Georgi Vasilev Bogomilism — An Important Precursor of the Reformation Is there a connection between Bogomilism and the Reforma­ tion? This is not an unusual question, it has already been asked. American Methodist historian Linus Broket, remembered for his voluminous research1, published in 1879 a small book with the provocative title “The Bogomils of Bulgaria and Bosnia ( The Early Protestants of the East: An Atempt to Restore Some Lost Leaves of Protestant History).”2 It should be noted that besides allowing for the connection between Bogomilism and Protestantism the book presented interesting and suggestive facts in its support. In the frst third of the 20th century Leo Seifert observed that Wyclife drew very close to the views of dualism3. A similar opinion on a larger scale is also expressed by the famous Bulgarian literary scholar Ivan Shishmanov: “Our Bogomils are, so to speak, the frst © Georgi Vasilev, 2011. Translated from Bulgarian to English by Dr. Georgi Nyagolov. htp://www.utoronto.ca/tsq 1 Brocket, L. P. and Mary C. Vaughan: Woman's Work in the Civil War: A Record of Heroism, Patriotism and Patience. With an introduction by Henry W. Bellows. Illustrated with sixteen steel engravings. Philadelphia, Zeigler, Mc­ Curdy & co.; Boston [etc.] R. H. Curran, 1867. Brocket, L. P. The Cross and the Crescent. Published by Hubbard Bros. Company., USA. 1877. 594 pages. The book has 46 full­page size wood block engravings, and one foldout colour map. 2 Brocket, L. P. The Bogomils of Bulgaria and Bosnia (The Early Protestants of the East: An Atempt to Restore Some Lost Leaves of Protestant History). Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society. 1879. 3 Зайферт, Л. Световните революционери (от Богомил през Хус до Ле­ нин). София, 1994, с. 49. Original title: Seifert, J. Leo. Die Weltrevolutionäre. Von Bogomil über Hus zu Lenin. Wien, 1931. 142 Protestants in Europe — not because the priest Bogomil preceded Wyclife, Hus and Luther by several centuries, but also because his teaching spread quickly westwards and found favourable condi­ tions to develop in Italy (especially in Lombardy), France (in Provence), Belgium, the Netherlands, the Rhine Valley, Met, Strasbourg, Cologne, Bonn, Trier, etc., and even in England.”4 In the limited space of this paper we are going to look at this infu­ ence through the Reformation triad John Wyclife (c. 1328—1384), Jan Hus (1369—1415) and Martin Luther (1483—1546). There are also some associations that have already been voiced. First, John Wyclife became known as the Morning Star of the Reformation. Anne Hudson, an eminent English researcher, defned his work and that of his followers — the Lollards — as premature Reforma­ tion.5 Moreover, John Wyclife and Jan Hus have been called prot­ estants before Protestantism emerged as a movement. It is also known that Martin Luther (1483—1546) took special interest in the work of Jan Hus. There is even medieval woodcut that we append to our report, it shows how Wyclife with fint and steel starts the fre of the Reformation and Hus takes the fame with kindle wood, while Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchton use torches to turn it into a strong and sustained fre. We will now add facts to this im­ age. There are studies of John Wyclife's infuence on Jan Hus, but the organic continuity between the three fgures, Wyclife, Hus, Luther, so far has not been thoroughly studied. And a great cultural work it is. The 14th century in England saw the fourishing of the literature and iconography of the Lol­ lards, the followers of John Wyclife, which was paralleled by the academic achievements of the Oxford Lollards. All this was crow­ ned by the courageous reformist and civil thought of John Wyc­ life, who translated the New Testament into Middle English (1381). From there dualist ideas included in the reformation theo­ logy of John Wyclife were conveyed to the Kingdom of Bohemia and Jan Hus, who protected and adopted them as the basis of his reformation activity including his own translation of the Bible into 4 Шишманов, И. Литературна история на Възраждането в Италия. Со­ фия, 1934, с. 119. 5 Hudson, A. The Premature Reformation Oxford, 1988. 