-®p. 1929 s^{_p-hcn : Koh¿Kokv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkns\ (I√m- ]. _t -en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm- t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n) aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn _t -en-tbmkv en°m _mhm ]gb skan\- mc- nb- n¬ sh®v h´t- »c- n¬ Xncpt- a\- nsb Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ F∂ \ma-Øn¬ hmgn-°p-∂p. ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn {]Jym-]n°p∂p. 8 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ Ih¿ tÃmdn KpcpZ£nW {_n ´ojv km{amP- yØ- n\v C≥Uyb- n¬ ]cn-K-W-\o-b-amb hnj-bta Bbn-cp-∂n-√. HutZym-Kn-Iÿ- m-\Øv Fs‚ Xebv°p-aosX ASn-ÿm-\-an-´Xv F.Un. 1757˛se πm n {]Xnj- vTn°- m≥ aev]m\- ®≥ AWnb- d- b- n¬ Aß-s\, Xs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ae-¶-c- bp≤a- mW- v. \hm_v kndmPv Zufb- psS ssk thjw sI´n®p sIm≠ph- ∂ BfmWv ]n.‰n. k`- sb H∂mbn tdmans‚ Iogne- m°- pI F∂ \y-sØ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v {_n´ojv Koh¿Ko-kv.'' e£yw \S-°n-s√∂v sshImsX Xncn-®- Iam≥U¿˛C≥-˛-No^v taP¿ P-\-d¬ tdm dn™ vAt±lw In´mh- p∂- s- X√mw hmcn°- q´n Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS Aflmb _¿´v ss¢hns\ klm-bn-®Xv \hm-_ns‚ tdmam-k-`-bn-te°v t]mbn. t\Xm-°-fn¬ {]ap-J\pw k`-bpsS A`n-am- ssk\ym-[n-]-\m-bn-cp∂ ao¿ Pm^-dm-bn-cp- \-`m-P-\-hp-am-bn-cp∂ sI.kn. amΩ≥ am∏n- A·n-]-co-£-bn¬ IqSn IS-∂p-s]m-bv- ∂p. {_n´ojv `c-WØns\m-Sp-hn¬ cmPyw f-bpsS apI-fn¬ {]n≥kn-∏-embn ]n.‰n. Koh¿ s°m-≠n-cp∂ ae-¶c k`-bpsS \mf-sØ hn`-Pn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Kokv siΩm-is\ \nb-an-°-W-sa-¶n¬ k` {]Xo-£-bmbn Xs‚ IÆnse IrjvW-a- amXrc- mP- ysØ H‰ns- °mS- pØ cmPyt- {Zm- bpw aev]m\- ®- \pw siΩmi- s\ F{Xa- m{Xw Wntb-°m-ƒ IcpXn hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h∂ ln-bmb ao¿ Pm^-dns‚ hwi-Øn¬ s]Sp- hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw Icp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp h’e injy≥ sNbvX NXn-tbm¿Øv h´- Øm-hp∂ Ipe-t{Zm-ln-Iƒ ae-¶-c-bn-ep-ap- F∂v A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu [m¿- t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n AXy-[nIw hyk-\n-®p. ≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Iq\≥ Ipcnip kXyw (1653) ΩnI k¶-S-Øn¬ amΩ≥ am∏nf ae-¶c sNbvXv tdma≥ ASna- -XzØ- n¬ \n∂v tamN\w tIm´bw Fw.Un.-sk-an-\mcn kvIqƒ sa{Xm-\mb ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS e`n® ae-¶c k`bv°v 1930˛¬ ho≠pw apdn- slUvamÃ- d- mbncp∂ sI.kn. amΩ≥ am∏nf klmbw tXSn-sb-¶n-epw aev]m-\-®≥ ISp- hp≠mb- n. AXns‚ kq{X[- mc- ≥- k`ma- mX- m- "PohnX- k- vac- W- I- f- n¬' h´t- »c- n¬ Xncpt- a- InS Ab-hp-h-cmsX Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ Dd-®p- hns\ ]q¿Æa- mbn ]m›mX- yk- `- bv°p hn‰p- \n-bpsS GI Bflob aIs\ \ap°v ]cn- \n-∂p. 1908 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15˛mw XobXn h´- I-f-bm≥ ap≥Iq-´n-Øs∂ Icp-\o°w XpS- N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv: t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Koh¿§okv siΩm-i\v ßnb- ncp-∂-Xmbn At±lw ImtXm-en°m "".... thf-bn-emWv amth-en-°c kztZ-in- sshZnI]´w \evIn. k`-bnse BZysØ _mhmb- v°v Ab®v Hcp IØn¬ \n∂v hy‡- bmb ]n.‰n. Koh-dp-Kokv siΩm-i≥ Fs∂mcp Fw.F. _ncp-Z-ap≈ ]´-°m-c-\m-b-Xn-\m¬ am-Wv. hnZym¿∞n Fw.Un. sslkvIq-fn¬ \memw At±lw Fw.F. A®≥ F∂v Adn-b-s∏- ^md-Øn¬ h∂p-tN¿∂-Xv. Cu siΩm-i≥ ´p. 1912˛¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v I¬°- ""...\mw Hcp kzX-{¥-k-`-bmbn \n¬°- kztX ka-¿∞-\pw _p≤n-am\pw Bbn-cp- ´b- n¬ Hcp tIm¨^d- ≥kn¬ ]s¶S- p°- m≥ cpXv F∂mWv AbmfpsS A`n-{]mbw. Cu ∂X- n\- m¬ ae]v m\- ®- s‚ (]n∂oS vh´t- »c- n¬ £Ww e`n-®p. hniz-kvX-\mb Koh¿§okv cmPyØ- n\p ]pdØv Hcp tae-[n-Imcw thWw. Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv) khn-ti- IØ-\m-sc-bmWv Xncp-ta\n Xs‚-sbm∏w Aßn-s\-sbm-∂n-√m-Ø-Xns‚ tZmjw am¿- j-amb hm’-ey-Øn\p ]m{Xo-`-hn-®p. Iq´n-b-Xv. skdm-ºq¿ tImfPv {]n≥kn-∏¬ tØmΩm kapZmbw Ct∏mƒ A\p-`-hn-°p- aev]m-\-®\v Cu siΩmi- s‚ ]TnØ Imcy- Koh¿Kokv IØ-\m-cpsS tkh\w hn´p-In- ∂p. Cu \m´n-ep≈ tae-[n-Im-c-Øn\p ´p-∂-Xn\v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv ߃ {]tXyIw {i≤n-°bpw AXp-t]mse taembn bmsXmcp A[n-Im-c-hp-an-s√-¶n¬ A`y¿∞n°- pI- bpw At±l- Ø- ns- ‚bpw k`- Xs∂ siΩm»- \pw aev]m\- ®- t- \mSv Fs¥- Bcpw hI-sh-°n-√... CsX-∏‰n \mapw bp-sSbpw `mhn°v AXv \√Xm-sW∂v Icp ∂n-√mØ `‡ymZc-߃ Df-hm-Ip-Ibpw \∂mbn Btem-Nn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv...'' Xn A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ sNbvXp. Ccph- cpw XΩn¬ ]nXr]- p{-X\- n¿hn- kmº-Øn-I-ambn D∂-Xn-bn¬ \n∂n- skdm-ºq¿ tImf-Pn¬ {]^-k-dmbn ]n.‰n. tij- a- mb Hcp lrZb- _- ‘w hf¿∂ph- ∂- p. cp∂ bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-߃°v kzbw Iog- Koh¿Kokv IØ-\m¿ tkh\-a-\p-jvTn-®p. `mhnb- n¬ k`mt- kh- \- Ø- n\v aev]m\- ®- s‚ S-ßn k`m-am-Xm-hns\ Ah¿°v ImgvN-sh- a\- n-\n-W-ßnb G‰hpw tbmKy-\mb Hcp 1917 \hw-_¿ 25˛mw XobXn Ahn-sS- ®m¬ In´p∂ t\´-߃ Hfn™pw sXfn- sNdp∏- °- mc- s\ I≠pI- n´- nb- ms- e∂- t- ]mse \n∂pw At±lw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v ™pw At±lw ae-¶-c-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p- siΩm-»s‚ k¿∆-hn-Zym-`ymk sNe-hp- Ab® IØn¬ \n∂pw GXm\pw hcnI- ƒ... sIm≠- nc- p∂- p. ae¶- c- k- `- sb ASnb- d shbv- Ifpw kapZ- mb sNeh- n¬ ae]v m\- ®- ≥ kuP "" Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v Hcp Most Beloved Father... °p-∂-Xn-\mbn tdmam-k-`-bp-ambn At±lw -\y-ambn \n¿∆-ln-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. siΩm-»≥ hnØv hnX®- p. AXp Rm≥ BWv. hnØv At∏mt- g°pw clk- ya- mbn _‘w ÿm]n®p a{Sn-°p-te-j≥ ¢m p hsc kap-Zm-b-sN-e- \qdpta\n ^ew sImSp°- W- s- a∂p hcpI- n¬ Ign-™n-cp-∂p. hn¬- Fw.-Un-.bn¬ ]Tn-®p. Ahn-sS- \n∂p F¥mWv th≠-sX∂v Rm≥ ]d-tb-≠-Xn- km¿∆-{XnI k`-bpsS LS-I-amb tZiob a{Sn°- pt- ej- ≥ ]co£ ]m mb- t- ijw ae]v m- √-t√m....'' k`-I-ƒ XΩn-ep≈ {InkvXob sFIyw \-®≥ At±-lsØ kap-Zmb sNe-hn¬ skdm-ºq-cn¬ \n∂v aS-ßn-sbØn ae- A\nh- mc- ya- mW- v. F∂m¬, B e£yw ssI tIm´bw kn.Fw.-Fkv. tImf-Pn¬ Ab-®p ¶-c-bnse Bflob t]mj-W-Øn\v h´-t»- h-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp tZiob k` as‰mcp ]Tn-∏n-®p. Ahn-sS-∂n∂v F^v.-F. ]co£ cn¬ Xncpt- a\- nb- psS A\p{-Kl- min - pI- t- fm- hntZi k`bv°v Iog-S-ßn-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ bpw. Fw.F.bpw ]m mbn aSß- nh- ∂- p. ae]v m sSbpw k`b- nse {]apJ- c- psS klmb- t- Øm- ImgvN-∏mSv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-Iƒ°n-√. -\-®s‚ kmº-ØnIamb kuP-\y-߃ sSbpw dm∂n˛- s- ]c- p\- mS vF∂ ÿeØ v_Y\n F√m Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-Ifpw kzX- sIm≠v Fw.F. _ncp-Z-[m-cn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂ B{iaw XpSß- n. [_Y\n {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ {¥hpw tZio-b-hp-am-Wv. siΩm-is\ kap-Zmb tkh-\-Øn¬ Hcp apJy D]-⁄m-Xm-°ƒ ]n.‰n. Koh¿Kokv {][m\ ÿm\Øp {]Xnj- Tv n°- m\- p≈ A`n- ae-¶-ck-`-bpsS kzmX{¥yw kwc-£n- IØ-\mcpw Ae-Ivkn-tbmkv IØ-\mcpw \nt- hiw ae]v m\- ®- \- n¬ sImSpº- nc- ns- °m≠- p.'' °p∂- X- n\ vk`mt- \X- rXzw s]mcpX- ns- °m≠- n- (]n∂oSv Ae-Ivkn-tbmkv am¿ tXthm-tZm- cn°- pt- ºmƒ Xs∂ hntZi- k- `- bv°p kzbw alm-\mb ]{Xm-[n-]¿ sI.kn. amΩ≥ tkymkv) Bbn-cp-∂p.] Xs‚ Bflob Iogvs∏-Sp-∂Xv Fß-s\-bmWv? AsXmcp am∏nf XpS-cp∂p: ""Fw.Un. sslkvIq-fn¬ ]p{Xs‚ D’mlw I≠v a\ v \ndsb 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ 9 tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ kt¥m-jn®v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Hcp \ΩpsS IgpØv Cu coXn-bn¬ AdpØp Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv \K-c-a-≤y-Øn¬ \qdp-I- IØn¬ Cßs\ FgpXn: ""...\ap°v Hcp th¿s]-Sp-Øn-bmepw \mw CXn\v A\p-Iq- W-°n\v G°-dp- `qan hmßn Aca- \ ]Wn- hnizk- vX\pw kXyk- vt\l- nb- pw Ds≠¶n¬ en-°-bn-√.'' 