George W. Bush, War Criminal? This page intentionally left blank GEORGE W. BUSH, WAR CRIMINAL? The Bush Administration’s Liability for 269 War Crimes Michael Haas Foreword by Benjamin B. Ferencz Former Chief Prosecutor, Nuremberg Military Tribunals LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Haas,Michael1938– GeorgeW.Bush,warcriminal?:theBushadministration’sliabilityfor269war crimes/MichaelHaas;forewordbyBenjaminB.Ferencz. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-313-36499-0(alk.paper) 1.WaronTerrorism,2001—Lawandlegislation.2.WaronTerrorism,2001— Lawandlegislation—UnitedStates.3.Internationaloffenses.4.Bush,GeorgeW. (GeorgeWalker),1946–I.Title. KZ6795.T47H332009 341.60973—dc22 2008032931 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataisavailable. Copyright(cid:1)C 2009byMichaelHaas Allrightsreserved.Noportionofthisbookmaybe reproduced,byanyprocessortechnique,withoutthe expresswrittenconsentofthepublisher. LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2008032931 ISBN:978-0-313-36499-0 Firstpublishedin2009 PraegerPublishers,88PostRoadWest,Westport,CT06881 AnimprintofGreenwoodPublishingGroup,Inc. www.praeger.com PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Thepaperusedinthisbookcomplieswiththe PermanentPaperStandardissuedbytheNational InformationStandardsOrganization(Z39.48-1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedicated to the journalists who have exposed the truth, the attorneys who fight to preserve our rights, and the innocent victims of unjust treatment. This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS TablesandAppendices ix ForewordbyBenjaminB.Ferencz xi Preface xv I. INTRODUCTION 1 1. APresidentwithoutaGoodLawyer 3 II. IDENTIFICATIONOFWARCRIMES 15 2. CrimesofAggression 17 3. CrimesCommittedintheConductofWar 31 4. CrimesCommittedintheTreatmentofPrisoners 57 5. CrimesCommittedinthePostwarOccupations 171 III. PROSECUTIONOFWARCRIMES 219 6. TribunalsforWarCrimesProsecution 221 7. TheBushAdministration’sWarCrimesLiability 239 viii CONTENTS Appendices 255 Abbreviations 293 Sources 297 References 325 Index 371 TABLES AND APPENDICES TABLES 1.1. Bush’sLawyersandAdvisers 6 1.2. TheBushDoctrineandSuccessfulCourtChallenges 9 2.1. PrinciplesofJustWarTheory 18 3.1. PrinciplesofJustMeansofWar 32 4.1. BrigadierGeneralMichaelDunlavey’sProposed InterrogationTechniques 64 4.2. PostedExtraordinaryInterrogationProceduresat AbuGhraib 65 5.1. MilestonesintheOccupationofAfghanistan 173 5.2. MilestonesintheOccupationofIraq 176 6.1. AmericanLawsBanningWarCrimes 224 6.2. LawsuitsFiledagainsttheBushAdministrationAbroad 233 6.3. People’sTribunals 236 APPENDICES 1.1. LegalOpinionsandExecutiveOrdersofQuestionable Legality 255 2.1. InternationalAgreementsOutlawingAggressiveWar 260