143 Czech. Jan Hus was called a champion of Wyclife's views. Later, Martin Luther expressed his admiration for the sacrifce of the Bo­ hemian reformer and declared himself successor of Jan Hus, a continuing his reform by translating the Bible into German. Thus, reformist activities across Europe became the medium for personal development, development of the vernacular, as well as national and cultural progress. Our particular task here is to give proof of the presence of Bogomil and Cathar ideas and motivations in the works of the brightest reformation triad: John Wyclife — Jan Hus — Martin Luther, by means of facts, documented links and associations. And since John Wyclife was at the beginning, we should frst prove that his ideas were infuenced by the Bogomil and Cathar theology. A comparative analysis shows strong similarity between the later and his main theses. His famous sentence “God must obey the devil” (Deus debet obedire diabolo) puzzles English scholars to this day, but in fact is almost direct translation of the basic Bogomil assertion that “the devil is the master of this world.”6 Open any modern ofcial edition of the Bible in English (for example The Holy Bible. New Revised Standard Version. Oxford, 1989) and read the Lord’s Prayer and you shall see that there God is asked to give [us] “this day our daily bread”( Math. 6:9—13). In Wyclife’s English versions of the Scriptures however, begun about the year 1380, one fnds a rather diferent text, i. e. “oure breed ouer othir substaunce” [give us this day our daily bread over an­ other substance].7 Why the diference? Why such an unusual sounding in which, besides the translation, there is obviously a small comment of the translator himself? The answer on principle was indirectly provided by Yordan Ivanov, a noted Bulgarian philologist and historian. In his well­known book, Богомилски 6 “To those who say that the devil is the ruler of the world — thrice ana­ thema.” — Boril's Synodicon — in: Държава и църква през XIII век. София, 1999, p.76. 7 The New Testament in English, according to the version by John Wyclife (about A. D. 1380) and revised by John Purvey (about A.D. 1388). Formerly ed­ ited by Rev. Josiah Forshall and sir Frederic Madden. Oxford, MDCCCLXXIX, p. 10. 144 книги и легенди (Bogomil Books and Legends), he wrote that the Bos­ nian Bogomils read the Lord’s Prayer in just such a way, pronoun­ cing “give us our daily bread of another substance.”8 A similar version can be found in the Lyonnais rendition of the Albigensian Scriptures: “E dona a noi lo nostre pa qui es sabre tota cause” [“the bread that is above all else”].9 In an old Italian translation we fnd a complete match of Wyclife’s phrase “oure breed ouer othir sub­ staunce”: “Il pane nostre sopra tucte le substantie da a nnoi oggi” [“our bread over any substance”]. As we can see John Wyclife replicates the phrasing of Italian Cathars, in other words the Italian Cathar translation and Wyclife’s own translation contain the same interpretation. The “supernatural bread” in question stands for the Word which Bogomils and Cathars see as the true nourishment for the soul. Following their example John Wyclife lays the emphasis accordingly. Substantial evidence for the under­ standing of the Bogomils for the word of God as a transcendental spiritual bread can be found in Euthymius Zygabenus: “τον αρτον γαρ, ϕησι, τον επιουσιον.”10 Here is another comparison proving the identical understand­ ing of Cathars and John Wyclife for the Word as a spiritual bread: Albigensians John Wyclife Verbum Dei esse ille panis. ...Restat igitur ut panem cotidianum ac­ The Lord’s Word is this bread. ceptamus spiritualem, praecepta divina cotidies opportet meditari et operari. (“Acta inquisitionis …Thus, it remains to accept our daily Carcassonensis contra bread as spiritual, [as] it is God’s daily pre­ Albigensis, a. 1308 et 1409”. — cept that we contemplate and act. Döllinger, T. II, p. 28) (Operis evangelici. Lib. III et IV. London, 1896, p. 285) We can also add some more ideas and suggestion of John Wyc­ life which repeat crucial aspects of dualist theology. Even more revealing is that fact that they were included in Wyclife’s theses condemned by the London synod: Rejection of transubstantiation: 8 Иванов, Й. Богомилски книги и легенди. София, 1925, с. 113. 9 Ibidem. 