1105 I¿°n-SIw 23˛mw XobXn Xp, kz¥w t]cn¬ tImfPpw Bcw-`n-®p. AXv Xm\m-sW∂v \mw Adn-bm-Ø-h\-√.'' h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb I≠-Xn-s\-]‰n ]m›mX- yc- psS ]Ww D]t- bm-Kn®p ae-¶c k`-bn¬ _Y\n ]≈n-Iƒ ÿm-]n-°-s∏- ^m. ]mtd-´ns‚ Ub-dn-bn¬ Cßs\ Ipdn- k`sb A´n-a-dn-°p-∂-Xn\pw \ΩpsS Cu Sp-∂Xp I≠v ae-¶c k`-bpsS `mhn-°p- ®n-cn-°p∂p: ""..._Y-\n-°m-cy-am-bn-cp∂p ap≥ CS-b≥ ]cn-{i-an-®p. th≠n Atlm-cm{Xw IjvS-s∏-´n-cp∂ Xncp- C∂sØ {][m\- k- wk- mc- h- nj- b- w. _Y\n "Xm≥ ÿm]n® _Y\n B{i-a-Øn¬ ta-\n°v henb {]Xo-£-Iƒ D≠m-bn. sa{Xm®- ≥ NXn®p F∂mWv henb sa{Xm \n∂v k¿∆hpw Dt]-£n®p ItØm-en° ®≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xv.'' 1091 CShw 18˛\v Ip∂w-Ipfw tIkn¬ k`-bp-ambn "]p\-ssc-Iy-s∏´p' F∂v C∂v t{Imkv hnkvXm-c-Øn¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp- Ign-hp≈ ÿeß-fn-se√mw _Y-\n-∏- am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn-s\-]‰n hmgvØp- ta\n Cßs\ samgn \¬In: ""Snbms‚ (]n.‰n. ≈nI- ƒ ÿm]n°- W- s- a∂p Iev]n® h´t- »- tºmƒ Xs∂ At±lw ]mh-s∏´ ae-¶-c- Koh¿Kokv IØ-\m-cp-sS) Bbp pw kIe cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Xs∂ 1105 Ip`w 21˛mw XobXn k-`-bpsS kzØp-°ƒ A]-l-cn-s®-Sp-Ø- kºm-Zyhpw kpd-n-bm\n kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ C\n taen¬ _Y-\n-∏-≈n-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p- Xns‚ tI p-Ifpw tImSXn hn[n-Ifpw Ncn- KpWØ- n\- mbn sNeh- nS- W- s- a∂- p≈ \njvT- t]m-I-cp-sX∂v Iev]\ Ab-®p. {X-tc-J-I-fmbn C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. tbm-Sp-IqSn the sNøp∂ Hcm-fv.'' C\n sshIp-∂Xv _p≤n-b√ F∂v Xncn- am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv hymP-samgn \¬In- 1925 tabv 1˛mw XobXn _Y\- nb- psS F∏n- ®-dn™v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv am¿]m∏- bXmbn tImSXn hn[n\- ymb- Ø- n¬ FSpØp k- vtIm∏- b- mb- n Koh¿Kokv am¿ Cuhm\- n- bpsS C≥Uyb- nse sUent- K‰v A∏k- vtXm- ]d-™n-´p-ap-≠v. tbmk vF∂ t]cn¬ ]n.‰n. Koh¿Kok®≥ en-°msb I≠v tdmam k`-bn¬ tNcp-∂- imkv{Xob-ambn \pW {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂- hmgn-°-s∏-´p. Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ Hcp ]‰w Xn-\p≈ \S-]Sn {Ia-߃ kzoI-cn-®p. Xnepw I≈s- Øf- nh- pI- ƒ D≠m°- p∂- X- nepw _Y\n A®∑- ms- cbpw I\ymk- v{XoI- s- fbpw 1930 sk]v‰w-_¿ 20˛mw XobXn sIm√- bqtdm-∏n-ep-≈-h-tcmSv a’-cn-°m≥ \ap-°m- At±lw hi-Øm-°n-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. Øp sN∂v eØo≥ _nj∏v tUm. Atem- hn-√-t√m. am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ al-Xz c≠mw ImtXm-en°m ]. _t -en- jykv _≥kn-K-dns‚ apºn¬ ap´p-IpØn hpw ]cn-ip-≤nbpw hmgvØn-s°m≠p doØp- tbmkv Koh¿Kokv _mhm 1928 Unkw-_¿ am¿]m∏ shs©-cn® sh¥nß Igp-Øn-e- Im¿ ta\n-°-S-em-kn¬ [mcmfw IY-Iƒ 17˛\v Imew sNbvXp. I√m-t»cn¬ am¿ Wn™v kXy-hm-N-I-߃ G‰p-sNm√n {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v: ... 1932˛¬ am¿ Cuhm- {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns\ ImtXm-en-°-bmbn ItØm-en-°-\m-bn. \n-tbmkv tdman¬t]mbn am¿]m∏sb hmgn-°m≥ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v Koh¿ kµ¿in®- p... bqtdm∏- n¬ ]cyS- \w \SØ- n... hnizkn® vG¬]n®- ps- ImS- pØ At\Iw Kokv am¿ Cuhm\- nt- bmk- ns‚ klIc- W- w Ab¿e‚n¬ sh®v I≠p-ap-´nb hnJymX ]≈nI- f- pw ÿm]- \- ß- fpw At±lw ]m›mXy Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. X°-k-abw t\m°n k`bv°v ASn-bd At±lw Kpcp\- mY- t- \mSv hnet- ]i- n. aq∂mw sh®p. am¿ Cuhm\- n- ImtXme- n°- b- mbn I√mt- »c- n¬ am¿ _t - tbmk- ns‚ kpµc- a- mb en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-bs\ hmgn® bqtdm-]y≥ taml\ AtX thZnb- n¬ sh®v am¿ Cuhm\- nt- bmkv hmKZv m\- ß- f- n¬ BIr- F∏n-kvtIm-∏msb sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn jSv c- mbn Ipsd _Y\n hmgn®- p. sXm´S- pØ Znhkw Xs∂ am¿ Cuhm- injy-∑mcpw "]p\- \nt- bmk- ns‚ _Y\- nb- nse am¿ bmt°m_v sscIyw' F∂ t]cn¬ dºms\ sXtbm^- nt- emkv F∂ \maØ- n¬ tdma≥ ItØme- n°m F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bmbpw hmgn-®p. hnizmkw kzoIc- n®- p. \njvI-f-¶-Nn-Ø-\mb aq∂mw ImtXm-en- Xm≥ a‰ms- c°- mf- pw °msb IqSp°- ne- m°- p∂- X- n\pw tdma≥ \pI- ktv \ln®p hf¿Ø- nb Øn\p Iogn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`sb sIm≠p-h-cp- _Y\n sa{Xm-®s‚ ∂-Xn\pw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv ]e IpX- NXn k`b- psS kzmX- {¥-ßfpw {]tbm-Kn-®p. ¥yØ- n\- pt- h≠n Pohn am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ tdmam Iºw Xw Dgn™- ps- h® h´- h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS sNhn-bnepw t»c- n¬ Xncpt- a\- nb- psS FØns- b¶- nepw {]nb injy\- ne- p≈ hnizmkw lrZbw XI¿Øp. ImcWw AsXm∂pw At±lw Imcy-am-sb- Xs‚ PohnX- mh- k- m\w Sp-Øn-√. HSp-hn¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n- hscbpw Cu thZ\ bpsS a\ - d- nb- m≥ ]mtd´- v A®s\ (]n∂oSv At±lw lrZb- Ø- n¬ amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv) am¿ Cuhm- hln®- p. \n-tbmkv ZqX-\mbn Ab-®p. kº∂- a- mb tdmam- Cu h¿Ø-am\w Adn-bn® DS≥ Xs∂ k-`-bn¬ tNt°-dn-b- h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n CSXp ssIsIm≠v tXmsS am¿ Cuhm-\n- Xs‚ \o≠ XmSo-aoi ]nSn-®p-b¿Øn IgpØv tbmkv s]cp-\mSv ae- hmfps- Im≠v Adp°- p∂ coXnb- n¬ ssI Im- ap-I-fnse ]p¬°q-Sn Wn®p sIm≠v Iev]n®p: ""IØ-\m-c-®m, en¬ \n∂pw Cd-ßn 10 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨

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Georgian Mirror - April - June 2009 PDF

2009·1.8 MB·Malayalam
by  Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
#JaiGyan #MalayalamHeritage #malankara-orthodox-syrian-church
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Preview Georgian Mirror - April - June 2009

ttPPmm¿¿PPnn--bb≥≥ aanndd¿¿ tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ ○ MISSION STATEMENT ○ ○ ○ hnip-≤-∑m¿°v G{]n¬˛Pq¨, 2009 ○ To fight ○ Hcn-°-em-bn´v ○ ]pkvXIw 1 e°w 2 for the MOST ○ ○ `c-ta¬]n-®n- ]memc- nh- ´w sk‚ vtPm¿P vHm¿Øt-UmIkv vhenb]≈n {]kn≤- oI- c- Ww ○ HOLY FAITH ○ cn°- p∂ AXn- ○ that God has ○ hni- p≤ hnizm- ○ ○ once for all kØn\p th≠n ○ ○ entrusted to t]mcmtS- ○ ○ ≠-Xn-\v His Saints ○ ○ (hn. bqZm 3,20) ○ (St. Jude 3,20) ○ ○ ○ D≈S°w c£m-[n-Im-cn- ○ A`n-: kJ-dn-bm am¿ At¥m-Wn-tbmkv ○ No^v FUn-‰¿ ○ ○ 1. FUnt‰mdnb¬.......................................................................................................................................4 ^m. sI.‰n. ^nen∏v ○ FUn-‰¿ ○ 2. am¿ F∏n-^m-\n-tbmkv, am¿ butk-_n-bqkv ˛˛t{ijvT ]nXm-°-∑m¿°v BZcmRvPen-Iƒ..5 ]n. F. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ ○ ○ 3. Ih¿tÃmdn ˛ ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv ˛ amt\-PnwKv FUn-‰¿ ○ VI kPp kn. Um\n-tb¬ ○ ae-¶-c-k`-bpsS hntam-N-I≥ $ ]n.F. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿..........................................................6 ○ FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv FUn-‰¿ ○ 4. Ih¿tÃmdn ^o®-dp-Iƒ ]n. hn. amXyp ○ t^mt´m FUn-‰¿ ○ hnip-≤n-bn-te-°p≈ ]S-hp-Iƒ........................................................................................................9 ○ G{_lmw Xc-I≥ ○ Kpcp-Z-£nW...........................................................................................................................................11 am¿°-‰nwKv amt\-P¿ ○ ]n. sF. _m_p ○ Poh-\p-Xpeyw k`sb kvt\ln® ]m∏n-km¿..........................................................................13 ○ k¿°p-te-j≥ amt\-P¿ ○ Xncp-h-N-\-߃....................................................................................................................................14 ]n. Fw. ]o‰¿ ○ FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ t_m¿Uv ○ Mar Dionysius Shrine, Spring valley $ Fr. Sanjay Geevarghese ................................ 