George Eliot, Music and Victorian Culture Delia da Sousa Correa George Eliot, Music and Victorian Culture 4 2 3- 0 1- 1 0 2 ct - e n n o C e v a gr al P o - s m o Tr et i k e ot bli bi s et sit er v ni U o d t e s n e c m - li o c ct. e n n o c e v a gr al p w. w w m o al fr eri at m ht g yri p o C 10.1057/9780230598010 - George Eliot, Music and Victorian Culture, Delia da Sousa Correa Also by Delia da Sousa Correa THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL: Realisms(editor) 4 2 3- 0 1- 1 0 2 ct - e n n o C e v a gr al P o - s m o Tr et i k e ot bli bi s et sit er v ni U o d t e s n e c m - li o c ct. e n n o c e v a gr al p w. w w m o al fr eri at m ht g yri p o C 10.1057/9780230598010 - George Eliot, Music and Victorian Culture, Delia da Sousa Correa George Eliot, Music and Victorian Culture 4 Delia da Sousa Correa 2 3- 0 1- 1 0 2 ct - e n n o C e v a gr al P o - s m o Tr et i k e ot bli bi s et sit er v ni U o d t e s n e c m - li o c ct. e n n o c e v a gr al p w. w w m o al fr eri at m ht g yri p o C 10.1057/9780230598010 - George Eliot, Music and Victorian Culture, Delia da Sousa Correa © Delia da Sousa Correa 2003 All rights reserved. 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No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted savewith written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 24 TottenhamCourt Road, London W1T 4LP. 03- 1- 1 Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication 20 maybeliable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. ct - e The author has asserted her right to be identified nn o astheauthorofthisworkinaccordance with the Copyright, C e DesignsandPatentsAct 1988. av gr First published 2003 by Pal PALGRAVE MACMILLAN o - Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and ms o 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Tr Companies and representatives throughout the world et i k e PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave ot Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. bli bi Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom s et andother countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European sit Unionandother countries. er v ni ISBN 0–333–99757–3 o U This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed ed t s and sustained forest sources. n e c A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. m - li o Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data c da Sousa Correa, Delia. ect. n George Eliot, Music and Victorian Culture/Delia da Sousa Correa. n o p. cm. ec v Includes bibliographical references and index. gra ISBN 0–333–99757–3 al p 1. Eliot, George, 1819–1880—Knowledge—Music. 2. Music—Great Britain— w. w 19thcentury—History and criticism. 3. Wagner, Richard, 1813–1883—Friends w and associates. 4. Music and literature—History—19th century. 5. Wagner, m o Richard, 1813–1883—Influence. 6. Musical fiction—History and criticism. al fr 7. Music in literature. I. Title. eri PR4692.M87 S68 2002 at m 82398—dc21 2002066324 ht g 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 yri p 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 o C Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne 10.1057/9780230598010 - George Eliot, Music and Victorian Culture, Delia da Sousa Correa For Richard and Gwendolen 4 2 3- 0 1- 1 0 2 ct - e n n o C e v a gr al P o - s m o Tr et i k e ot bli bi s et sit er v ni U o d t e s n e c m - li o c ct. e n n o c e v a gr al p w. w w m o al fr eri at m ht g yri p o C 10.1057/9780230598010 - George Eliot, Music and Victorian Culture, Delia da Sousa Correa ‘O what is it in me that makes me tremble so at voices?’ Walt Whitman,Leaves of Grass (1860) 4 2 3- 0 1- 1 0 2 ct - e n n o C e v a gr al P o - s m o Tr et i k e ot bli bi s et sit er v ni U o d t e s n e c m - li o c ct. e n n o c e v a gr al p w. w w m o al fr eri at m ht g yri p o C 10.1057/9780230598010 - George Eliot, Music and Victorian Culture, Delia da Sousa Correa Contents 4 List of Illustrations viii 3-2 0 Acknowledgements ix 1- 1 0 2 Introduction: ‘Concords and Discords, ect - n n Cadences and Cries’ 1 Co e v a 1 Music, Science, Literature: The ‘Large Music gr al of Reasonable Speech’ 11 o - P The origin and function of music 12 ms o The scientific debate 31 Tr ‘Liszt, Wagner, and Weimar’ 45 ket i e Musical literary criticism 52 bliot bi 2 Music and the Woman Question: ets The ‘Minister of Domestic Concord’ and ersit v ‘the Most Sensuous of Accomplishments’ 59 Uni o Music and female education 61 d t e The ‘minister of domestic concord’ 66 ns e TMhues i‘cm aonsdt stehnes uwooums aonf awcrciotemrplishments’ 7971 om - lic c ct. 3 The Mill on the Floss: ‘A Mind Susceptible ne n to Music’ 102 co e v The ‘laws of attraction’ 110 gra Music and memory 118 pal w. Tragedy and hyperbole 126 w w m 4 Daniel Deronda: ‘The Other Side of Silence’ 130 al fro Musical vocation and literary opera 131 eri Female vocation 145 mat Racial vocation 169 ght yri Musical sympathies: ‘meeting streams’ 177 p o C Conclusion 192 Notes 195 Bibliography 236 Index 249 vii 10.1057/9780230598010 - George Eliot, Music and Victorian Culture, Delia da Sousa Correa List of Illustrations 1.1 Musical manuscript in Eliot’s hand 3 24 3- 1.2 ‘The Opera Box’ 45 1-0 1 2.1 ‘Not to be Beaten’ 62 20 2.2 ‘English Songs and Melodies’ 69 ct - e n 2.3 ‘The Awakening Conscience’ 85 n o C 3.1 ‘Chant d’Amour’ 114 ve a 4.1 Recital in an aristocratic home 138 gr al P o - s m o Tr et i k e ot bli bi s et sit er v ni U o d t e s n e c m - li o c ct. e n n o c e v a gr al p w. w w m o al fr eri at m ht g yri p o C viii 10.1057/9780230598010 - George Eliot, Music and Victorian Culture, Delia da Sousa Correa Acknowledgements 4 2 I am grateful to have had access to the resources of the Bodleian Library 03- 1- and for the assistance of the Upper Reading Room staff over the several 01 2 years of research and writing for this book. More recently I have been ct - e glad of the support of my colleagues in the Literature Department at the nn o C Open University and for the efficient help of staff in the Arts Faculty e v a and Library. Amongst these I should like especially to thank Trevor gr al Herbert and Robert Samuels for advice on musical terminology, Audrey o - P Linkman and Christine Love-Rodgers for help at the outset of my pic- ms o ture research and Yvonne Reynolds for help with clerical tasks. The Arts Tr Faculty at the Open University made a generous grant towards the cost ket i e of illustrations for this book. Thanks are due to the Bridgeman Art bliot Library, Mary Evans Picture Library, Tate Picture Library, John Burton, of sbi et the George Eliot Fellowship, and the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum, sit er for permission to reproduce images from their collections. I am grateful v ni U also to Emily Rosser and Rebecca Mashayekh at Palgrave Macmillan o for their editorial assistance and to Keith Povey and Glynis Harris for ed t s n copy-editing. Remaining errors are mine. e c I profited greatly from the guidance I received from Kate Flint in the m - li o first stages of this project. Robert Fox provided helpful advice on the c ct. History of Science at an early stage. Heartfelt thanks are due to Sally ne n Shuttleworth and Dinah Birch for their valuable comments on the co e v initial version of this book, also for their continued encouragement over gra the long time of its making, and for the example of their own fine schol- pal w. arship. I am also grateful to Gillian Beer for her friendly interest and, w w like anyone working on Eliot in recent years, owe her an immense debt m o for the inspiration of her work. Sally Shuttleworth provided the oppor- al fr tunity for me to present a portion of the material later developed in ateri m Chapters 3 and 4 as a conference paper and I subsequently benefited ht g from her editorial advice when this appeared in a special edition of yri p Nineteenth-Century Contexts. Dinah Birch invited me to extend the Co thoughts on Ruskin contained here as an independent essay under her editorship and a part of Chapter 4 was originally published in essay form in George Eliot and Europe, edited by John Rignall. Special thanks go to Sarah Wood. I have benefited throughout this project from her incisive comments and invaluable friendship. ix 10.1057/9780230598010 - George Eliot, Music and Victorian Culture, Delia da Sousa Correa