10 Patrologia Graeca 130, col. 1313 145 That the essence of material bread and wine remains [the same] after their consecration at the altar. Quod substantia panis materialis et vinum maneat post con­ secrationem in sacramento altaris. (“XXIV Conclusiones Wycclyf damnatae Londoniis in sy­ nodo.”) Rejection of confession (Only God giveth absolution, to Him we confess without a Mediator): That if one is forced to confess any exterior confession is super­ fuous or useless. Item quod si homo fuerit debite contritus, omnis confessio exterior est sibi superfua, vel inutilis. (“XXIV Conclusiones” — Fasciculi Zizaniorum, p. 278). Sinner priests have no right to ofciate: Thus it should be accepted that none may be a lord, none may be a bishop, none may be a priest while in a state of mortal sin. Item asserere quod nullus est dominus civilis, nullus est episcopus, nullus est prelatus, dum est in peccato mortali. (“XXIV Conclusiones ” — Fasciculi zizaniorum, р. 280). Rejection of liturgy: Item pertinater asserere non esse fundatum in evangelio quod Christus missam ordinavit. (XXIV Conclusiones — Fasciculi Zizaniorum, p. 278, p. 281). Rejection of oath: …see now that it makes sense to ban the oath for one can see that the oath is superfuous among the perfect. ... videtur ad sensum suum prohibere simpliciter iuramentum, quia videtur iuramentum superfuere inter perfectos.11 Rejection of indulgencies There are no indulgences other than those given by our Lord Jesus Christ. 11 Johannis Wyclif. Operis Evangelici. Lib. III et IV. London. 1896, p. 188. 146 Non sunt indulgencie nisi a Domino Jesu Christo.12 The question arises whether there is evidence of John Wyclife and the Lollards’ connections with Bogomil­Cathar culture. Yes, there is such evidence and it is very likely that more proof will be discovered by subsequent research. Diferent sources indicate that Lollardy was not limited to the British Isles but was rather related to the Continent and rooted in the Cathar tradition. Here we will have to go through a labyrinth of facts and links which prove this relation. One of the greatest authorities in the study of dualist movements, Ignat von Döllinger, refers to a number of docu­ ments regarding the presence of Lollards in Europe, quoting a Bull of Pope Boniface IX, which explains that the “popularly called Beghardi or Lolhardi and Swestriones”, spread in various parts of Germany, were “actually poor — Fratricelli.”13 This occurred in the very beginning of the 15th century as Boniface IX was Pope in the period between 1389 and 1404. This text provides several pieces of important information. The frst is that the Lollards were a variety of Beghardi and Fratricelli, and the second that the Lollards were in the sights of his predecessor, John XX (1316—1334).14 In other words, the Lollards were defnitely a phenomenon in the system of medieval heresies in Europe. The third is that, since the German Lollards were Beghards, then their origin lies in the 12th century, as Malcolm Lambert has had good reason to point out in his book Medieval Heresy.15 Following similar research the renowned histori­ an Mosheim concludes that the English Lollards, the followers of Wyclife, were called with an imported Belgian term — “be a vul­ gar term of reproach brought from Belgium to England, Lol­ lards.”16 It turns out that Lollards, Beghardi and Fratricelli are 12 Wyclif’s Latin Works. Opus Evangelicum. I, II. London. 1895, p. 480. 13 Döllinger, Ign. Dokumente vornemlich zur Geschihte der Valdesier und Katharer. München. 1890, p. 381. 14 Ibidem. 15 Lambert, M. Medieval Heresy (Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform of the Reformation). Oxford. 2002. 3rd edition, p. 200. 16 Murdock’s translation of Mosheim’s Ecclesiastical History from the Birth of Our Saviour to the Eighteen Century. Book III. Part II. Chap. II. Boston and London, p. 393. 147 either diferent names for one and the same movement or diferent varieties of the same movement. It is known that Beghardi are a sect of the Cathars. Another source discovered by Ignat von Döllinger, namely a document from the State Library in Frankfurt, contains important character­ istics concerning the creed of the Beghardi: some of the heretics were literate and won the sympathy of masters of theology and learned men. The heretics say they follow the life of Christ and the apostles and, what is specifc, that they do not “accept any saints.”17 Moreover, they deny the right to consecrate of any priest who commits a grave sin.18 The last three