14 ○ ^m. Ipcym-t°mkv XÆn-t°m´v ○ My Patron Saint $ C.K. Kochukoshy IAS (Retd.)........................................................ 17 ^m. sska-¨ tPmk-^v ○ s{]m^. tXmakv ]n. h¿Kokv ○ I¿Ω-[o-c-\mb alm-]-cn-ip-≤≥ $ sI.kn. tPm¿Pv Iøm-emØv........................................18 tP°_v Um\n-tb¬ ]n. ○ ○ 5. PmeIw: Hcp hnip-≤s‚ `mkpc tcJ-Iƒ $ t]mƒ aW-en¬........................................19 AUz. h¿Kokv ]n. tXma-kv ○ eoemΩ Ipcy≥ ○ 6. Iu¨k-enwKv A\p-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ $ ^m. tUm. Hm. tXmakv..................................20 AssUz-kdn t_m¿Uv ○ _m_p kn. tPm¿Pv ○ 7. hnizmk kXy-߃: hn. Ip¿_m-\-bnse {]Xo-I-߃ $ s{]m^. tXmakv ]n. h¿Kokv.21 ○ kn.hn. _©-an≥ ○ 8. ka-Im-eo\ N¥-Iƒ: sImbvØpw hnf-sh-Sp∏pw $ ]n.hn. amXyp...............................23 AUz. ]n.kn. Nmt°m ○ kn.hn. tkmf-a≥ ○ 9. kpµ-c-hm-Xn-en-¬ (Ihn-X)$ Fw.kn. h¿Ko-kv, Beph.......................................................24 im¥m tPmkv ○ ○ 10. thZ-hn-Nmcw: \ΩpsS ssZhw {]Xn-Im-c-Øns‚ ssZhtam? ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ○ ]n.F. tPm¿Pv ○ $ ^m. tUm. Ipcym-t°mkv XÆn-t°m´v....................................................................................29 ○ sSIv\n-°¬ AssUz-k¿ ○ 11. ss{IkXv h kaql- hpw \nba- ]- c- nj- Iv c- W IΩoj- s‚ \n¿t±i- ß- fpw amXyq B≥{Uqkv ○ ○ $ AUz. tPm¿P kJ-dnb Fcp-Øn-°¬.....................................................................................30 ○ Editorial Office: ○ 12. Ip´n-Isf \ap°p kvt\ln®p XpSßmw $ s{]m^. hn.sP. B‚Wn..........................31 Georgian Mirror, St. George Orthodox Valiyapally ○ Palarivattom, Kochi-682 025 ○ 13. k`m hm¿Ø-Iƒ................................................................................................................................34 Phone: 0484-2346096 ○ e-mail:[email protected] ○ 14. `{Zm-k\ hm¿Ø-Iƒ.........................................................................................................................42 ○ Chief Editor: 94468 41200, Editor: 98475 44046 ○ 15. CS-hI hm¿Ø-Iƒ............................................................................................................................43 Marketing Manager: 94461 35081 ○ Circulation Manager: 94478 19048 ○ 16. 46 Georgian Kids...................................................................................................................................... ○ Printed and Published by: ○ 17. Letter Box............................................................................................................................................47 The Managing Committee for St. George Orthodox ○ ○ 18. hntij Znhk߃, Bcm[\m kabw....................................................................................48 Valiyapally, Palarivattom, Kochi-682 025. ○ Chuer-cmha Wil:e sbgsoitvep: [email protected] ○○ Ih¿Nn{Xw: ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv VI ○ Printed at Viani Printings, Lisie Hospital Road, ○ (IS-∏mSv: ae-bm-f -a-t\m-ca) Kochi-682 018. Phone: 0484-2401635 ○ ○ 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ 1 tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ FUnt‰mdnb¬ Db-cØn-ep≈Xv Nn¥n-∏n≥ man’s cry of despair'' Fs∂mcp Nn¥I- ≥ `m-KØv Ccn-°p-t∂-S-amb Db-c-Øn-ep- ]d™- n´- p≈- Xv Cu kµ¿`Ø- n¬ kvac- ≈Xv At\z-jn-∏n≥.'' Wo-b-am-Wv. amXr-Im-]-c-amb Hcp {InkvXob ""B I-bm¬ \n߃ {InkvXp-hn- A≥]Xp \mfpI- f- psS {]m¿∞\- bpw PohnX- Øn\- p≈ Blzm\- a- mWv ChnsS t\m-Sp-IqsS Db¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰n-cn-°p∂p D]h- mk- hpw t\mºpw IpºnS- oepw sIm≠v \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hnizm-kn-I-fp-sS F¶n¬ {InkvXp ssZhØ- ns- ‚, heØ- p- Hcp ssZh-ss]-X¬ Bflm-hn¬ kzmb- Pohn-XØn¬ acn-∏n-t°-≠-Xmb A©v `m-KØv Ccn-°p-t∂-S-amb Db-c-Øn- Ø-am-°p-∂Xv hen-sbmcp hnZyp-Xv{]-hm- Imcyß- s- f°- pd- n®v A©mw hmIyØ- n¬ ep≈Xv At\z-jn-∏n≥. `qan-bn-ep-≈-X√ la- mWv (High Voltage) F∂m¬ Dbn¿∏p- ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah Zp¿∂-S-∏v, Aip- Db-c-Øn-ep-≈Xp Xs∂ Nn¥n-∏n≥. s]c- p∂- mf- ns‚ BtLmj- t- ØmsS XW- p ≤n, AXn-cm-Kw, Zp¿tam-lw, hn{K-lm-cm- \n߃ acn® v\nßf- psS Poh≥ {InkXv p Øp-t]m-Ip∂ A\p-`hw BWv ]e- [-\-bmb AXym-{Klw F∂n-h-bm-Wv. h- nt- \mS- pI- qsS ssZhØ- n¬ ad™- nc- n°- p- t∏mgpw ImWp∂- Xv. ""N¶c- ≥ ]ns∂bpw acn-∏n°pI F∂-Xn\v \n¿÷o-h-am-°p- ∂p. \ΩpsS Poh-\mb {InkvXp shfn- sXt߬ Xs∂'' F∂p ]d-™Xp I, i‡n-c-ln-X-am-°pI Fs∂-√m-amWv s∏-Sp-tºmƒ \nßfpw Ah-t\m-Sp-IqsS t]mse. A¿∞w. ]m]-Øn-\-[o-\-amb ico-c- tXP - n¬ shfns- ∏S- pw'' (sImsem 3:1˛- 4). CNvOm-i‡n AYhm Will Power Øn¬ Ccn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂. CNvOm-i- ‡ns- Im≠ v{InkXv ph- ns‚ Dbn¿∏n\- m¬ temI-c-£-I-\mb tbip-hns‚ ]p\- ]cn{-iaw sIm≠pw ssZhI- r]- s- Im≠pw Dƒs°m≠ D◊bpsS Poh-\n¬ \ne- cp∞- m\- s- ∏c- p∂- mƒ ho≠pw \mw BtLm- t\Sn-sb-Sp-t°≠ A\p-`hw BWv. \n-ev°p-hm≥ km[n-°-Ww. At∏mƒ jn®pw BN-cn®pw 2000 h¿jw apºp- \∑sb \∑b- mbpw Xn∑sb Xn∑b- mbpw \∑bpw kam-[m-\hpw A\p-`-hn-°p-hm ≠m-b Ncn{X kw`-h-Øns‚ km£n-I- D≈pX- pd- ∂p ImWph- m\pw a\ - ne- m°- p- \pw ]¶nSphm\pw km[n°pw. AXmWv fm-Ip-I-bm-Wv. I¿Øm-hns‚ Dbn¿∏p - hm\pw Ign-b-Ww. Aev]-em-`-Øn\p Dbn¿∏ns‚ A\p-`-hw. am\- h- c- mi- n°p \¬Ip∂ {]Xymi AXp th≠n Xn∑-bpsS kzm[o-\-Øn\v hnt[- -ey-am-Wv. GXp kXyhpw Ipgn-®p-aqSmw bs- ∏S- mX- nc- n°- m≥ Ignb- Ww. `uaoI- I- m- awK-fm-iw-k-Iƒ! ]s£ Dbn¿sØg- pt- ∂¬°pw F∂ ]c- cy-ß-tfmSpw kºm-Zy-ß-tfmSpw AXym- am¿∞w tbip shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. \ncm- k‡n ]pe¿Øp∂ Hcp-h\v Db-c-Øn- kvt\l]q¿∆w, ibpw ZpxJhpw taml-`w-Khpw \nanØw ep-≈Xv Nn¥n-°p-hmt\m- Xncn-®-dn-bp- XI¿∂p Xf¿∂p he-bp-∂-h¿°v I¿ hmt\m Ign-bp-I-bn-√. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ømh- ns‚ Dbn¿∏v ]I¿∂ps- ImS- p°- p∂ sk‚v t]mƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv: ""{InkvXp-hn- Bflob- m\- p`- hw hm°pI- ƒ°∏- pd- a- mWv t\m-Sp-IqsS Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰n-cn-°p∂p ""Resurrection is God’s answer of hope to F¶n¬ {InkvXp ssZh-Øns‚ he-Øp- ^nen∏®≥ A`n. Xncp-ta-\n-am¿°v tPm¿Pn-b≥ anddns‚ P∑-Zn-\m-iw-k-Iƒ A`n. tXmakv am¿ AØ-m\m-tkymkv A`n. tUm. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ Znb-kvtImtdmkv A`n. -tUm. amXyqkv am¿ Xntam-Øn-tbmkv sNß-∂q¿ `{Zm-k-\w. -G-{]n¬ 3 sNss∂ `{Zm-k-\w. G{]n¬ 8 bp.sI., bqtdm∏- ,v B{^n°- `{Zmk- \w. tabv 3 A`n. Ctøm_v am¿ ]ne-Ivkn-t\mkv A`n. tUm. tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A`n. tUm. tXmakv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv sU¬ln `{Zm-k-\w. tabv 8 sIm¬°Ø `{Zm-k-\w. Pq¨ 15 I≠-\mSv CuÃv `{Zm-k-\w. Pq¨ 25 2 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ am¿ F∏n-^m-\n-tbm-kv, am¿ butk-_n-bqkv t{ijvT-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿°v BZ-cm-RvP-en-Iƒ k`-bpsS {]Imi Zo]vXn {]Xn_- ≤- X- b- psS {]hmN- I- ≥ sN ""s\m -¶pfw Ip´-d-gn-IØv Fw. Ipcn-tI-ip-hn-s‚bpw timim-Ω- Sn-t\-c-tØ-°p≈ Rß-fpsS eLp-hmb IjvSw bp-sSbpw aqØ-a-I≥ Ip™q™v F∂ sI. aØm-bn. P\-\w 1928 AXy¥w A\h- [- nb- mbn tXP - ns‚ \nXyL- \w R߃°p In´p- \hw_- ¿ 25˛\v. NmØ∂- q¿ F≥.F- k- v.F- k- v. sslkvIqf- nse hnZym- hm≥ tlXph- mI- p∂- p. ImWp∂- X- ns\ A√, ImWmØ- X- ns\ At{X `ym-k-Øn\p tijw, Xncp-\¬then sk‚v tPm¨kv tImtf-Pn¬ R߃ t\m°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p; ImWp-∂Xp Xmev°m-en-Iw, C‚¿ aoUn-tb‰v (1948˛50), Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw alm-cm-Pmkv tImf- ImWmØ- tXm \nXyw'' (2 tImcn¥- y¿ 4:17,18) F∂ ]utemk v«olm- Pn¬ \n∂p ^nkn-Ivkn¬ _ncpZw (1950˛53), 1953˛¬ sIm√w `{Zm- bpsS hN\- ß- f- n¬ \n∂v i‡n B¿÷n®v ae¶- c- k- `- b- psS i‡n k-\m-[n]≥ Bbn-cp∂ amXyqkv am¿ Iqdotemkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo- tI{µa- mb