facts characterize the Cathars who called themselves new apostles, rejected the existence of saints and the right of any priests who had commited a sin to ofciate in church. The document then features other familiar Cathar characteristics, including that confession should be made directly to God and that indulgences do not count.19 In surplus, the English reformer is so overwhelmed by the Gospel of Nicodemus, circulated and disseminated by Bogomils and Cathars, especially by the scene of Christ’s descent into hell, that he translates it and claims that it could be included in the New Testament. Jan Hus: Successor and Protector of John Wyclife’s Ideas There is ample evidence of John Wyclife’s strong infuence on Jan Hus. The synodal documentation included in the Mansi Col­ lection shows that the charges pressed against Jan Hus were the same as those against John Wyclife.20 Hence John Wyclife and Jan Hus were seen as two fgures who shared the same heretical views.21 17 Döllinger, Ign. Dokumente…, p. 408. 18 Ibidem, p.410. 19 Ibidem. 20 Mansi, vol. 27, col. 592: …videant super material Johannis Hus, hic prop­ ter errorem ipsuis Johannis VVyclef detenti…; col. 594. 21 Mansi, vol. 27, col. 594: ad doctrinam Joannis Wyclef, nec non Joannis Hus & suorum sequacium; col. 1234: Non fuit igitur praecipua indicendi consilii causa, haerese & factio Bohemorum ex Wyclif doctrina exorta, also col. 919 Mansi, vol. 27, col. 592. 148 The personal engagement of Hus with the dissemination and protection of Wyclife’s books in Bohemia has been documented. In 1403 the Charles University in Prague, following the exigencies of the Vatican, denounced the work of John Wyclife in 45 theses. In 1410 many volumes of Wyclife’s works were burned in the courtyard of the Prague bishopric. Jan Hus surrendered the books that he owned but declared that a terrible mistake had been made and that this act was immoral and unjust. In fact, in his own works he often writes in defence of Wyclife and his persecutors in Eng­ land and on the Continent.22 A whole chapter in Jan Hus’s Polemica is directly dedicated to John Wyclife.23 In his warm­blooded defence Hus delivered a true apology for Wyclife (as we will see later Martin Luther in turn de­ livered an apology for Jan Hus) implying a similarity between him and Christ: “How silly is this conclusion: in the English, French and Bohemian kingdoms many prelates and clerics consider Mas­ ter John Wyclife to be a heretic, therefore Master John Wyclife is a heretic. If this be the case, it can be claimed that since in the Turkish, Saracen and Tartar kingdoms they believe that Jesus Christ is not God, therefore Jesus Christ is not God.”24 It remains to demonstrate the ideas that Hus adopted from Wyclife. Since there is quite a few of them, and this has been and will be the subject of other studies, we will just highlight the most important ones. Above all, just like Wyclife, Hus defended preaching in the vernacular, the right to translate, preach and read the Gospel in the native language of the congregation. Hus regarded the books writen by Wyclife in English as an asset that had to be defended 22 For example he engages in an argument with the Englishman John Stoke, an opponent of Wyclife’s — see Chapter “Contra Iohannem Stokes” in Magistri Johannis Hus Polemica. Tomus XXII. Pragae. Academia. MCMLXVI. 23 Chapter “Defensio articulorum Wyclif” in Magistri Johannis Hus Polemica. Tomus XXII. Pragae, MCMLXVI. 24 Magistri Johannis Hus Polemica, p. 63: Nimis ergo stulta est hec consequentia: In regnis Angliae, Franciae et Bohemie multitude prelatorum et clericorum habent magistrum Iohannem Wiglef pro heretico, igitur magister Iohannes Wiglef est hereticus. Ac si arguetretur: In regnis Turcorum, Saracenorum et Thartarorum Iesum Cristum habent pro non­deo, igitur Dominicus Iesus Cristus non est Deus.” 149 from Catholic clergymen,25 just like the Bohemian and German people had defended their native tongues. John Wyclife and Jan Hus’s admiration, even adoration, of the Word was inherited from the Cathars and the Bogomils. We should recall here the records of the Byzantine historian Euthymi­ us Zigaben who reports that Bogomils used to say that Christ nourished them with His Word, that the Lord’s Prayer was their spiritual food. Let’s remind that such an exclusive emphasis on the Word is also laid by