Xpºa- ¨ `{Zmk- \- sØ 24 h¿jw \bn® hµy]- nX- m- Øm-bm¬ ssZh-th-e-°mbn th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏-´p. hmWv Imew sNbvX A`n. ^nent- ∏mkv am¿ butk_- nb- qkv Xncp- Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv skan- ta\- n. Xs‚ \ne]- mS- pI- t- fmSv \m-cn-bn¬ \n∂p Pn.F-kv.Sn Im´nb {]Xn-_-≤X Cu (1954˛58), am∂m\w sk. BNmcy t{ijvTs\ Nnck- va- tPmk^v tImf-Pn¬ \n∂p cW- ob- \- m°- p∂p. hnZym¿∞n _n.FUv (1961), Xriq¿ {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Aa-c-°m- t_knIv s{Sbn-\nwKv tImf- c≥, FIyps- a\- n°- ¬ {]ÿm- Pn¬ \n∂p hnZym-`ym-k-Øn- \Ø- ns‚ i‡\- mb h‡m epw (1963), _mw•q¿ doPn\- ¬ hv F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ k`m Cw•ojv C≥Ãn-‰yq-´n¬ Ncn{-XØ- n¬ hy‡na- p{-Z -]X- n- \n∂p Cw•ojv `mjbnepw ∏n-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\p (1969) {]tXyI {]mK¤yw km[n®p. ]n¬°me- Ø vAt± t\Sn. lw A[y£- ÿ- m\w Ae¶- - cn® hnZym¿∞n {]ÿm-\- 1957 am¿®n¬ {]nb Kpcp amWv sshZnI ip{iq-j-bn- amXyqkv am¿ Iqdotemkv te°v IS∂phcm≥ At±l- - siΩm-i-]-´hpw 1958 am¿®v Øn\p t{]c-W-bm-bXv. amXyqkv am¿ F∏n-^m-\n-tbmkv 25˛\v Iio»m ]´hpw \evIn. ^nent- ∏mk vam¿ butk_- nb- qkv ssZh-Øn\p th≠n Pohn- (1928˛2009) tIm´bw Genb Nm∏¬ (1931˛2009) °pI F∂ _nj]v s]°≥ Akn. hnImcn (1958), 1959˛¬ lmw hm¬jns‚ Blzm\- a- mWv ae¶- c Hm¿Øt- UmIvkv k`sb hnImcn. sIm√w sk. tXmak v(1964˛67); Xncph- \- ¥- ]- pcw sk. tPm¿Pv ip{iqj- n°- m≥ At±l- Ø- n\p t{]cI- a- mbn `hn®- X- .v k\ymk {]ÿm- (1967˛69); hmgp-hmSn am¿ _t -en-tbm-kv, tIm´-∏pdw am¿ C·m- \ß- ƒ hf¿s∂¶- n¬ am{Xsa k`b°v p hfc- ph- m\mh- pI- b- p≈q F∂- Øn-tbm-kv, Adp-\q-‰n-aw-Kew am¿ Ipcn-bm-t°mkv F∂o ]≈n-I- t±lw hnizk- n®nc- p∂- p. bphP- \- ß- ƒ ssZhh- nf- n°v ImtXm¿°W- - fnepw sshZnI ip{iqj Ign-®p. 1983 tabv 14˛\v ]cp-ae skan-\m- sa∂v At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXnc- p∂- p. cn-bn¬ sh®v \nbp‡ ImtXm-en-°m amXyqkv am¿ Iqdotemkv dºm≥ ÿm\hpw 1985 tabv 15˛\v ]pXn-b-Imhv sk. tacokv IØo- ]Ø\wXn´ \mcß- m\w t]cß- mS v]pØ≥]dº- n¬ ]n.Pn. tXma- {U-en¬ sh®v ]. amXyqkv {]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm amXyqkv kn-s‚bpw kmdm-Ω-bp-sSbpw \mem-asØ aI-\mbn 1931 Pq¨ am¿ F∏n-^m-\n-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ F∏n-kvtIm∏m ÿm\hpw 16˛\mW vam¿ butk_- nb- qk vP\n®- X- .v ^nent- ∏mk vtXmak vF∂m- \¬In. 1985 apX¬ sIm√w `{Zm-k-\-Øns‚ klm-b-sa-{Xm\mbn bnc- p∂p t]cv. 1949˛apX- ¬ hnZym¿∞n {]ÿm\- h- pa- mbn ^nent- ∏mkv \nb-an-X-\m-bn. 1991˛¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn Db¿Ø-s∏-´p. 1992 tXmakv _‘-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. 1953˛¬ ]Ø\wXn´ ImtXm-en-t°‰v apX¬ 2009 hsc sIm√w `{Zmk- \- m[- n]- \- mb- nc- p∂- p. \o≠ 24 h¿jw tImtfP- n¬ \S∂ hnZym¿∞n {]ÿm\w hm¿jnI tIm¨^d- ≥kv sIm√w `{Zm-k-\-Ø- ns‚ \√ CS-b-\mbn Xs‚ BSp-Isf ]p¬∏p- At±l- Ø- ns‚ PohnX- Ø- n¬ hgnØ- nc- nh- m- bnc- p∂- p. d-ß-fn¬ tabn-®p. 1954˛¬ Z£nW dbn¬thb- n¬ sImtag- vky¬ ¢m¿°mbn tPmen ""km[mc- W- °- mc- n¬ km[mc- W- °- mc- ≥, thZi- mk{v-XØ- ns‚ \nd- e`n®- p. F∂m¬ 1961˛¬ tPmen cmPnh- ®v ssZhØ- n\p th≠n kzbw IpSw F∂m¬ Xs∂-°p-dn®v bmsXmcp Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-hp-an-√m-Ø- hn´ps- ImS- pØ- p. 1974 Pq¨ 7˛\v sshZnI- ]- ´w e`n®- p. 1983 tabv 14˛\v h≥, k¿∆¿°pw \∑ am{Xw sNøp-∂-h≥, Xm≥ H∂pw sNøp- dºm\- mb- n. 1985 tabv 15˛\v ]pXnbImhv sk‚v tacokv ]≈nb- n¬ ∂n√ F∂ `mh-ap≈-h≥, \nc-¥c {]m¿∞\ Ign-°p-tºmgpw ]._t- ke- nt- bmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv {]Ya- ≥ ImtXme- n°m {]m¿∞\m hcy≥ F∂ `mh-an-√m-Ø-h≥,'' CXm-bn-cp∂p {]Im-in- _mhmb- n¬ \n∂v F∏nk- vtIm∏m ÿm\w e`n®- p. Xpºa- ¨ `{Zm- ∏n-°p-∂-h≥ F∂¿∞ap≈ F∏n-^m-\n-tbmkv F∂ t]cp-Im-c- k-\-Øns‚ klm-b-sa-{Xmt∏meo-Øm-bmbn Npa-X-e-tb‰p. 1990 \mb ae-¶-c-bnse BZysØ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm. apX¬ `{Zmk- \- m[- n]- \- mb- n. 1991 HIvtSm_- d- n¬ sa{Xmt- ∏me- oØ- m- bmbn Db¿Øs- ∏´- p. \√-h\pw hniz-kvX-\p-amb Zmk-\mbn k`sb DØa Imcy-hn- Nm-c-I-Xz-tØmsS \bn®v \oXn-bpsS hmSmØ IncoSw {]m]n-°p- efnX PohnXw \bn® At±lw Xn∑b- psS i‡nI- ƒs°X- nsc hm-\mbn kz¿§ob atlm-∂-X-ßfnte°v bm{X-bmb Cu ]pWy- HØpX- o¿∏n√- mØ \ne]- mS- mWv kzoIc- n®- nc- p∂- -Xv. B t{ij- vTmN- m- ]n-Xm-hns‚ a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ \ap°p icWw {]m]n-°mw. cys‚ a≤yÿX- b- n¬ \ap°p A`bw {]m]n°mw. Z Z 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ 3 tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ Ih¿ tÃmdn ae-¶-c-k`bpsS hntamN-I≥ ]n.F. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ ""...Rm≥ \ns‚ k¥-Xn°p b≥ _mhm \SØ- nb aqtdm≥ sImSp°p-sa∂p kXyw sNbvX tZiw IqZm-i-bn-eqsS ae-¶c k` CXp Xs∂; Rm≥ AXp \ns‚ IÆn\p bpsS -kzbw io¿jI- X- zsØ ImWn®p X∂p; F∂m¬ \o Ahn-tS°p ]q¿Æ-X-bn-se-Øn-°m≥ h´- IS-°-bn√ F∂p btlmh Ah-t\mSp t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°p Ign- Iev]n-®p.'' (Bh. 34:4). ™p. ASn-a- ho-Smb an{k-boan¬ \n∂pw _lp-apJ {]Xn` kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ Xd-hm-Smb I\m-\n-te°v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n- bn{km-tb¬ P\-ßsf \bn® tamibv°v bpsS thZ-im-kv{X -hn-⁄m- ka\- mbn Hcp ]pWyh- m≥ ae¶- c- b- n¬ Pohn- \-Øns‚ \nZ¿i-\-amWv ae- ®nc- p∂- p˛- ˛- ]c- ni- p≤ h´t- »c- n¬ Koh¿Kokv ¶c k`-bpsS BZy hnizm-k- am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n. Iq\≥ {]-Jym-]\ {KŸ-amb atXm- Ipcnip kXy-tØmsS ae-¶c k` ]-tZ-i-km-c-߃. ae-¶c ]m›mXy \pI-Øn¬ \n∂v tamNn-X-bm-sb- sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ]pen-t°m- ¶nepw Fcn-Xo-bn¬ \n∂v hd-N-´n-bn-te°v ´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m- F∂-t]mse At¥ym-Iy≥ ASn-a-Xz-Øn- tkymkv A©ma- s‚ HutZym- te°v hoWp-t]m-bn. B]-Øn¬ klm-b- KnI A\pa- X- nt- bmsS 1892˛¬ lkvXw \o´n-b-h¿ A[o-i-Xzw ÿm]n®v {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Cu {KŸ- Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn ae-¶-csb ssI∏n-Sn- Øn¬ k`-bpsS hnizm-k-k- bn¬- H-Xp-°m≥ {ian-®p. Xy-߃ B[n-Im-cn-I-ambpw ""One Man’s courage makes a majority'' kw£n-]vX-ambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn- -Andrew Jackson ®n-cn-°p-∂p. hntZ-im-[n-]Xyw ae-¶c k`-bpsS Ip¿_m\- {-Ia- w, IywXm Bflob hf¿®°p XS- -am-Ip-sa∂p a\- \a-kvImcw XpS-ßnbh ae-  n-em-°nb h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n At¥ym- bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿-Ø\w Iym-bpsS AXym-{K-l-ßsf {]Xn-tcm-[n®v sNø-s∏-´Xv Bcm-[\ {]mtZ- ae-¶c k`-bpsS kzmX{¥y kwc-£W inI `mj-bn-em-bn-cn-°-W- Øn\mbn s]mcpXn. temI-sa-ßp-ap≈ sa∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp≈ Hm¿Ø- at‰Xv Hm¿Øt- UmIvkv k`s- bbpw t]mse tUmIvkv k`b- n¬ BXvaob `mcX- k- `- b°v vkzbw io¿jI- Xzw \¬Im≥ ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv VI hnπ-h-Øn\v hgn-sX-fn-®p. ]cn-{i-an-®p. `mc-X-k-`-bpsS `mhn ap∂n¬ (1858-˛1934) I]S- `- ‡n eht- ei- a- n- I≠v am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm- \oXn-bnepw Dd®p \n∂p-sIm-≠p≈ h´-t»- √m-Xn-cp∂ Xncp-ta\n A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬ k\w ae-¶-c-bn¬ ]p\-xÿm-]n-®p. As∏m- cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t]mcm-´-Øns‚ -^-e- apdn-bn¬ Ibdn hmXn-e-S-®mWv {]m¿∞n- kvXe- nI ]n¥pS- ¿®bv°pw F∏nk- vtIm∏- ¬ am-Wv. ®ncp-∂-Xv. Xncp-a-\- ns\ sIme-s∏-Sp-Øm- \¬h-c-Øn\pw hntZ-i-k-`-Isf B{i-bn- s\-Ønb Kp≠-Iƒ {]m¿∞-\m-\n-c-X-\m-bn- °p∂ Ahÿ- b- n¬ \n∂v \sΩ kzmX{-¥y- `mc-X-k-`-bpsS sFIysØ apgp-h- cp∂ At±-lsØ I≠v `b∂v ]n∑m-dn- Øn-te°v hgn-\-S-Øn. ]uckvXy k`b- psS \mbn {]Xn\- n[- oI- c- n°- p∂ am¿tØmΩ- m«- o- sb∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ]mcº- c- yhpw X\na- bpw ImØp kq£n-®p. lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ hmW-cp-fp∂ C∂v `mcX k`-sb∂ kz]\v w ImWm≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS ÿm\w ae-¶c Cu ]pWym-flm-hn¬ \n›b-Zm¿ \ap° vIgnb- p∂- X vB ]cn -ip≤ ]nXmh- ns‚ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ÿm\-tØ-°mƒ Vyw, \n¿`bXzw, [ocX F∂o kZvKp-W- ]cn-{iaw H∂p-sIm-≠pam{X-am-Wv. D∂-X-ambn h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Icp-Xn. ߃ {]tim-`n-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Fs¥√mw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpsS `c-W-Im-eØv {]bm-k-߃ t\cn-´mepw hnj-a-X-Iƒ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ta¬ bmsXmcp (1911˛1934) aq∂p ImtXme- n°- ma- msc ÿm\- Aev]am-sb¶- nepw ]pdØ- pI- mW- n°- m≥ a\- hntZi k`bv°pw B[n-]-Xy-an-s√∂pw tcm-lWw sNøn-®p-sh-¶nepw Hcn-°¬  ph- c- msX t\Xr-ÿm-\-Øn\v tbmKyamw AXns‚ Bflo-bhpw euIo-I-hp-amb `c- t]mepw B al-\ob ÿm\w B ]pWy- hn[w A®-S-°hpw Bflm-`n-am-\hpw W-{I-a-Øn¬ AXv k¿∆-kz-X-{¥-am-sW- hm≥ B{K-ln-®n-√. ]pe¿Ønb- nc- p∂- p. ∂pw- 1912˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n®- ps- Im≠ v]. A_Zv pƒ ainl ]m{Xn- 1932 G{]n¬ 22˛\v aq∂mw ImtXm- Cu henb a\pj- ys‚ ]ucpjw ae- b¿°ok- ns‚ Ie]v \ kXyh- ni- zmk- Ø- nepw en°m ]. _t e- nt- bmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo- ¶c k`m-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ°v {]Xn-k‘n L´- 4 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ © Georgian Mirror ""GXp Imcy-Øn\p th≠n Fs‚ Bbp v D]-tbm-Kn-®pthm B Imcy-Øn\pth≠n bp≤w sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn- °p-∂-XmWv a\- n\v kzÿ-Xbpw Bizm-k-hpw. Aß-s\-b-s√-¶n¬ a\- n\v kam-[m-\-°p-dhpw \o‰-ep-am-Wv.'' 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ 5 tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ ] cni- p≤ h´t- »c- n¬ ]nXmhv bp≤w sNøm≥ ]pds- ∏´- h- \- √- . ASnt- ®¬]n°- - s∏´ A[o-i-i-‡n-Iƒ Agn-®p-hn´ ae- ¶-c-bp-≤-Øn¬ kl-\-k-a-c-Øns‚ Acq]n ssIhn-SmsX alm-tacp t]mse Icf- pd- t- ∏msS btlmh- bv°pw ae¶- c- k- - `bv°pw th≠n At±lw k`sb kwc- £n-®n-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, C∂v Cu k` Bcp-sStbm NqjW hnt[-b-amb Hcp tImf-\n-bmbn Ah-ti-jn-t®t\. -Z.M. ]mtd-´v ßf- n¬ ss[cyw ]I¿∂p \¬In. "Pbn°- p- tºmƒ ssZh-Øns‚ Icp-Wsb Hm¿Øv Xmgp-Ibpw tXm¬°p-tºmƒ ss[cy-s∏- Sp-Ibpw BWv th≠-Xv' F∂mWv hµy- Xn-cp-ta\n ]Tn-∏n-®-Xv. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hn\- b-Øns‚ aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-amWv ]m{Xn- b¿°okv _mhmsb t\cn¬ I≠v kam- [m\w D≠m-°m-\mbn hm¿≤-Iy-Øn¬ \S- 1899-˛¬ FSp-Ø t^mt´m. Ccn-°p-∂-h¿:˛ am¿ Cuhm-\ntbmkv apd-n-a‰w (]n∂oSv ae- ¶-c-bnse {]Ya ImtXm-en-°m), am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv IS-hn¬, am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Ønb t¢i-I-c-amb a¿±o≥ bm{X. alm- ]pen-t°m-´n¬, am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv ]cp-a-e. \n¬°p-∂-h¿:˛ h-´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv \mb kn.F^- v. B≥{Uqkv h´t- »c- n¬ Xncp- IØ-\m¿ (]n∂oSv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv -˛ ), I√m-t»-cn¬ ]p∂qkv dºm≥ (]n∂oSv ta\n Hcp ]cn-ip≤\msW∂v hniz-kn-®n-cp- VI aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°m), sIm®p-]-d-ºn¬ ]ueqkv dºm≥ (]n∂oSv am¿ Iqdn-temkv), ∂p. At±lw c≠p-{]m-hiyw Xncp-ta-\nsb ImcpN- nd Kohd- pK- okv dºm≥ (]n∂oSv c≠mw ImtXme- n°- m), tIm\m´v amØ≥ a¬]m≥ kµ¿in®v ap´p-IpØn \ΩpsS I¿Ømhv kwkm-cn® `mj-bn¬ Xs∂ A\p-{K-ln-°- ae-¶c k`-bn¬ C∂p-hsc Hcp Xo£Wv X- bpw \ΩpsS ]nXmh- mb am¿tØm W-sa∂v At]-£n-°p-Ibpw Xncp-ta\n {InkvXob k`m t\Xm-hn\pw D≠m-bn-´n- Ωm «olmb- psS [ocX- bpw `mcX- Z- ¿i\- hpw A{]-Imcw A\p{K-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. √mØ hn[w am\k- nIhpw imcoc- nI- h- pa- mb ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\nbpsS ssZhm-{i-bhpw `mc-X-k-`bv°p aptº \S∂ ]nU-Iƒ G‰p-hm-ßn-s°m≠v h´-t»-cn¬ PohnX- h- ni- p≤- nbpw ITn\- a- mb t\mºpw D]- alm-]-cn-ip-≤≥ Xncp-ta\n ssIh-cn® hnP-b-߃ `mc-X-k- hm-khpw bma-{]m¿∞-\-Ifpw HØp-tN¿ `-bpsS hcpw Xe-ap-d-Iƒ AXy¥w BZ-c- ∂p-ff Bflo-b-tX-P- mbn-cp-∂p ae-¶-c- ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ thmsS a\- n-em-°m-\n-cn-°p-∂-tX-bp-≈q. bnse Cu ]pWy-hm≥. hn[m-Xm-hv, ae-¶-c-bp-sS kzmX-{¥y-in-ev]n, ae-¶-c-bn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ ]e k`m- ae¶- c- k- `- m`- mk- pc- s‚ Bflob {]`m- k`m-`-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS apJy Bkq-{X-I≥, t\-Xm-°fpw hntZ-i-k-`-bpsS XW-en¬ h-Øns‚ Znhy-tX-P v C∂v k`-bv°m-I- `mc-X-Øn-s‚ \mfsØ ss{IkvXh k` tNt°d- nb- t- ∏mƒ (kz¥w injy≥ t]mepw!) am\w {]Imiw sNmcn™- psIm≠- nc- n°- p∂- p. kz]v\w I≠ Zm¿i-\o-I≥ XpS-ßnb \ne- H´-\-h[n t¢i-߃ kln®v h´-t»-cn¬ I-fn-ep≈ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ I¿Ω- ]cn-ip≤ am¿tØmΩm «olm-bv°p- Xncp-ta\n `mc-X-k-`bv°p aptº \S-∂p. \n-jvT-Iƒ Hcp ]pcp-jm-bp v sIm≠v ]q¿ tijw `mc-X-k` I≠ alm-]-cn-ip-≤-\mb Øn-bm-°m≥ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ \S-Øn- tami-bpsS kuay-Xbpw t\Xr-Xz-i- am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkns‚ Hm¿Ω \ap°v ∏m-e-√msX km≤y-am-hp-∂-X-√. ‡nbpw Genbm {]hm-N-Is‚ hnizmk hmgvhn-\mbn Xocs´! Z Power Without Responsibility "a e-¶c k`-bpsS A[n-Im-chpw henb cmPysØ ss{IkvXh- k- `- bv°p t\ Øp-Iƒ ap≥Iq´n I≠n-cp-∂p. bPa- m\- \pw kºØpw X߃°v kz¥w' F∂ Imgv-N- XrXzw \¬In ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv? A ASna- bpw F∂ t]mse-bp≈ Hcp DS-ºSn ∏mSv ]pe¿Ønb At¥ym-Iy≥ ]m{Xn-b¿ ‘\ vFßs\ hgnI- mW- n°- m≥ km[n°pw? Ad-_n-Iƒ°v \¬Im≥ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp- °ok- pa- m¿°v `cXss{IkvXh k`sb∏‰n kotdm ae_- m¿ k`bv°p IqSpX- ¬ ta\n Xøm-d-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o- F¥p kz]v\a- mWv D≠mb- n´- p≈- Xv? h´t- »- A[nI- mc- ß- ƒ \¬Im≥ hØn°- m≥ Xøm- kns‚ apS°p `oj-WnbpsS apºn¬ h´- cn¬ Xncpt- a\- nb- psS kaI- me- o\- \- mb- nc- p∂ dm-hp-∂n-s√∂v I¿±n-\mƒ am¿ h¿°n hnX- t»-cn¬ sa{Xm-t∏me- oØ ap´pI- pØ- nb- n√- . temI-{]-kn≤ BwK-teb Ihn InπnwKv b-Øn¬ CubnsS Xpd∂p ]d-™p. (hnX- "Rm≥ Aßs\ sNøm≥ Fs‚ a\ - m£n (Rudyard Kipling, 1865-˛1936) Cu hntijm- b-Øn¬ ]nXmhv Fgp-Xnb "Straight from A\ph- Z- n°- p∂- n√. k` hnizmk- a- mbn Fs∂ [nI- mc- sØ A¿∞i- ¶- °- nS- b- n√- mØ- h- n[w the Heart' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ {]Im-i- Ge]v n®- n´- p≈ {SÃm-Wv. AXns\ Rm≥ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-ßs\: \-N-S-ßv, ae-bmf at\m-c-a, 11 am¿®v 2009) Fßs\ H‰n-s°m-Sp°pw? AXv Fs∂- ‘Power without responsibility--the pre- GXv hntZ-i-k-`-bv°mWv as‰mcp s°m≠v Hcn°- epw km[ya- √,' Xncpt- a\n rogative of the harlot throughout the ages' cmPysØ k`-bpsS kzX-{¥-amb hf¿®- ]. ]m{Xnb- ¿°okv _mhm-tbmSv ]d-™p. As√¶- n¬ Xs∂, kz¥w \m´n¬ bn¬ Bflm¿∞-amb XmXv]-cy-ap-≈-Xv? ae-¶-c-bpsS A¥ v Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn- t]mepw kz¥w k`sb kwc-£n-°m≥ Zo¿LZ¿in-bmb h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp- °m≥ HSph- n¬ B kXym{-Kln kzbw _en- Ign-hn-√m-Ø-h¿ Gß-s\-bmWv as‰mcp ta\n `mc-X-k-`bv°p h∂p-`-hn® Cu hn]- bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Z 6 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ Ih¿ tÃmdn ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n hnip-≤n-bn-te-°p-≈ ]S-hp-Iƒ ""Rm≥ \√ t]m¿ s]mcp-Xn, Hm´w XnI-®p, hnizmkw ImØp. C\n \oXn-bpsS IncoSw F\n-°mbn sh®n-cn-°p∂p'' (2 XntamØn 4: 7,8). 