John Wyclife when he translated the Lord’s Prayer from Latin, calling it “ouer breеd ouer othir substaunce.”26 In his interpretation of the Lord’s Prayer Jan Hus too explains that the phrase “our daily bread” should be construed not only liter­ ally as “bread for nourishment of the body”27 but also fguratively as “the bread of the sacred teaching of God’s word.”28 Bogomils, Cathars and Lollards deny the structure and institu­ tion of ofcial churches. John Wyclife and Jan Hus did not go as far as to totally deny the use of churches, but oppose the accumu­ lation of riches, the improvidence, corruption and the complex hierarchy of ofcial ecclesiastical practice. Jan Hus was of the opinion that the simple adherence to the law of Jesus Christ (i. e. the Gospel) and the original Christian community are the ap­ propriate model of the Christian Church.29 Similar to the Cathars, Lollards and John Wyclife who rejected the authority of the Pope and called him an antichrist, Jan Hus systematically questioned papal supremacy. The Latin content of one of his foremost works, 25 Ibid. p. 62: Ecce, arguit manifeste magister Iohannes Wiglef, quod Anglici libros, quos ipse fecerat in anglico, debent contra clericos propter lingwam suam defendere ex pari racione, qua Bohemia et Theutonici defenderent lingwam suam. 26 The New Testament in English, according to the version by John Wyclife (about A. D. 1380) and revised by John Purvey (about A. D. 1388). Formerly ed­ ited by Rev. Josiah Forshall and sir Frederic Madden. Oxford, MDCCCLXXIX, p. 10. 27 “chléb télesné potřêby” in Magistri Johannis Hus Opera omnia. Výkladi tomus I. Academia Praha, MCMLXXV, p. 652 (280b), Ibid. р. 679. 28 “chleb svatého naučenie slova božieho” — Ibid. р. 652. 29 Lex Cristi est regula efcassima — in Mistr Jan Hus. O Cirkvi. Praha, 1965, p.238. See also De sufentia legis Christi ad regendam Ecclesiam — in Бильба­ сов, А. „Чехъ Янъ Гусъ изъ Гусинца”, С­Петербургъ, 1869, с. LVII. 150 De ecclesia, (writen in Czech) includes antipapal subtitles such as “The antichrist somehow may become a Pope,”30 “The Pope may err”31 and his strong conviction is that “Opposing a Pope abusing his mandate is obeying Christ’s will.”32 Cardinals and prelates are also criticized: “Every bad prelate is an antichrist,” “The liturgy of immoral priests should be ignored,” “Bad prelates are not true vicars.” The importance of De ecclesia is summarised concisely by V. Bilbasov: “Hus’s teaching for the Church demolishes the whole Catholic system and the Papacy: the Church is a communication between the faithful; it embraces all peoples on the face of the earth; its head is Jesus Christ without any legate on earth…”33 Jan Hus indicates the source of his opinions: in his Polemica he quotes Wyclife’s famous phrase: “No one can be master, clergyman, or bishop, if he is living in mortal sin.”34 Similar to the Cathars, Lollards and John Wyclife, the Bohemi­ an reformer denounces the sale of indulgencies and the trade in holy objects characteristic of the Papacy. On the other hand, Jan Hus is trying to observe religious rituals in order to prove that his objections to the Church are of moral and not of doctrinal nature. Although Bogomils believe that baptizing infants in water is unnecessary (according to them the true baptism in the Holy Spirit can be achived only by adults), in De ecclesia Hus writes that baptism is not harmful. Nevertheless, in his writings occasionally transpire ideas belonging to the familiar dualist theology of Bogomils and Cathars. In his frst leter in­ cluded in the brochure, compiled by Martin Luther, he defends the Prague church “Bethlehem” where he preaches against the ad­ vancement of Satan, against his atempt to establish his own king­ dom: “it was there that Satan was infuriated and restored to their ofces priests and prelates because he noticed that it was precisely from this place there will emerge a force that will weaken his king­ 30 Anticristus quomodo potest esse papa (15k in fne) — in Mistr Jan Hus. O Cirkvi. Praha, 1965, p. 238. 31 Errare potest papa (16e et 18n), ibidem, р. 239. 32 Rebellare papa in malo mandato est Cristo obedire (18p), Ibid., p. 241. 33 Бильбасов, В., op. cit., с. 73. 34 Nullus est dominus civilis, nullus est prelatus nullus est episcopus, dum est in peccato mortali. — in: Magistri Johannis Hus Polemica, p. 205. 151