1858 HIvtSm-_¿ 31: ]I-tem-a‰w ]mc-º-cy-ap≈ ]∆-Øn-°p- 1908 s^{_p-hcn 27: ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ tN¿∂ ]≈n {]Xn- t∂¬ Xd-hm-´n¬ a√-∏-≈n h´-t»-cn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ buk- ]p-cp-j-tbmKw Koh¿Kokv dºms\ sa{Xm≥ ÿm\-tØ°v Xnc- ^ns‚bpw Genb- mΩ- b- ps- Sbpw aI\- mbn hn.sP. Koh¿Kokv P\n®- p. s™-Sp-Øp. 1876 HIvtSm-_¿ 12: avkt{amt\m ÿm\w (]t{Xmkv XrXo- 1908 sabv 31: tbdpi- t- ea- n¬ sh®v sa{Xmt- ∏me- oØ- b- mbn hmgn- b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bn¬ \n∂v ]pXp-∏-≈n-bn¬ sh®v) °-s∏-´p, Koh¿Kokv am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv F∂-t]-cn¬. (At¥ym- 1879 HIvtSm-_¿ 16: ]q¿Æ siΩm-i-]´w (]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n- Iym-bpsS am¿ A_vZp≈ ZznXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv apJy Im¿Ωn- bn¬ \n∂v) (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) Kpcp-hmb ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS sk{I-´-dn-bmbn I\- mb- nc- p∂- p) (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) AknÃ- ‚v ae¶- c sa{Xmt- ∏me- oØ- b- mbn tkh\w A`nhµy-Xn-cp-ta-\n-tbm-sSm∏w ]≈n-Iƒ kµ¿in-®p. (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) ]cp-ae 1909 : ae¶- c sa{Xmt- ∏me- oØ tPmk^ v am¿ Zoh∂- mt- kymk v V Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS injy-\mbn A`y-kn®v thZ-im-kv{X-Ønepw kpdn- 1909 Pqsse 11 \v Imew sNbvXXns\-Øp-S¿∂v ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m- bm-\n-bnepw ]mfinXyw t\Sn. eo-Ø-bmbn ÿm\-ta-‰p. 1880 P\p-hcn 18: ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ \n∂v I»oi ]´w 1909 sk]v‰w-_¿ 25: am¿ A_vZp≈ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ kzoI-cn-®p. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS t\Xr-ÿm\w hln-®n-cp∂ hµy- (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) t_ms_-bn¬ kzoI-cn-®p. ae-¶-c-sb-Ønb A_vZp≈ ]m{Xn- (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) b¿°okv euIoI A[n-Im-c-apƒs∏sS ]q¿Æ A[n-Imcw ]m{Xn- b¿°o-kn\v ae-¶-c-bpsS taep-s≠∂ cPn-tÿUv DS-ºSn Bh- iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1911 Pq¨ 8: tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n°v (1889) hncp-≤-ambn DS- ºSn \veIm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn® ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb apS-°n- s°m-≠p≈ am¿ A_vZp≈ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iev]-\. ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ sXm´-SpØ apdn-bn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ am¿ Znh-∂m- tkym-kn\v 9.6.1911˛¬ Ab®v IØv e`n®Xv Pq¨ 27˛mw Xob-Xn. Aflmb {SÃnbpw sshZnI {SÃnbpw ]m{Xob- ¿°ok- ns- \m∏w IqSn. 1911 Pq¨ 27: Fw.Un. skan-\mcn Nm∏-en¬ k`m amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n IqSn am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\v ]n¥pW \¬Ip-∂p. 1911 Pqsse 9: ae¶c At m-kn-tb-j≥ Fw.Un. skan-\m-cn- bn¬ IqSn h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-°v ]q¿Æ ]n¥pW \¬In. ]m{Xn- ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]gb Xd-hm´p hoSv bn¿°ok- ns- \m∏w tN¿∂ amØ≥ a¬]ms- \bpw kn.sP. Ipcys- \bpw ]nX- m°- ∑- mc- pa- mbn tN¿∂v {]h¿Øn°- p∂- X- n\v hn. sP. Koh¿Kokv {SÃn ÿm\Øp \n∂p \o°n ]pXnb c≠pt- ]¿°v ÿm\w \¬In. IØ-\m¿°v `mKyw e`n-®p. 1911 BKÃv : At¥ymIym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv am¿ A_vZpƒ 1881 : ae¶c aev]m≥ F∂ al-\ob ÿm\w e`n®p. ]cp-ae ainlm, A_vZp≈ ]m{Xnb- ¿°ok- ns‚ apS°v \ne\- n¬°ns- √∂pw skan-\m-cn-bn¬ amt\-P¿, a¬]m≥ F∂o \ne-I-fnepw tkh-\w. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw Iq´cpw A\p-{K-ln-°-s∏-´-h-cm-sW∂pw (]cp-ae skan-\mcn amt\-P-cmbn 30 h¿jw XpS¿∂p). sSen{Kmw hgn Adn-bn-°p-∂p. 1885 : ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bpsS \nb-{¥Ww ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Zoh- 1912 am¿®v 31 : ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS {][m\ kwc- ∂m-tkymkv hos≠-Sp-Ø-tijw ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ V £-I-\m-bn-cp∂ h¿°n h¿§okv (]m∏n-km¿) sIm√-s∏-´p. a¬]m\mbn tkh\w. (1909 hsc a¬]m-\mbn {]h¿Øn-®p.) (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) 1912 Pq¨ 13 : ]m{Xn-b¿°okv am¿ A_vZpƒ ainl tIc-f- tIm\m´v amØ≥ a¬]m-\p-ambn tN¿∂v Ip¿_m-\-{Iaw ae-bm-f- Øn-se-Øn. Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. (1903˛¬ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn). (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) IywXm \a-kvIm-c-Ønse Km\-߃ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ i¶p-Æn-bpsS 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15 : ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w ae-¶c k`- klm-b-tØmsS ae-bm-f-Øn-em-°n. bn¬ ]p\ÿ- m]- n®- p. BZy ImtXme- n°- b- mbn am¿ _tke- nt- bmkv ]utemkv (apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ _mhm) ÿm\-ta-‰p. 1889 : tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n-bn¬ At¥ymIym ]m{Xn-b¿°o- I kn\v ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ euIoI A[n-Im-c-an-s√∂v hy‡-am-°n. 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 17 : am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\- Øn¬ ImtXm-en-°sb hmgn-®-Xmbn A_vZpƒ ainlm ]m{Xn- 1893 : Fw.Un. skan-\mcn kvIqƒ Bcw-`n-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS I¬]-\. ae-¶c At m-kn-tb-js‚ D]- Npa-Xe Koh¿Kokv a¬]m\v \¬In ( 1901 hsc {]n≥kn-∏m-fmbn tZ-i-{]-Imcw sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-amsc hmgn-°p-∂-Xn\pw aqtdm≥ tkh-\w) IqZmi \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw ImtXm-en-°m-bv°v A[n-Im-c-ap-s≠∂v 1903 \hw-_¿ 1: ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Znh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a\m¬ I¬]-\-bn¬ hy‡-am-°n. dºm≥ ÿm\-tØ°v Db¿Øs∏-´p. 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ 7 tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ 1930 P\p-hcn 23 : h´-t»-cn¬ Xncpta-\n-s°-Xn-cmb tIkv tImSXn X≈n-°-f-™p. F√m \nb-a-bp-≤-ß-fnepw hnP-bn®v (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) ae-¶c k`-bpsS kzmX-{¥yhpw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ F∂ ÿm\hpw \nb-a-]-c-ambn h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n hos≠-Sp-Øp. 1930 sk]v‰w-_¿ 20 : injy-\mb _Y-\n-bpsS am¿ Cuhm-\n- tbmkv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizmkw Dt]-£n®v k`-bpsS ÿm]-\- ß-fp-ambn ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ tNcp-∂p. 1931 am¿®v 20 : At¥ymIym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv am¿ Gen-bmkv Bep-h-bn-se-Øn. Xs∂ kµ¿in® ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ III (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ apS°v \o°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xmbn Gen-bmkv ]m{Xnb- ¿°okv ]cky {]ÿmh- \ \SØ- n. CXn¬ ]pXpa D≠m- III bn-cp-∂n√ Ggp h¿j-߃°v apºv Xs∂ a¿±o-\n¬ sh®v Gen- bmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv apS°v am‰n-bn-cp-∂p. {_n´ojv III (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) sshkvtdmbv C¿hn≥ {]`p ( ) XmXv]-cy-sa-SpØv ae-¶-c- Lord Irwin bn¬ sFIyw ]p\-ÿm-]n-°m≥ {ian-s®-¶nepw hnP-bn-®n-√. ]t{Xmkv A_vZp≈ , Gen-bmkv XpS-ßnb F√m ]m{Xn- III, II III b¿°o-k-∑mcpw ae-¶c k` ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iogn¬ Bbn-cn- ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Cdm-°nse samkq-fn¬ (1923) °-W-sa∂pw ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w Dt]-£n-°-W-sa∂pw 1913 s^{_p-hcn 24 : ae-¶-c-bnse taev]-´-°m¿°v ImtXm- \n¿_‘w D≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w Dt]-£n- en°m _mhm-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-Isf hmgn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff Ah-Imiw °-W-sa∂ hmZw ae-¶-c-k-`bv°p kzoI-cy-am-bn-√. A_vZpƒ ainlm ]m{Xnb- ¿°okv Hcp Iev]\- b- n¬ IqSn \¬In. 1932 Pq¨ 30 : Ipdp-∏w]-Sn-bn¬ sh®v ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ 1919 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15 : h´n-∏-W-t°-kn¬ PÃnkv i¶-c-∏n≈ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ hnNm-cW sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Gen-bmkv h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n-®p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ DZyaw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. III 1923 am¿®v 10 : h´n-∏-W-t°-kn¬ PÃnkv hoc-cm-Lh Aø-¶m- 1934 s^{_p-hcn : tcmK-_m-[n-X-\mbn h´-ti-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n cpsS (tZmj-I-c-am-b) tImS-Xn-hn-[n. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ ac-W-i-ø-bn¬ A_vZp≈ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm apS-°n-bXv icn-sh-®p. 1934 s^{_p-hcn 23 : h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n ]gb skan-\m-cn- bn¬ sh®v \mev]Xmw sh≈n-bmgvN Imew sNbvXp. Imew (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) sNøp-∂-Xn\v Hcp h¿jw apºv hn¬]{Xw Xøm-dm°n cPn-ÿ sNbvXp. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Npa-X-e-bn¬ D≈ F√m kzØp°- fpw AhI- mi- ß- fpw kp∂l- t- Zmk- n\v \¬In. k`bv°p (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) Hcp `c-W-L-S-\-sb∂ kz]v\w bmYm¿∞y-am-°p-∂-Xn\v A¥y- ImeØpw Xncp-ta\n ]cn-{i-an-®p. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Hcp \°¬ Xøm-dm°n F∂m¬ AXv AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-thmfw `c-W-L-S\m inev]n Pohn-®n-cp-∂n-√. 2003 s^{_ph- cn 24 : ]. _t e- nt- bmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ sh®v h´- t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv s\ ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn VI {]Jym-]n®p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ssI∏-S-bn-se-gp-Xnb Ub-dn-bn¬ \n∂v Z 1923 Pq¨ 26 : Gen-bmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhmsb I≠v III ae-¶-c-bnse {]iv\-߃ N¿®-sN-øp-∂-Xn\v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n t_ms_-bn¬ \n∂v I∏¬I-b-dn. 1923 HIvtSm-_¿ : apS°v Xo¿Øv Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ae-¶-c- VI bn¬ aS-ßn-sb-Øn. alm-Ihn h≈-tØmƒ k`m-`m-kp-c≥ F∂v (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:88) h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb \ma-I-cWw sNøp-∂p. 1925 G{]n¬ : c≠mw ImtXm-en-°-bmbn Koh¿Kokv am¿ ]oe- Ivkn-t\m-kv am¿ _t -en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv {]Y-a≥ F∂ \ma- Øn¬ hmgn-°-s∏-´p. 1928 Pqsse 2: dnhyq s]‰o-j-\n¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn PÃokv Nm‰v^o¬Uv hn[n-®p. 1929 s^{_p-hcn : Koh¿Kokv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkns\ (I√m- ]. _t -en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm- t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n) aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn _t -en-tbmkv en°m _mhm ]gb skan\- mc- nb- n¬ sh®v h´t- »c- n¬ Xncpt- a\- nsb Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ F∂ \ma-Øn¬ hmgn-°p-∂p. ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn {]Jym-]n°p∂p. 8 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ Ih¿ tÃmdn KpcpZ£nW {_n ´ojv km{amP- yØ- n\v C≥Uyb- n¬ ]cn-K-W-\o-b-amb hnj-bta Bbn-cp-∂n-√. HutZym-Kn-Iÿ- m-\Øv Fs‚ Xebv°p-aosX ASn-ÿm-\-an-´Xv F.Un. 1757˛se πm n {]Xnj- vTn°- m≥ aev]m\- ®≥ AWnb- d- b- n¬ Aß-s\, Xs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ae-¶-c- bp≤a- mW- v. \hm_v kndmPv Zufb- psS ssk thjw sI´n®p sIm≠ph- ∂ BfmWv ]n.‰n. k`- sb H∂mbn tdmans‚ Iogne- m°- pI F∂ \y-sØ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v {_n´ojv Koh¿Ko-kv.'' e£yw \S-°n-s√∂v sshImsX Xncn-®- Iam≥U¿˛C≥-˛-No^v taP¿ P-\-d¬ tdm dn™ vAt±lw In´mh- p∂- s- X√mw hmcn°- q´n Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS Aflmb _¿´v ss¢hns\ klm-bn-®Xv \hm-_ns‚ tdmam-k-`-bn-te°v t]mbn. t\Xm-°-fn¬ {]ap-J\pw k`-bpsS A`n-am- ssk\ym-[n-]-\m-bn-cp∂ ao¿ Pm^-dm-bn-cp- \-`m-P-\-hp-am-bn-cp∂ sI.kn. amΩ≥ am∏n- A·n-]-co-£-bn¬ IqSn IS-∂p-s]m-bv- ∂p. {_n´ojv `c-WØns\m-Sp-hn¬ cmPyw f-bpsS apI-fn¬ {]n≥kn-∏-embn ]n.‰n. Koh¿ s°m-≠n-cp∂ ae-¶c k`-bpsS \mf-sØ hn`-Pn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Kokv siΩm-is\ \nb-an-°-W-sa-¶n¬ k` {]Xo-£-bmbn Xs‚ IÆnse IrjvW-a- amXrc- mP- ysØ H‰ns- °mS- pØ cmPyt- {Zm- bpw aev]m\- ®- \pw siΩmi- s\ F{Xa- m{Xw Wntb-°m-ƒ IcpXn hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h∂ ln-bmb ao¿ Pm^-dns‚ hwi-Øn¬ s]Sp- hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw Icp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp h’e injy≥ sNbvX NXn-tbm¿Øv h´- Øm-hp∂ Ipe-t{Zm-ln-Iƒ ae-¶-c-bn-ep-ap- F∂v A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu [m¿- t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n AXy-[nIw hyk-\n-®p. ≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Iq\≥ Ipcnip kXyw (1653) ΩnI k¶-S-Øn¬ amΩ≥ am∏nf ae-¶c sNbvXv tdma≥ ASna- -XzØ- n¬ \n∂v tamN\w tIm´bw Fw.Un.-sk-an-\mcn kvIqƒ sa{Xm-\mb ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS e`n® ae-¶c k`bv°v 1930˛¬ ho≠pw apdn- slUvamÃ- d- mbncp∂ sI.kn. amΩ≥ am∏nf klmbw tXSn-sb-¶n-epw aev]m-\-®≥ ISp- hp≠mb- n. AXns‚ kq{X[- mc- ≥- k`ma- mX- m- "PohnX- k- vac- W- I- f- n¬' h´t- »c- n¬ Xncpt- a- InS Ab-hp-h-cmsX Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ Dd-®p- hns\ ]q¿Æa- mbn ]m›mX- yk- `- bv°p hn‰p- \n-bpsS GI Bflob aIs\ \ap°v ]cn- \n-∂p. 1908 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15˛mw XobXn h´- I-f-bm≥ ap≥Iq-´n-Øs∂ Icp-\o°w XpS- N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv: t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Koh¿§okv siΩm-i\v ßnb- ncp-∂-Xmbn At±lw ImtXm-en°m "".... thf-bn-emWv amth-en-°c kztZ-in- sshZnI]´w \evIn. k`-bnse BZysØ _mhmb- v°v Ab®v Hcp IØn¬ \n∂v hy‡- bmb ]n.‰n. Koh-dp-Kokv siΩm-i≥ Fs∂mcp Fw.F. _ncp-Z-ap≈ ]´-°m-c-\m-b-Xn-\m¬ am-Wv. hnZym¿∞n Fw.Un. sslkvIq-fn¬ \memw At±lw Fw.F. A®≥ F∂v Adn-b-s∏- ^md-Øn¬ h∂p-tN¿∂-Xv. Cu siΩm-i≥ ´p. 1912˛¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v I¬°- ""...\mw Hcp kzX-{¥-k-`-bmbn \n¬°- kztX ka-¿∞-\pw _p≤n-am\pw Bbn-cp- ´b- n¬ Hcp tIm¨^d- ≥kn¬ ]s¶S- p°- m≥ cpXv F∂mWv AbmfpsS A`n-{]mbw. Cu ∂X- n\- m¬ ae]v m\- ®- s‚ (]n∂oS vh´t- »c- n¬ £Ww e`n-®p. hniz-kvX-\mb Koh¿§okv cmPyØ- n\p ]pdØv Hcp tae-[n-Imcw thWw. Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv) khn-ti- IØ-\m-sc-bmWv Xncp-ta\n Xs‚-sbm∏w Aßn-s\-sbm-∂n-√m-Ø-Xns‚ tZmjw am¿- j-amb hm’-ey-Øn\p ]m{Xo-`-hn-®p. Iq´n-b-Xv. skdm-ºq¿ tImfPv {]n≥kn-∏¬ tØmΩm kapZmbw Ct∏mƒ A\p-`-hn-°p- aev]m-\-®\v Cu siΩmi- s‚ ]TnØ Imcy- Koh¿Kokv IØ-\m-cpsS tkh\w hn´p-In- ∂p. Cu \m´n-ep≈ tae-[n-Im-c-Øn\p ´p-∂-Xn\v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv ߃ {]tXyIw {i≤n-°bpw AXp-t]mse taembn bmsXmcp A[n-Im-c-hp-an-s√-¶n¬ A`y¿∞n°- pI- bpw At±l- Ø- ns- ‚bpw k`- Xs∂ siΩm»- \pw aev]m\- ®- t- \mSv Fs¥- Bcpw hI-sh-°n-√... CsX-∏‰n \mapw bp-sSbpw `mhn°v AXv \√Xm-sW∂v Icp ∂n-√mØ `‡ymZc-߃ Df-hm-Ip-Ibpw \∂mbn Btem-Nn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv...'' Xn A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ sNbvXp. Ccph- cpw XΩn¬ ]nXr]- p{-X\- n¿hn- kmº-Øn-I-ambn D∂-Xn-bn¬ \n∂n- skdm-ºq¿ tImf-Pn¬ {]^-k-dmbn ]n.‰n. tij- a- mb Hcp lrZb- _- ‘w hf¿∂ph- ∂- p. cp∂ bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-߃°v kzbw Iog- Koh¿Kokv IØ-\m¿ tkh\-a-\p-jvTn-®p. `mhnb- n¬ k`mt- kh- \- Ø- n\v aev]m\- ®- s‚ S-ßn k`m-am-Xm-hns\ Ah¿°v ImgvN-sh- a\- n-\n-W-ßnb G‰hpw tbmKy-\mb Hcp 1917 \hw-_¿ 25˛mw XobXn Ahn-sS- ®m¬ In´p∂ t\´-߃ Hfn™pw sXfn- sNdp∏- °- mc- s\ I≠pI- n´- nb- ms- e∂- t- ]mse \n∂pw At±lw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v ™pw At±lw ae-¶-c-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p- siΩm-»s‚ k¿∆-hn-Zym-`ymk sNe-hp- Ab® IØn¬ \n∂pw GXm\pw hcnI- ƒ... sIm≠- nc- p∂- p. ae¶- c- k- `- sb ASnb- d shbv- Ifpw kapZ- mb sNeh- n¬ ae]v m\- ®- ≥ kuP "" Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v Hcp Most Beloved Father... °p-∂-Xn-\mbn tdmam-k-`-bp-ambn At±lw -\y-ambn \n¿∆-ln-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. siΩm-»≥ hnØv hnX®- p. AXp Rm≥ BWv. hnØv At∏mt- g°pw clk- ya- mbn _‘w ÿm]n®p a{Sn-°p-te-j≥ ¢m p hsc kap-Zm-b-sN-e- \qdpta\n ^ew sImSp°- W- s- a∂p hcpI- n¬ Ign-™n-cp-∂p. hn¬- Fw.-Un-.bn¬ ]Tn-®p. Ahn-sS- \n∂p F¥mWv th≠-sX∂v Rm≥ ]d-tb-≠-Xn- km¿∆-{XnI k`-bpsS LS-I-amb tZiob a{Sn°- pt- ej- ≥ ]co£ ]m mb- t- ijw ae]v m- √-t√m....'' k`-I-ƒ XΩn-ep≈ {InkvXob sFIyw \-®≥ At±-lsØ kap-Zmb sNe-hn¬ skdm-ºq-cn¬ \n∂v aS-ßn-sbØn ae- A\nh- mc- ya- mW- v. F∂m¬, B e£yw ssI tIm´bw kn.Fw.-Fkv. tImf-Pn¬ Ab-®p ¶-c-bnse Bflob t]mj-W-Øn\v h´-t»- h-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp tZiob k` as‰mcp ]Tn-∏n-®p. Ahn-sS-∂n∂v F^v.-F. ]co£ cn¬ Xncpt- a\- nb- psS A\p{-Kl- min - pI- t- fm- hntZi k`bv°v Iog-S-ßn-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ bpw. Fw.F.bpw ]m mbn aSß- nh- ∂- p. ae]v m sSbpw k`b- nse {]apJ- c- psS klmb- t- Øm- ImgvN-∏mSv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-Iƒ°n-√. -\-®s‚ kmº-ØnIamb kuP-\y-߃ sSbpw dm∂n˛- s- ]c- p\- mS vF∂ ÿeØ v_Y\n F√m Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-Ifpw kzX- sIm≠v Fw.F. _ncp-Z-[m-cn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂ B{iaw XpSß- n. [_Y\n {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ {¥hpw tZio-b-hp-am-Wv. siΩm-is\ kap-Zmb tkh-\-Øn¬ Hcp apJy D]-⁄m-Xm-°ƒ ]n.‰n. Koh¿Kokv {][m\ ÿm\Øp {]Xnj- Tv n°- m\- p≈ A`n- ae-¶-ck-`-bpsS kzmX{¥yw kwc-£n- IØ-\mcpw Ae-Ivkn-tbmkv IØ-\mcpw \nt- hiw ae]v m\- ®- \- n¬ sImSpº- nc- ns- °m≠- p.'' °p∂- X- n\ vk`mt- \X- rXzw s]mcpX- ns- °m≠- n- (]n∂oSv Ae-Ivkn-tbmkv am¿ tXthm-tZm- cn°- pt- ºmƒ Xs∂ hntZi- k- `- bv°p kzbw alm-\mb ]{Xm-[n-]¿ sI.kn. amΩ≥ tkymkv) Bbn-cp-∂p.] Xs‚ Bflob Iogvs∏-Sp-∂Xv Fß-s\-bmWv? AsXmcp am∏nf XpS-cp∂p: ""Fw.Un. sslkvIq-fn¬ ]p{Xs‚ D’mlw I≠v a\ v \ndsb 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ 9 tPm¿Pn-b≥ and¿ kt¥m-jn®v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Hcp \ΩpsS IgpØv Cu coXn-bn¬ AdpØp Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv \K-c-a-≤y-Øn¬ \qdp-I- IØn¬ Cßs\ FgpXn: ""...\ap°v Hcp th¿s]-Sp-Øn-bmepw \mw CXn\v A\p-Iq- W-°n\v G°-dp- `qan hmßn Aca- \ ]Wn- hnizk- vX\pw kXyk- vt\l- nb- pw Ds≠¶n¬ en-°-bn-√.'' 1105 I¿°n-SIw 23˛mw XobXn Xp, kz¥w t]cn¬ tImfPpw Bcw-`n-®p. AXv Xm\m-sW∂v \mw Adn-bm-Ø-h\-√.'' h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb I≠-Xn-s\-]‰n ]m›mX- yc- psS ]Ww D]t- bm-Kn®p ae-¶c k`-bn¬ _Y\n ]≈n-Iƒ ÿm-]n-°-s∏- ^m. ]mtd-´ns‚ Ub-dn-bn¬ Cßs\ Ipdn- k`sb A´n-a-dn-°p-∂-Xn\pw \ΩpsS Cu Sp-∂Xp I≠v ae-¶c k`-bpsS `mhn-°p- ®n-cn-°p∂p: ""..._Y-\n-°m-cy-am-bn-cp∂p ap≥ CS-b≥ ]cn-{i-an-®p. th≠n Atlm-cm{Xw IjvS-s∏-´n-cp∂ Xncp- C∂sØ {][m\- k- wk- mc- h- nj- b- w. _Y\n "Xm≥ ÿm]n® _Y\n B{i-a-Øn¬ ta-\n°v henb {]Xo-£-Iƒ D≠m-bn. sa{Xm®- ≥ NXn®p F∂mWv henb sa{Xm \n∂v k¿∆hpw Dt]-£n®p ItØm-en° ®≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xv.'' 1091 CShw 18˛\v Ip∂w-Ipfw tIkn¬ k`-bp-ambn "]p\-ssc-Iy-s∏´p' F∂v C∂v t{Imkv hnkvXm-c-Øn¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp- Ign-hp≈ ÿeß-fn-se√mw _Y-\n-∏- am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn-s\-]‰n hmgvØp- ta\n Cßs\ samgn \¬In: ""Snbms‚ (]n.‰n. ≈nI- ƒ ÿm]n°- W- s- a∂p Iev]n® h´t- »- tºmƒ Xs∂ At±lw ]mh-s∏´ ae-¶-c- Koh¿Kokv IØ-\m-cp-sS) Bbp pw kIe cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Xs∂ 1105 Ip`w 21˛mw XobXn k-`-bpsS kzØp-°ƒ A]-l-cn-s®-Sp-Ø- kºm-Zyhpw kpd-n-bm\n kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ C\n taen¬ _Y-\n-∏-≈n-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p- Xns‚ tI p-Ifpw tImSXn hn[n-Ifpw Ncn- KpWØ- n\- mbn sNeh- nS- W- s- a∂- p≈ \njvT- t]m-I-cp-sX∂v Iev]\ Ab-®p. {X-tc-J-I-fmbn C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. tbm-Sp-IqSn the sNøp∂ Hcm-fv.'' C\n sshIp-∂Xv _p≤n-b√ F∂v Xncn- am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv hymP-samgn \¬In- 1925 tabv 1˛mw XobXn _Y\- nb- psS F∏n- ®-dn™v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv am¿]m∏- bXmbn tImSXn hn[n\- ymb- Ø- n¬ FSpØp k- vtIm∏- b- mb- n Koh¿Kokv am¿ Cuhm\- n- bpsS C≥Uyb- nse sUent- K‰v A∏k- vtXm- ]d-™n-´p-ap-≠v. tbmk vF∂ t]cn¬ ]n.‰n. Koh¿Kok®≥ en-°msb I≠v tdmam k`-bn¬ tNcp-∂- imkv{Xob-ambn \pW {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂- hmgn-°-s∏-´p. Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ Hcp ]‰w Xn-\p≈ \S-]Sn {Ia-߃ kzoI-cn-®p. Xnepw I≈s- Øf- nh- pI- ƒ D≠m°- p∂- X- nepw _Y\n A®∑- ms- cbpw I\ymk- v{XoI- s- fbpw 1930 sk]v‰w-_¿ 20˛mw XobXn sIm√- bqtdm-∏n-ep-≈-h-tcmSv a’-cn-°m≥ \ap-°m- At±lw hi-Øm-°n-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. Øp sN∂v eØo≥ _nj∏v tUm. Atem- hn-√-t√m. am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ al-Xz c≠mw ImtXm-en°m ]. _t -en- jykv _≥kn-K-dns‚ apºn¬ ap´p-IpØn hpw ]cn-ip-≤nbpw hmgvØn-s°m≠p doØp- tbmkv Koh¿Kokv _mhm 1928 Unkw-_¿ am¿]m∏ shs©-cn® sh¥nß Igp-Øn-e- Im¿ ta\n-°-S-em-kn¬ [mcmfw IY-Iƒ 17˛\v Imew sNbvXp. I√m-t»cn¬ am¿ Wn™v kXy-hm-N-I-߃ G‰p-sNm√n {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v: ... 1932˛¬ am¿ Cuhm- {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns\ ImtXm-en-°-bmbn ItØm-en-°-\m-bn. \n-tbmkv tdman¬t]mbn am¿]m∏sb hmgn-°m≥ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v Koh¿ kµ¿in®- p... bqtdm∏- n¬ ]cyS- \w \SØ- n... hnizkn® vG¬]n®- ps- ImS- pØ At\Iw Kokv am¿ Cuhm\- nt- bmk- ns‚ klIc- W- w Ab¿e‚n¬ sh®v I≠p-ap-´nb hnJymX ]≈nI- f- pw ÿm]- \- ß- fpw At±lw ]m›mXy Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. X°-k-abw t\m°n k`bv°v ASn-bd At±lw Kpcp\- mY- t- \mSv hnet- ]i- n. aq∂mw sh®p. am¿ Cuhm\- n- ImtXme- n°- b- mbn I√mt- »c- n¬ am¿ _t - tbmk- ns‚ kpµc- a- mb en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-bs\ hmgn® bqtdm-]y≥ taml\ AtX thZnb- n¬ sh®v am¿ Cuhm\- nt- bmkv hmKZv m\- ß- f- n¬ BIr- F∏n-kvtIm-∏msb sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn jSv c- mbn Ipsd _Y\n hmgn®- p. sXm´S- pØ Znhkw Xs∂ am¿ Cuhm- injy-∑mcpw "]p\- \nt- bmk- ns‚ _Y\- nb- nse am¿ bmt°m_v sscIyw' F∂ t]cn¬ dºms\ sXtbm^- nt- emkv F∂ \maØ- n¬ tdma≥ ItØme- n°m F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bmbpw hmgn-®p. hnizmkw kzoIc- n®- p. \njvI-f-¶-Nn-Ø-\mb aq∂mw ImtXm-en- Xm≥ a‰ms- c°- mf- pw °msb IqSp°- ne- m°- p∂- X- n\pw tdma≥ \pI- ktv \ln®p hf¿Ø- nb Øn\p Iogn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`sb sIm≠p-h-cp- _Y\n sa{Xm-®s‚ ∂-Xn\pw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv ]e IpX- NXn k`b- psS kzmX- {¥-ßfpw {]tbm-Kn-®p. ¥yØ- n\- pt- h≠n Pohn am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ tdmam Iºw Xw Dgn™- ps- h® h´- h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS sNhn-bnepw t»c- n¬ Xncpt- a\- nb- psS FØns- b¶- nepw {]nb injy\- ne- p≈ hnizmkw lrZbw XI¿Øp. ImcWw AsXm∂pw At±lw Imcy-am-sb- Xs‚ PohnX- mh- k- m\w Sp-Øn-√. HSp-hn¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n- hscbpw Cu thZ\ bpsS a\ - d- nb- m≥ ]mtd´- v A®s\ (]n∂oSv At±lw lrZb- Ø- n¬ amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv) am¿ Cuhm- hln®- p. \n-tbmkv ZqX-\mbn Ab-®p. kº∂- a- mb tdmam- Cu h¿Ø-am\w Adn-bn® DS≥ Xs∂ k-`-bn¬ tNt°-dn-b- h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n CSXp ssIsIm≠v tXmsS am¿ Cuhm-\n- Xs‚ \o≠ XmSo-aoi ]nSn-®p-b¿Øn IgpØv tbmkv s]cp-\mSv ae- hmfps- Im≠v Adp°- p∂ coXnb- n¬ ssI Im- ap-I-fnse ]p¬°q-Sn Wn®p sIm≠v Iev]n®p: ""IØ-\m-c-®m, en¬ \n∂pw Cd-ßn 10 2009 G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨

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